The APGAR score decides whether or not to resuscitate a new born. This presentation will help one understand the factors that are taken into consideration and how the actual resuscitation procedure is done.
1) Birth asphyxia, also known as perinatal asphyxia, refers to impaired gas exchange during birth that leads to hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and fetal acidosis as evidenced by an umbilical cord arterial blood pH <7.0.
2) It can cause hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and multi-organ damage in newborns. Long term sequelae of birth asphyxia include cerebral palsy, cognitive delays, seizures, and visual/auditory processing difficulties.
3) Diagnosis is based on criteria such as an umbilical cord blood pH <7.0, Apgar score of 0-3 for more than 5 minutes,
The document discusses neonatal hypoglycemia, including its definition, symptoms, risk factors, treatment, and monitoring. Some key points:
- Neonatal hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level below certain thresholds in the first 24 hours and thereafter. It is a common problem in newborns.
- Babies at higher risk include preterms, those of diabetic mothers, or experiencing other stresses. Symptoms can be nonspecific.
- Treatment involves glucose administration via IV bolus or infusion to raise blood glucose to the normal range. Frequent monitoring is needed until levels stabilize.
- Persistent or resistant hypoglycemia may require additional drugs or referral to a specialist to investigate underlying
Antihypertensive and Anticonvulsant drugs in OBGSantosh Kumari
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used during pregnancy. It provides an overview of how drugs cross the placenta and categories drugs by the FDA for safety in pregnancy. Common antihypertensive drugs discussed include methyldopa, labetalol, nifedipine, hydralazine, and sodium nitroprusside. For each drug, the document covers mechanism of action, dosing, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations. The goal of antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy is to lower blood pressure and protect the health of the mother and fetus.
This document provides information on neonatal jaundice, including definitions, causes, pathophysiology, assessment, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, complications, and management. The key points are:
- Neonatal jaundice is the yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to high bilirubin levels in newborns.
- It can be physiological, due to increased red blood cell breakdown and immature liver function in newborns, or pathological, due to excessive hemolysis or liver/gallbladder issues.
- Assessment involves history, physical exam, and lab tests to determine bilirubin levels and underlying cause. High bilirubin levels can cause the serious complication of
This document discusses fetal malpresentation and malposition, which refer to abnormal positions of the fetus within the uterus. Fetal malpresentation means any position other than vertex, such as breech or transverse lie. Malposition refers to positions other than occiput anterior, such as occiput posterior or occiput transverse. Types and management of different malpresentations and malpositions are described, along with risks to mother and fetus. Nursing care focuses on close monitoring for abnormal labor, supporting the mother physically and emotionally, and preparing for potential operative delivery.
This document discusses fetal positioning and presentations during labor and delivery. It begins by defining non-vertex presentations including breech, face, brow, transverse, and compound. It then discusses the causes of non-vertex presentations and describes the different positions including occiput posterior. The document provides details on assessing various positions through abdominal and vaginal exams. It concludes by outlining the management of different non-vertex positions, including allowing natural rotation, augmentation of labor, operative vaginal delivery, or caesarean section if needed.
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
This document discusses neonatal hypoglycemia. It begins by defining neonatal hypoglycemia and noting the controversial operational thresholds used. It then describes the clinical features and various potential etiologies including increased glucose utilization, decreased production, prematurity, IUGR, and various stressors. The management sections cover prevention, anticipation through screening, diagnosis, treatment primarily with IV dextrose infusion, and adjunct therapies. It notes most cases resolve in 2-3 days but persistent or recurrent hypoglycemia may require further evaluation. The significance of hypoglycemia and potential long-term neurological outcomes are described depending on severity and duration. Long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up is recommended.
1) Birth asphyxia, also known as perinatal asphyxia, refers to impaired gas exchange during birth that leads to hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and fetal acidosis as evidenced by an umbilical cord arterial blood pH <7.0.
2) It can cause hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and multi-organ damage in newborns. Long term sequelae of birth asphyxia include cerebral palsy, cognitive delays, seizures, and visual/auditory processing difficulties.
3) Diagnosis is based on criteria such as an umbilical cord blood pH <7.0, Apgar score of 0-3 for more than 5 minutes,
The document discusses neonatal hypoglycemia, including its definition, symptoms, risk factors, treatment, and monitoring. Some key points:
- Neonatal hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level below certain thresholds in the first 24 hours and thereafter. It is a common problem in newborns.
- Babies at higher risk include preterms, those of diabetic mothers, or experiencing other stresses. Symptoms can be nonspecific.
- Treatment involves glucose administration via IV bolus or infusion to raise blood glucose to the normal range. Frequent monitoring is needed until levels stabilize.
- Persistent or resistant hypoglycemia may require additional drugs or referral to a specialist to investigate underlying
Antihypertensive and Anticonvulsant drugs in OBGSantosh Kumari
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used during pregnancy. It provides an overview of how drugs cross the placenta and categories drugs by the FDA for safety in pregnancy. Common antihypertensive drugs discussed include methyldopa, labetalol, nifedipine, hydralazine, and sodium nitroprusside. For each drug, the document covers mechanism of action, dosing, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations. The goal of antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy is to lower blood pressure and protect the health of the mother and fetus.
This document provides information on neonatal jaundice, including definitions, causes, pathophysiology, assessment, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, complications, and management. The key points are:
- Neonatal jaundice is the yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to high bilirubin levels in newborns.
- It can be physiological, due to increased red blood cell breakdown and immature liver function in newborns, or pathological, due to excessive hemolysis or liver/gallbladder issues.
