This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as how body parts function. Different types of anatomy are described, including developmental, surface, regional, gross, microscopic, systemic, and comparative anatomy. The document outlines the 11 organ systems of the human body and describes the four basic tissue types. It defines homeostasis as the state of dynamic equilibrium in the body and discusses examples of homeostatic control mechanisms. Both negative and positive feedback loops are explained as ways the body regulates internal conditions.

1. A&P Module 1
Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology

2. So, What is What?
 How would you define Anatomy?
 Anatomy is the study of the structure
of the body and its parts.
 How would you define Physiology?
 Physiology is how those parts function
and work together.

3. Different Types of Anatomy
 Developmental Anatomy
 Surface Anatomy
 Regional Anatomy
 Gross Anatomy
 Microscope Anatomy
 Systemic Anatomy
 Comparative Anatomy

4. Developmental Embryology
 The study of the changes
that begin at conception
into adulthood.
 A division of
Developmental Anatomy
that studies the first 8
weeks following
conception
Types of Anatomy

5. Surface Anatomy Regional Anatomy
 This type of anatomy is
used for diagnosis
 Analysis of a specific part
of the body
 Podiatrist, Cardiologist,
Internest, OBGYN
More…

6. Gross Anatomy Microscope Anatomy
 Studying items you see –
meaning LARGE
 Also known as
Macroscope Anatomy
 The study of what you
can only see using a
microscope
Types of Anatomy

7. Systemic Anatomy Comparative Anatomy
 Groups of organs related
by shared functions
 Digestive System – What
organs do they share?
 Comparing the study of
human anatomy to non-human
anatomy
 Bat, Human, Porpoise,
Bird
Types of Anatomy

8. 11 Of Them!
ORGANIZATIONAL
LEVELS OF THE HUMAN
BODY

9. Skeletal
BCoanrteilas gaend

10. Nervous System
Controls the Brain,
spinal
cord, and all the nerves

11. The Circulatory
System
Heart, Veins, and
Arteries

12. The Respiratory
System
LTurancghse aand

13. The Digestive
System
Teeth, Tongue, Esophagus,
Stomach, Liver, Small and Large
Intestines

14. Muscular System
TMeunsdcolenss &

15. Integumentary
System
SNkaiinls, Hair and

16. Lymphatic System
Lymph Notes and
Vessels

17. Urinary System
BKiladdndeyesr and

18. Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland and
Thyroid Gland

19. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Females:
Ovaries and
Uterus

20. Reproductive
System
aMnadles: Testes
Penis

21. Define
 Organ: A group of tissues
specialized for a particular
function
 Tissues: Group of cells forming
various building materials of the
body
 There are 4 Basic Kinds of
Tissues

22. Nervous Tissue
 Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
 Ability to conduct electrical
signals

23. Muscular Tissue
Muscles that enable your
skeleton to move, heart to
beat and internal organs to
push food along

24. Connective Tissue
Bone, cartilage, deeper layer
of the skin, and the bindings or
connectors around and
between organs

25. Epithelial Tissue
 Surface of your skin, inner lining of the
respiratory passages, digestive tract,
urinary tract, reproductive tract, thyroid
gland and liver

26. Atom
Molecules
Organelles
Cell

27. 7 Levels of Organization of an
Organism
1. Whole Organism – 11 Organ System
2. Organ Systems – Groups of organs
that work together to perform related
functions
3. Organs – Consist of different tissues
4. Tissues – Consist of similar types of
cells and materials around them

28. 7 Levels of Organization of an
Organism
5. Cells – Made up of organelles
6. Organelles – “Little Organs” made up
of molecules
7. Molecule – Made up of atoms, that
include DNA, RNA, proteins, fatty
acids, and carbohydrates

29. Homeostasis
 What do you think of when you
think of Homeostasis?
 Homeostasis = A state of dynamic
equilibrium in the body with
respect to its internal environment
and functions.