- Assessment involves history, physical exam, and lab tests to determine bilirubin levels and underlying cause. High bilirubin levels can cause the serious complication of
This document discusses fetal malpresentation and malposition, which refer to abnormal positions of the fetus within the uterus. Fetal malpresentation means any position other than vertex, such as breech or transverse lie. Malposition refers to positions other than occiput anterior, such as occiput posterior or occiput transverse. Types and management of different malpresentations and malpositions are described, along with risks to mother and fetus. Nursing care focuses on close monitoring for abnormal labor, supporting the mother physically and emotionally, and preparing for potential operative delivery.
This document discusses fetal positioning and presentations during labor and delivery. It begins by defining non-vertex presentations including breech, face, brow, transverse, and compound. It then discusses the causes of non-vertex presentations and describes the different positions including occiput posterior. The document provides details on assessing various positions through abdominal and vaginal exams. It concludes by outlining the management of different non-vertex positions, including allowing natural rotation, augmentation of labor, operative vaginal delivery, or caesarean section if needed.
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
This document discusses neonatal hypoglycemia. It begins by defining neonatal hypoglycemia and noting the controversial operational thresholds used. It then describes the clinical features and various potential etiologies including increased glucose utilization, decreased production, prematurity, IUGR, and various stressors. The management sections cover prevention, anticipation through screening, diagnosis, treatment primarily with IV dextrose infusion, and adjunct therapies. It notes most cases resolve in 2-3 days but persistent or recurrent hypoglycemia may require further evaluation. The significance of hypoglycemia and potential long-term neurological outcomes are described depending on severity and duration. Long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up is recommended.
This document discusses septic abortion, which occurs when an abortion is complicated by infection in the uterus or its contents. It defines septic abortion and outlines its causes, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and complications. Septic abortion is most commonly associated with illegal or unsafe induced abortions where proper aseptic techniques are not followed. Management involves controlling the infection with antibiotics, removing the source of infection, and providing supportive care. Treatment is based on clinical grading of the infection from Grade I (localized) to Grade III (generalized peritonitis or septic shock), with more aggressive management needed for higher grades.
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) occurs when meconium, the first intestinal discharge of newborns, is breathed into the lungs before or during birth. It can cause respiratory distress in newborns. The document defines MAS and discusses the incidence, causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, management, complications, and prognosis of the condition. MAS is managed through supportive care in the neonatal ICU including respiratory support, antibiotics, and surfactant therapy. The prognosis depends on the severity of symptoms and associated complications such as brain damage or persistent pulmonary hypertension.
Post-term pregnancy is defined as exceeding 40 weeks of gestation. It occurs in 5-10% of pregnancies, often due to inaccurate gestational age calculation. Both mother and baby are at increased risk of complications like dystocia, meconium aspiration, stillbirth. Management includes assessing gestational age accurately, monitoring the fetus, and inducing labor between 41-42 weeks to prevent risks of post-term pregnancy. Intrauterine fetal death is the death of a fetus before delivery. It can result from maternal, fetal or obstetric complications. Evaluation includes detailed history, examinations, and tests to determine the cause to help counsel patients and prevent future recurrence.
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. The cup is attached by tubing to a bottle that creates negative pressure not exceeding -0.8 kg/cm2. It can be used to assist delivery in cases of delayed descent, twins, or as an alternative to forceps. Risks include cephalhematoma and scalp lacerations for the baby, and vaginal or cervical lacerations for the mother.
This document discusses asphyxia of the newborn, including definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment. Asphyxia is defined as ineffective respiration in a newborn due to oxygen deprivation during labor or delivery. Causes include issues with the placenta, umbilical cord, maternal health conditions, and difficult delivery. Signs range from mild transient symptoms to more severe outcomes like coma or multi-organ failure. Treatment focuses on resuscitation of the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC approach). Asphyxia can lead to complications such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and birth trauma.
This document discusses various types of malpresentations that can occur during labor, including face presentation, brow presentation, breech presentation, shoulder presentation, and unstable lie. It provides details on the diagnosis, management, and potential complications of each presentation. Face presentation is the most common type of malpresentation and can be diagnosed based on abdominal and vaginal exams. Brow presentation carries a high risk of obstructed labor requiring c-section. Shoulder presentation requires c-section delivery due to the inability to deliver the shoulders. Unstable lie increases the risk of cord prolapse so careful monitoring is needed.
1. Neonatal seizures are the most common manifestation of neurological dysfunction in newborns and can be caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, brain malformations, infections, genetic or metabolic issues.
2. Diagnosis involves a medical history, lab tests of electrolytes and metabolites, imaging like cranial ultrasound, and EEG monitoring.
3. Treatment focuses on correcting any metabolic abnormalities and administering anticonvulsants like phenobarbital while monitoring for side effects. Duration of treatment depends on the underlying cause and resolution of symptoms.
This document provides information on Methergine and Clomiphene Citrate.
Methergine is an ergot alkaloid administered postpartum to help deliver the placenta and control bleeding by improving uterine muscle tone and contractions. It has potential side effects like nausea and leg cramps. Nurses must monitor vital signs and uterine response after administration and educate patients on signs of problems.
Clomiphene Citrate is used to induce ovulation in women with infertility. It works by inhibiting estrogen receptors in the brain to stimulate ovulation. It has potential visual and ovarian side effects and drug interactions. Nurses must monitor patients for abnormal bleeding or vision changes and educate them on proper administration and signs of problems.
The document discusses neonatal hypoglycemia, including:
1. Hypoglycemia is common in newborns, especially sick ones, as they transition from receiving glucose from the placenta.
2. The brain relies heavily on steady glucose, so low blood sugar can impact brain development if not addressed.
3. At-risk newborns include preterms, SGA, LGA, those with infections or perinatal stressors.
4. Treatment involves monitoring blood sugar based on risk level and intervening with oral or IV glucose if levels dip below thresholds.
This document defines a preterm neonate as any baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. It discusses the causes of preterm birth including health issues in the mother and multiple pregnancies. It describes the physical characteristics of preterm infants such as small size, thin skin, and underdeveloped organs. Complications of preterm birth are outlined involving the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological systems. The management of preterm labor and care of preterm newborns is summarized including monitoring for common problems like infections, breathing issues, and nutritional deficiencies.
This document provides information on the care of low birth weight infants, including preterm babies. It discusses that low birth weight babies account for 25-35% of births in India compared to 5-7% in western countries. Preterm birth is a major cause of neonatal mortality. The document outlines the physiological handicaps that preterm infants face in various body systems like the central nervous system, respiratory system, and thermoregulation. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring preterm infants closely and providing supportive care like kangaroo mother care to improve outcomes.
This document discusses methods of assessing gestational age in neonates. Gestational age can be estimated based on the last menstrual period or determined more accurately using prenatal ultrasounds or the New Ballard Scale, which examines 6 external physical signs and 6 neuromuscular signs in infants from 20-44 weeks. The scale assigns scores to measures of posture, arm recoil, popliteal angle, and other indicators to determine preterm, term, or post-term status.
This document discusses neonatal seizures, including their classification, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines neonatal seizures as clinical manifestations of underlying neurological dysfunction in newborns. Seizures are classified as subtle, tonic, clonic, or myoclonic. Common causes include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, infections, and metabolic disturbances. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, and investigations like blood tests, imaging, EEG, and CSF examination. Initial management focuses on stabilization, treating correctable causes like hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia, and anti-seizure medications if needed. Nursing care includes emergency response, psychosocial support for family members, and
Hypothermia is a significant problem in neonates that can lead to increased mortality and morbidity. It is caused by situations that lead to excessive heat loss or poor ability to produce heat in babies. These include cold environments, wet skin, procedures like bathing, and low birth weight. Newborns are prone to hypothermia due to their large surface area and limited ability to generate heat. Prevention focuses on keeping babies warm through immediate drying and skin-to-skin contact with the mother. Treatment involves gradually rewarming the baby and minimizing further heat loss. Healthcare providers must be alert to the risks and take steps to maintain the baby's temperature within a normal range.
This document discusses different types of version procedures used to change the fetal position in the uterus. It describes external cephalic version, internal podalic version, and bipolar version. External cephalic version involves manually turning the fetus from breech or transverse position to head-down position. Internal podalic version is only used for transverse lie twins and involves manually delivering one or both feet of the breech fetus. Bipolar version corrects transverse lie in a dead or premature fetus by manipulating the fetus both internally and externally. The document provides details on indications, contraindications, procedures and complications for each version type.
This document discusses the process of labor and delivery. It begins by defining labor as the series of contractions that expel the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus through the vagina. It then discusses the three powers involved in delivery - the uterus, pelvic passages, and fetus. The document goes on to describe pelvic anatomy including types of pelvises and measurements. It concludes by outlining the normal mechanism of delivery, including engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, restitution, external rotation, and shoulder and body delivery.
This document discusses obstetric shock, its causes, signs, stages, and management. Shock is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The major causes of obstetric shock are hemorrhage, sepsis, cardiogenic issues, neurogenic issues, and anaphylaxis. Untreated shock progresses through compensated, decompensated, and irreversible stages. Initial management focuses on airway, breathing, circulation, oxygenation, intravenous fluids, blood transfusion, and identifying and treating the underlying cause. Prompt recognition and treatment of obstetric shock can improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
In settings with limited access to health care, misoprostol is an important intervention that could reduce maternal deaths both directly and through the more cost-effective use of health services. Misoprostol is, however, a powerful drug that needs to be used with care. Evidence-based information about the safest regimens should be widely disseminated so as to prevent its inappropriate use
This document discusses neonatal jaundice, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, complications, and management. Key points include:
- Jaundice is caused by a buildup of bilirubin, which appears yellow. It is visible in newborns when bilirubin levels reach 5 mg/dL.
- Physiological jaundice is common in newborns and resolves on its own. Pathological jaundice requires treatment to prevent complications like kernicterus.
- Causes of neonatal jaundice include an imbalance between bilirubin production and excretion, as well as breastfeeding issues. Treatment depends on the type and severity of jaundice
Apgar score and Basic Neonatal Resuscitation (11) M.pptxSalimMumba
This document discusses the APGAR scoring system and basic neonatal resuscitation. It provides details on:
- The development and purpose of the APGAR score in assessing newborns after birth. It evaluates appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration on a scale of 0-2.
- Interpretation of APGAR scores, with 7 or above generally normal and below 3 critically low, potentially indicating birth asphyxia.
- The three categories of newborns after birth and the appropriate actions - leaving pink babies alone, drying others, or promptly resuscitating those not breathing or with heart rate below 100 bpm.
- Techniques for resuscitation including clearing airways
This document provides guidance on newborn resuscitation and delivery room management. It discusses the normal transition from fetal to newborn circulation at birth and signs that can indicate in utero or perinatal compromise requiring resuscitation. It outlines the initial steps of resuscitation including maintaining temperature, positioning, clearing secretions if needed, drying, and stimulating the newborn. It emphasizes timely assessment of heart rate and oxygen need using pulse oximetry to guide ventilation and oxygen administration.