30. Example
 A normal body temperature should be
between 98.2°F and 98.8°F
 If it rises only a few degrees, you
could die from overheating (like
106°F) where many enzymes stop
functioning OR if it falls lover than
80°F, your heart may fail
 Too hot: Overheating during exercise
 Too Cold: Hypothermia – shivering

31.  If your calcium levels are too high
you can slip into a coma.
 If too low, your heartbeat
becomes irregular

32. Constantly Changing
 We live in a constantly changing
environment, so our body has to
change to bring it into balance =
Homeostasis
 Temperature, fluids, salts, pH,
nutrients, and gases

33. Look at the Handout
attached to your notes

34. Question
 If the girl in cold temperatures starts
jogging, how would the control
mechanism in her skin respond as she
runs?
 Answer: Her skin would respond the
way it does in hot temperatures.
Pours would open, sweat glands
would release water to cool the body

35. • Also called receptors
• Gather info about conditions inside and outside
the body
• Sensors in your skin & nasal passages gather
data about air temperatures
Sensors
• Your brain receives the info from the sensors
• Sends a message to the communication system Control Center
• Controlled by the nervous & endocrine system
• Carries messages to the body in the form of
nerve impulses or hormones telling targets in the
body how to respond
Communication
System

36. Question
 Why is it so important to maintain
homeostasis within the body?
 Answer: The process is necessary for
life to work best within a narrow range
of conditions.
 To maintain these ranges, the internal
environment of the body must remain
stable.

37. Feedback
 Feedback = All the sensors, control centers,
and communication systems work together
on a feedback loop.
 Negative Feedback = Help keep the internal
environment stable (like a thermostat on the
wall). It is also the reason you can’t hold
your breath very long.
 Let’s look at the other handout and discuss

38. Question
 If you continued to breathe rapidly and
deeply for too long (as in Step 4 on the
handout), how would this affect the negative
feedback loop?
 Answer: Sensors would detect too much
oxygen and too little carbon dioxide in the
blood. Your breathing would stop or slow
down for a short time until the gasses
returned to their set points; then normal
breathing would resume.

39. Quick Lab on Negative
Feedback Loop
 Materials: Hardcover book at least 6”x9”
 Problem: How does the negative feedback
loop work?
 Procedure:
◦ Balance the hardcover book on your head
◦ Walk 3 meters forward and backward –
once with eyes open, then with eyes
closed

40. Analyze and Conclude
 1. Analyze: Describe the negative
feedback loop that helped keep the book
balanced on your head. How did closing
your eyes affect your ability to balance the
book?
 2. Connect: Think of another example of a
negative feedback loop that you might
observe in your everyday life. Explain how
you think this loop works.

41. Positive Feedback
 Positive Feedback = A control
center uses information from
sensors to increase the rate of
change away from the set points.
This is needed when rapid
change is needed.

42. You cut your finger
Positive Feedback mechanisms
increase the rate of change in
clotting to seal the wound
Once healed, another Positive Feedback
Loop occurs as chemicals are released
to dissolve the clot

43. Another Example
 Your body releases certain
hormones during puberty – higher
levels of hormones to accomplish
all the changes that will take
place.
 Raging hormones!

44. Question
 Why are most of the functions of the body
regulated by negative feedback, rather than
by positive feedback mechanisms?
 Answer: Negative Feedback is the means
by which the body maintains homeostasis.
Positive Feedback only occurs in situations
in which a change away from set values is
needed.

45. Let’s Review about Homeostasis and
Feedback Systems
 1. A system to maintain
homeostasis must have at least
four parts that function together.
Name these parts briefly and
explain what each one does.
Work with a partner

46. Review
 2. What is the main difference
between the way negative
feedback and positive feedback
mechanisms regulate change in
the body?
Work with a partner

47. Review
 3. Predict: When a newborn
baby nurses, the mother’s body is
stimulated to produce milk. What
would happen to the milk supply if
the mother chose to bottle feed
rather than breast feed? Why?
Work with a partner

48. Review
 4. Suppose you go on a long hike
in hot weather. Describe a
possible negative feedback loop
that would keep your body from
overheating.
Work with a partner

49. Animal Cell

50. The following images are from Slideshare
THE CELL IS LIKE A
SCHOOL…