This document discusses septic abortion, which occurs when an abortion is complicated by infection in the uterus or its contents. It defines septic abortion and outlines its causes, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and complications. Septic abortion is most commonly associated with illegal or unsafe induced abortions where proper aseptic techniques are not followed. Management involves controlling the infection with antibiotics, removing the source of infection, and providing supportive care. Treatment is based on clinical grading of the infection from Grade I (localized) to Grade III (generalized peritonitis or septic shock), with more aggressive management needed for higher grades.
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) occurs when meconium, the first intestinal discharge of newborns, is breathed into the lungs before or during birth. It can cause respiratory distress in newborns. The document defines MAS and discusses the incidence, causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, management, complications, and prognosis of the condition. MAS is managed through supportive care in the neonatal ICU including respiratory support, antibiotics, and surfactant therapy. The prognosis depends on the severity of symptoms and associated complications such as brain damage or persistent pulmonary hypertension.
Post-term pregnancy is defined as exceeding 40 weeks of gestation. It occurs in 5-10% of pregnancies, often due to inaccurate gestational age calculation. Both mother and baby are at increased risk of complications like dystocia, meconium aspiration, stillbirth. Management includes assessing gestational age accurately, monitoring the fetus, and inducing labor between 41-42 weeks to prevent risks of post-term pregnancy. Intrauterine fetal death is the death of a fetus before delivery. It can result from maternal, fetal or obstetric complications. Evaluation includes detailed history, examinations, and tests to determine the cause to help counsel patients and prevent future recurrence.
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. The cup is attached by tubing to a bottle that creates negative pressure not exceeding -0.8 kg/cm2. It can be used to assist delivery in cases of delayed descent, twins, or as an alternative to forceps. Risks include cephalhematoma and scalp lacerations for the baby, and vaginal or cervical lacerations for the mother.
This document discusses asphyxia of the newborn, including definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment. Asphyxia is defined as ineffective respiration in a newborn due to oxygen deprivation during labor or delivery. Causes include issues with the placenta, umbilical cord, maternal health conditions, and difficult delivery. Signs range from mild transient symptoms to more severe outcomes like coma or multi-organ failure. Treatment focuses on resuscitation of the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC approach). Asphyxia can lead to complications such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and birth trauma.
This document discusses various types of malpresentations that can occur during labor, including face presentation, brow presentation, breech presentation, shoulder presentation, and unstable lie. It provides details on the diagnosis, management, and potential complications of each presentation. Face presentation is the most common type of malpresentation and can be diagnosed based on abdominal and vaginal exams. Brow presentation carries a high risk of obstructed labor requiring c-section. Shoulder presentation requires c-section delivery due to the inability to deliver the shoulders. Unstable lie increases the risk of cord prolapse so careful monitoring is needed.
1. Neonatal seizures are the most common manifestation of neurological dysfunction in newborns and can be caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, brain malformations, infections, genetic or metabolic issues.
2. Diagnosis involves a medical history, lab tests of electrolytes and metabolites, imaging like cranial ultrasound, and EEG monitoring.
3. Treatment focuses on correcting any metabolic abnormalities and administering anticonvulsants like phenobarbital while monitoring for side effects. Duration of treatment depends on the underlying cause and resolution of symptoms.
This document provides information on Methergine and Clomiphene Citrate.
Methergine is an ergot alkaloid administered postpartum to help deliver the placenta and control bleeding by improving uterine muscle tone and contractions. It has potential side effects like nausea and leg cramps. Nurses must monitor vital signs and uterine response after administration and educate patients on signs of problems.
Clomiphene Citrate is used to induce ovulation in women with infertility. It works by inhibiting estrogen receptors in the brain to stimulate ovulation. It has potential visual and ovarian side effects and drug interactions. Nurses must monitor patients for abnormal bleeding or vision changes and educate them on proper administration and signs of problems.
The document discusses neonatal hypoglycemia, including:
1. Hypoglycemia is common in newborns, especially sick ones, as they transition from receiving glucose from the placenta.
2. The brain relies heavily on steady glucose, so low blood sugar can impact brain development if not addressed.
3. At-risk newborns include preterms, SGA, LGA, those with infections or perinatal stressors.
4. Treatment involves monitoring blood sugar based on risk level and intervening with oral or IV glucose if levels dip below thresholds.
This document defines a preterm neonate as any baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. It discusses the causes of preterm birth including health issues in the mother and multiple pregnancies. It describes the physical characteristics of preterm infants such as small size, thin skin, and underdeveloped organs. Complications of preterm birth are outlined involving the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological systems. The management of preterm labor and care of preterm newborns is summarized including monitoring for common problems like infections, breathing issues, and nutritional deficiencies.
This document provides information on the care of low birth weight infants, including preterm babies. It discusses that low birth weight babies account for 25-35% of births in India compared to 5-7% in western countries. Preterm birth is a major cause of neonatal mortality. The document outlines the physiological handicaps that preterm infants face in various body systems like the central nervous system, respiratory system, and thermoregulation. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring preterm infants closely and providing supportive care like kangaroo mother care to improve outcomes.
This document discusses methods of assessing gestational age in neonates. Gestational age can be estimated based on the last menstrual period or determined more accurately using prenatal ultrasounds or the New Ballard Scale, which examines 6 external physical signs and 6 neuromuscular signs in infants from 20-44 weeks. The scale assigns scores to measures of posture, arm recoil, popliteal angle, and other indicators to determine preterm, term, or post-term status.
This document discusses neonatal seizures, including their classification, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines neonatal seizures as clinical manifestations of underlying neurological dysfunction in newborns. Seizures are classified as subtle, tonic, clonic, or myoclonic. Common causes include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, infections, and metabolic disturbances. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, and investigations like blood tests, imaging, EEG, and CSF examination. Initial management focuses on stabilization, treating correctable causes like hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia, and anti-seizure medications if needed. Nursing care includes emergency response, psychosocial support for family members, and
Hypothermia is a significant problem in neonates that can lead to increased mortality and morbidity. It is caused by situations that lead to excessive heat loss or poor ability to produce heat in babies. These include cold environments, wet skin, procedures like bathing, and low birth weight. Newborns are prone to hypothermia due to their large surface area and limited ability to generate heat. Prevention focuses on keeping babies warm through immediate drying and skin-to-skin contact with the mother. Treatment involves gradually rewarming the baby and minimizing further heat loss. Healthcare providers must be alert to the risks and take steps to maintain the baby's temperature within a normal range.
This document discusses different types of version procedures used to change the fetal position in the uterus. It describes external cephalic version, internal podalic version, and bipolar version. External cephalic version involves manually turning the fetus from breech or transverse position to head-down position. Internal podalic version is only used for transverse lie twins and involves manually delivering one or both feet of the breech fetus. Bipolar version corrects transverse lie in a dead or premature fetus by manipulating the fetus both internally and externally. The document provides details on indications, contraindications, procedures and complications for each version type.
This document discusses the process of labor and delivery. It begins by defining labor as the series of contractions that expel the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus through the vagina. It then discusses the three powers involved in delivery - the uterus, pelvic passages, and fetus. The document goes on to describe pelvic anatomy including types of pelvises and measurements. It concludes by outlining the normal mechanism of delivery, including engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, restitution, external rotation, and shoulder and body delivery.
This document discusses obstetric shock, its causes, signs, stages, and management. Shock is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The major causes of obstetric shock are hemorrhage, sepsis, cardiogenic issues, neurogenic issues, and anaphylaxis. Untreated shock progresses through compensated, decompensated, and irreversible stages. Initial management focuses on airway, breathing, circulation, oxygenation, intravenous fluids, blood transfusion, and identifying and treating the underlying cause. Prompt recognition and treatment of obstetric shock can improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
In settings with limited access to health care, misoprostol is an important intervention that could reduce maternal deaths both directly and through the more cost-effective use of health services. Misoprostol is, however, a powerful drug that needs to be used with care. Evidence-based information about the safest regimens should be widely disseminated so as to prevent its inappropriate use
This document discusses neonatal jaundice, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, complications, and management. Key points include:
- Jaundice is caused by a buildup of bilirubin, which appears yellow. It is visible in newborns when bilirubin levels reach 5 mg/dL.
- Physiological jaundice is common in newborns and resolves on its own. Pathological jaundice requires treatment to prevent complications like kernicterus.
- Causes of neonatal jaundice include an imbalance between bilirubin production and excretion, as well as breastfeeding issues. Treatment depends on the type and severity of jaundice
Apgar score and Basic Neonatal Resuscitation (11) M.pptxSalimMumba
This document discusses the APGAR scoring system and basic neonatal resuscitation. It provides details on:
- The development and purpose of the APGAR score in assessing newborns after birth. It evaluates appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration on a scale of 0-2.
- Interpretation of APGAR scores, with 7 or above generally normal and below 3 critically low, potentially indicating birth asphyxia.
- The three categories of newborns after birth and the appropriate actions - leaving pink babies alone, drying others, or promptly resuscitating those not breathing or with heart rate below 100 bpm.
- Techniques for resuscitation including clearing airways
This document provides guidance on newborn resuscitation and delivery room management. It discusses the normal transition from fetal to newborn circulation at birth and signs that can indicate in utero or perinatal compromise requiring resuscitation. It outlines the initial steps of resuscitation including maintaining temperature, positioning, clearing secretions if needed, drying, and stimulating the newborn. It emphasizes timely assessment of heart rate and oxygen need using pulse oximetry to guide ventilation and oxygen administration.
This document provides information on neonatal resuscitation. It discusses assessing newborns at birth to identify those requiring resuscitation, initial resuscitation steps including warming, positioning, clearing airways, drying, and stimulating breathing. It describes providing pulmonary resuscitation through ventilation with oxygen or CPAP and vascular resuscitation including cardiac massage if the heart rate is low. Key equipment, monitoring, temperature control, airway clearance and surfactant administration are outlined. The document emphasizes prompt response and evaluation during resuscitation.
Neonatal resuscitation involves assessing newborns at birth and providing interventions to babies having difficulty transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. About 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing, while less than 1% require extensive resuscitation including ventilation, chest compressions, or medications. The Apgar score is used to evaluate neonatal well-being at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. Babies requiring resuscitation are initially stabilized, including warming, positioning, and clearing airways. Oxygen supplementation and positive pressure ventilation may then be provided if needed based on heart rate and respiration assessment.
This document provides an overview of neonatal resuscitation guidelines. It discusses the historical aspects of neonatal resuscitation and developments in guidelines over time. It also outlines the key steps in neonatal resuscitation including providing warmth, positioning, clearing the airway, drying and stimulating the baby, assisting ventilation, and administering chest compressions and medications if needed. Target oxygen saturations and assessment of heart rate, breathing, and color are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of birth asphyxia and resuscitation. It discusses the definition, causes, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, complications, and management of birth asphyxia. It also outlines the steps of newborn resuscitation, including drying the baby, clearing the airway, stimulating breathing, bag and mask ventilation, evaluating the baby, administering oxygen, and performing chest compressions if the heart rate is low. The document emphasizes the importance of helping the baby in the first minute after birth.
This document outlines the key steps in neonatal resuscitation for newborns requiring assistance to begin breathing or transition to life outside the womb. It discusses factors that may increase the need for resuscitation, important equipment, assessing the newborn using the APGAR score, and the steps of providing warmth, clearing the airway, breathing support, and circulation support like chest compressions and medications if needed. Effective resuscitation in the critical first minute after birth can prevent many newborn deaths from asphyxia globally each year.
This document outlines the key steps in neonatal resuscitation for newborns requiring assistance to begin breathing or transition to life outside the womb. It discusses factors that may increase the need for resuscitation, important equipment, assessing the newborn using the APGAR score, and the steps of providing warmth, clearing the airway, breathing support, and circulation support like chest compressions or medications if needed. Effective resuscitation in the critical first minute after birth can prevent many newborn deaths from asphyxia globally each year.
How to resuscitate, management in meconium aspirated baby, thin and thick meconium, ratio of ventilation and perfusion in new born, latest change in guidelines for resuscitation
This document provides guidelines for performing paediatric basic life support (BLS) for healthcare professionals and lay people. It outlines the steps to take if a child is unresponsive, including checking for breathing and signs of life, giving rescue breaths, and placing the child in the recovery position if breathing normally returns. For an unbreathing child, the guidelines specify giving 5 initial rescue breaths before beginning chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute with a compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 for lay rescuers and 15:2 for healthcare professionals. Proper technique is emphasized for opening the airway and delivering effective rescue breaths to infants and children.
Essential newborn care Essential care of a normal newborn can be best provided by the mothers under the supervision of nursing personnel.
About 80% of newborn babies require minimal care.
The normal term baby should be kept with their mother rather than in a separate nursery.
Rooming-in promotes better emotional bondage, prevents cross-infection and establishes breast feeding easily.
Active participation of mothers in the nursing care of the baby develops self-confidence in her.
The document summarizes the key changes in neonatal resuscitation practices between the 2010 and 2016 guidelines. It highlights increased focus on team preparation and communication. Initial assessment and steps remain unchanged, but temperature control during resuscitation is emphasized. Pulse oximetry is now recommended for both term and preterm infants to guide oxygen use. Intubation should now occur before chest compressions. Therapeutic hypothermia is recommended for infants 36 weeks or older with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
The document provides information on neonatal assessment. It discusses the purposes of newborn assessment including understanding well-being, detecting disease early, and determining needed treatment. It outlines the different phases of assessment including initial, transitional, and assessment of gestational age and systems. The initial assessment involves Apgar scoring. The document details the process for physical examinations of various body systems and measurements. Key reflexes of newborns are also outlined.
The document provides information on newborn care procedures including essential newborn care, measurements, vital signs, Apgar scoring, and assessment of well-being. It details protocols for drying, skin-to-skin contact, cord clamping and cutting, and early breastfeeding. Metrics like weight, length, head circumference, chest circumference and temperature are outlined. Vital signs immediately after and after birth are provided including temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure. The Apgar scoring system and importance is explained. Gestational age assessment using the Ballard score is covered. Newborn care procedures such as identification, registration and documentation are also reviewed.
This document provides guidance on neonatal resuscitation from the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). It discusses why newborns require different resuscitation approaches than older patients, focusing on establishing ventilation of the lungs. Key steps in newborn care are described, including providing warmth, positioning the airway, drying, and stimulating. Indications for positive pressure ventilation or supplemental oxygen are outlined. Modifications to guidelines during COVID-19 aim to protect providers from unnecessary exposure while maintaining effective newborn care.
This document provides guidance on newborn care and management. It discusses immediate newborn care steps like drying and warming the baby. It outlines the criteria for a normal healthy newborn and basic newborn needs like temperature regulation and breastfeeding initiation. The document also covers newborn resuscitation procedures if breathing issues arise, including steps for bag and mask ventilation and chest compressions. Potential risk factors for breathing problems and ensuring proper equipment is emphasized.
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Hearing loss (Ear Nose and Throat)... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses hearing loss, its classification, causes, and terminology. It defines hearing loss as a deficiency in hearing capacity from normal levels (0-20db) and classifies it as either conductive, affecting the external auditory meatus to oval window, or sensorineural, affecting the oval window to the inferior temporal gyrus. Hearing loss is also graded from mild to profound based on decibel levels. Causes of hearing loss are classified as congenital, including infections and drugs during pregnancy, or acquired, including wax buildup, trauma, infections like otitis media, tumors, meningitis, acoustic trauma, drugs, ageing, and more.
Allergic Rhinitis( Ear Nose and Throat).... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever. It begins by explaining the immunological mechanisms behind the immediate and late phase reactions to airborne allergens. Common symptoms include nasal congestion, sneezing, and itchy eyes. Diagnosis involves skin testing or blood tests to identify IgE antibodies to specific allergens. Treatment focuses on avoidance of triggers, antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal corticosteroid sprays. Complications can include secondary infection, sinusitis or decreased pulmonary function if left untreated.
Otitis Media and Otitis Externa... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses otitis media and otitis externa. It provides definitions and classifications of different types of otitis media such as acute otitis media, recurrent AOM, and otitis media with effusion. It describes the pathogenesis, symptoms, investigations, management including medications and surgery, as well as complications. For otitis externa it defines acute diffuse and circumscribed forms and chronic, eczematous, and necrotizing types. It lists causes and risk factors for each condition.
HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS (Ramsey Hunt's Syndrome).. By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses Herpes Zoster Oticus (Ramsey Hunt's Syndrome), caused by invasion of the geniculate ganglion and CN VIII nerve ganglia by the herpes zoster virus. This produces severe ear pain, hearing loss that may be permanent or recover partially, vertigo lasting days to weeks, and transient or permanent facial nerve palsy with loss of taste in the front two-thirds of the tongue. Investigation shows increased lymphocytes and protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves prompt corticosteroid therapy, acyclovir for 10 days to shorten the clinical course, codeine for pain relief, and diazepam to suppress vertigo.
The document discusses bronchiectasis, a chronic lung condition characterized by permanent dilatation of the bronchi. It causes include congenital disorders, past infections, and idiopathic cases. Common symptoms are persistent cough, copious sputum, and intermittent coughing of blood. Investigations include sputum culture, chest x-ray, and high-resolution CT scan of the chest. Management involves airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and sometimes surgery for severe cases.
Introduction to GI Medicine.... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
Dr. Chongo Shapi provides an overview of common gastrointestinal conditions and definitions. These include leucoplakia, aphthous ulcers, candidiasis, cheilitis, and glossitis. Investigative procedures for gastrointestinal issues like sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, upper endoscopy, duodenal biopsy, and liver biopsy are also outlined. Risks, preparations, and procedures for each test are described. The document aims to introduce common terms and investigations in gastrointestinal medicine.
Hypoglycemia (As in the ER)...... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses hypoglycemia, including its symptoms, causes, investigation, and treatment. Hypoglycemia is defined as a plasma glucose level less than or equal to 3mmol/L and can cause brain damage or death if severe or prolonged. Symptoms include autonomic symptoms like sweating and hunger as well as neuroglycopenic symptoms like confusion and seizures. Causes in diabetics are most commonly insulin or sulfonylurea treatment, while in non-diabetics include drugs, liver failure, and rare tumors. Investigation involves documenting blood glucose and symptoms during attacks. Treatment of conscious patients involves carbohydrate intake, while unconscious patients require intravenous or intramuscular glucose or glucagon administration.
Biochemistry of Carbohydrates.. By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
1. Carbohydrates are an essential part of biochemistry and serve important functions in the body. They include sugars, starches, and fibers.
2. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose are the simplest forms of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down further. They undergo various reactions and participate in metabolic pathways.
3. Derangements in carbohydrate metabolism can lead to disorders like diabetes, while inherited deficiencies of enzymes cause diseases like glycogen storage disorders and galactosemia.
Anatomy of the GLUTEAL REGION........ By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The gluteal region contains important muscles and structures. It is bounded superiorly by the iliac crest, medially by the intergluteal cleft, and inferiorly by the gluteal fold. The main muscles are the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus. The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle and extends the hip. The medius and minimus are important abductors of the hip. Other short rotator muscles include the piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli, and quadratus femoris. Major nerves are branches of the sacral plexus and vessels are branches of the internal iliac artery.
BioChemistry of Lipids......... By Shapi.Shapi. MD
This document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids and outlines their structural features and classification. Lipids are classified into simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. The document discusses the biomedical importance of lipids as important dietary constituents, building materials, and as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. It also summarizes the different types of fatty acids including saturated, unsaturated, essential fatty acids, and eicosanoids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Acute Coronary Syndromes and Angina.. By Shapi.Shapi. MD
Angina pectoris is a symptom of reversible myocardial ischemia characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. It is usually precipitated by exertion or stress and relieved by rest. The document discusses the causes, types, clinical features, investigations, and management of angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes.
Pneumonia (Community Aqcuired and Hospital Aqcuired).. By ShapiShapi. MD
This document discusses pneumonia, including its causes, classification, symptoms, investigations, management, complications, and types. Pneumonia can be community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or occur in immunocompromised patients. Common causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila. Severity is assessed using CURB-65 scoring. Management involves antibiotics, oxygen therapy, IV fluids, and ICU care for severe cases. Complications include pleural effusions, abscesses, respiratory failure, and sepsis.
Development Urinary system by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
Bilaminar and trilaminar discs formation.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses embryology, specifically the formation of the bilaminar and trilaminar germ discs. It describes how during the second week of development, the blastocyst differentiates into trophoblast layers and the inner cell mass forms the hypoblast and epiblast. Extraembryonic mesoderm and the chorionic plate then develop. In the third week, gastrulation occurs as the epiblast differentiates into the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - from which all tissues and organs develop. Diagrams are included showing notochord formation.
Gametogenesis and Pre-ebryonic life by Shapi. MDpdfShapi. MD
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
NOTOCHORD, NEURULATION AND NTDs by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses embryology and neural tube defects. It includes diagrams of notochord formation and neurulation. Neural tube defects discussed include myelomeningocele, meningocele, spina bifida occulta, and hydrocephalus. The document was authored by Dr. Chongo Shapi, a medical doctor, and contains 15 pages with diagrams related to embryology and neural tube development.
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
3. Introduction
• Dr. Virginia Apgar devised the Apgar score in 1952
• She was American
• It is a tool for assessing the overall status of the
newborn immediately after birth
• It assists in the recognition of an infant who is failing to
make a successful transition to extra-uterine life
• It should be carried out on all babies at one and five
minutes after birth
• Apgar was an anaesthesiologist who developed the
score in order to ascertain the effects of obstetric
anesthesia on babies
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 3
4. • The Apgar scale is determined by evaluating the
newborn baby on 5 simple criteria on a scale from 0
to 2
• Then summing up the five values thus obtained
• The resulting Apgar score ranges from 0 to 10
• The 5 criteria are summarized using words chosen to
form an acronym:
1. Appearance
2. Pulse
3. Grimace
4. Activity
5. Respiration
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 4
5. How Ready Is This Child?
• This is another acronym:
1. Heart rate
2. Respiratory effort
3. Irritability
4. Tone
5. Colour
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 5
8. Interpretation of the scores
• The test is generally done at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
• May be repeated later if the score is and remains low
• Scores:
1. 7 and above are generally normal
2. 4 to 6 fairly low
3. 3 and below are generally regarded as critically low
NB: A low score indicates some degree of birth asphyxia
- Birth asphyxia or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
(HIE) that can later develop into long term
neurological damage called cerebral palsy (CP)
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 8
9. Interpretation of the scores
• The purpose of the Apgar test is to determine
quickly whether a newborn needs immediate
medical care
• It was NOT designed to make long-term
predictions on a child's health
• A score of 10 is uncommon due to the
prevalence of transient cyanosis, and is not
substantially different from a score of 9
• Transient cyanosis is common, particularly in
babies born at high altitude
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 9
11. Introduction
• All professionals who attend deliveries must
have basic neonatal resuscitation skills
• High risk situations require a person with
intubation skills to be present at delivery
• 20-30 % of babies requiring resuscitation do
not fall into high risk categories
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 11
12. Deliveries at which a trained neonatal
resuscitator should be present
• Preterm deliveries
• Thick meconium staining of the amniotic fluid
• Significant fetal distress
• Significant APH
• Serious fetal abnormality e.g. hydrops
• Rotational forceps or vacuum deliveries
• Caesarean section
• Multiple deliveries
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 12
13. Resuscitation
Babies fall into one of 3 categories within a minute
of birth
1. Pink, breathing, good tone and activity with a
heart rate of >100 bpm:
▪ Leave this baby alone
▪ Dry the baby, wrap in warm towel and give baby
back to the mother
▪ Do not suck him out – risk producing vagal
bradycardia and cool him
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 13
14. Resuscitation ( cont )
2. Not breathing regularly, but heart rate of > 100
bpm and centrally cyanosed.
▪ Dry the baby wrap, in warm towel and place
under a radiant heat source
▪ Drying often provides stimulation to induce
breathing but gentle rubbing can also be used
▪ If no response begin active resuscitation with
bag and mask and call for help
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 14
15. Resuscitation ( cont )
3. Not breathing or has a heart rate of < 100 bpm
or is pale. These babies are usually completely
floppy
▪ This baby needs prompt resuscitation
▪ Dry, wrap in warm towel and initiate mask
ventilation and call for help
▪ If heart rate remains < 60 bpm, commence
chest compressions
▪ If response not rapid proceed to intubation as
soon as person with necessary skill arrives
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 15
16. Resuscitation ( cont )
The priorities of resuscitation are
1. Clearance of airways
2. Administration of oxygen
3. Maintenance of body temperature
4. Treatment of acidosis
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 16
17. Lung inflation through a face mask
• Position the baby face upwards on a resuscitation
surface
• The head should be supported in a neutral
position to keep the tongue from obstructing the
back of the pharynx
• Gently suction the mouth and nostrils to remove
debris
• Choose a face mask that covers the baby’s mouth
and nose
• Hold mask over baby’s face with one hand using
some of the fingers to lift chin and support jaw
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 17
18. Lung inflation through a face mask
• Begin to ventilate the lungs with air or oxygen
using the source provided
• Never connect a baby directly to the hospital
oxygen or air supply without a suitable pressure
limiting devise in the circuit - babies only need a
pressure of about 30 cm of water
• Make sure the chest is moving with ventilator
breaths
• Give about 30 breaths per minute
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 18
19. Chest compression
• Given to babies whose heart rate fails to rise above 60 bpm
after a minute of effective ventilation
• Compress the lower third of the sternum with two fingers
• The middle and index finger are usually used
• Every third compression should be interposed by a
ventilation – ( 3: 1 ratio ). Thus, per min = 90
compressions and 30 breaths
NB:
- For adult medicine = 30:2, targeting 120 compressions
and 8 breaths in a minute
- A ratio of 15:2 compressions can be used for paediatric
patients
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ 19
20. Chest compression ( cont )
• Perform 90 chest compressions and 30
ventilations per minute
• Depress the sternum to a depth of about one
third the A-P diameter of the chest, 2 to 2.5 cm
in a full term infant and 1.5 to 2.0 cm in a
preterm neonate
• When the heart rate is above 60 bpm
compression may be discontinued while
ventilation is continued
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 20
21. Use of drugs during resuscitation
• Drugs are rarely required during neonatal
resuscitation
• Deciding to use them is a job for a skilled
paediatrician
• Occasionally a baby has depressed respiration if
the mother was given pethidine 1 to 6 hours
prior to delivery – Naloxone is an effective
antidote
2/21/2013 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc.HB, MBChB, CUZ. 21
22. Transfer to a neonatal special care unit
The following babies usually need further special
care
1. After prolonged resuscitation
2. Birth weight less than 2.5Kg
3. Gestational age less than 36 weeks
4. Persisting respiratory problem
5. Some severe congenital abnormality
6. All ill babies
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