The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is composed of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides protection against pathogens and moisture loss. It undergoes constant renewal through mitosis in the basal layer. The dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, and vasculature that provide strength and nourishment to the skin. Accessory structures such as hair, nails, and exocrine glands contribute additional protective and sensory functions.
The framework of the nose consists of bone and cartilage. Two small nasal bones and extensions of the maxillae form the bridge of the nose, which is the bony portion. The remainder of the framework is cartilage and is the flexible portion. Connective tissue and skin cover the framework.
Air enters the nasal cavity from the outside through two openings: the nostrils or external nares. The openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx are the internal nares. Nose hairs at the entrance to the nose trap large inhaled particles.
Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the frontal, maxilae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. These sinuses, which have the same names as the bones in which they are located, surround the nasal cavity and open into it. They function to reduce the weight of the skull, to produce mucus, and to influence voice quality by acting as resonating chambers.
To understand the physiology of the nose, its functions must be understood. The nose serves as the only means of bringing warm humidified air into the lungs. ... Endoscopic view from nares of right nasal passage. The turbinate is mildly swollen, the mucosa is pale, and the turbinate is impinging onto nasal septum.
The framework of the nose consists of bone and cartilage. Two small nasal bones and extensions of the maxillae form the bridge of the nose, which is the bony portion. The remainder of the framework is cartilage and is the flexible portion. Connective tissue and skin cover the framework.
Air enters the nasal cavity from the outside through two openings: the nostrils or external nares. The openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx are the internal nares. Nose hairs at the entrance to the nose trap large inhaled particles.
Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the frontal, maxilae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. These sinuses, which have the same names as the bones in which they are located, surround the nasal cavity and open into it. They function to reduce the weight of the skull, to produce mucus, and to influence voice quality by acting as resonating chambers.
To understand the physiology of the nose, its functions must be understood. The nose serves as the only means of bringing warm humidified air into the lungs. ... Endoscopic view from nares of right nasal passage. The turbinate is mildly swollen, the mucosa is pale, and the turbinate is impinging onto nasal septum.
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Integumentary System Includes:
Skin (cutaneous membrane)
Subcutaneous tissue below the skin
Accessory Structures
Sweat glands
Sebaceous or oil glands
Hair
Nails
3.
4. Layers Of The Skin
Epidermis – outer
composed of
stratified
squamous
epithelium
Dermis – inner
anchored to a
subcutaneous
layer
5. Epidermis
Composed of stratified squamous
epithelium
Avascular as it has no blood supply of its
own
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the
underlying dermis
The epidermis is a keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium. Oxygen and
nutrients diffuse from the underlying
dermis. Five structurally different layers
can be identified:
6. First Layer of the Epidermis
The stratum basale
is the deepest layer of the epidermis (closest to the
dermis).
It is found close to the dermal blood supply. It
consists of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal
cells which rest on the basement membrane.
7. Basal cells are the stem cells of the epidermis.
Their mitotic activity replenishes the cells in more
superficial layers as these are eventually shed from
the epidermis.
The renewal of the epidermis takes about 3 to 4
weeks in humans as millions of cells are produced
daily.
Cells die as they are pushed away from the source
of nourishment.
8. Optional Epidermal Layers
In the stratum spinosum,
the cells become irregularly polygonal. The cells
are often separated by narrow, translucent clefts.
These clefts are spanned by spine-like
cytoplasmatic extensions of the cells (hence the
name of the layer and of its cells: spinous cells),
which interconnect the cells of this layer.
9. The stratum granulosum
consists, in thick skin, of a few layers of flattened
cells. Only one layer may be visible in thin skin.
The stratum lucidum
consists of several layers of flattened dead cells.
Nuclei already begin to degenerate in the outer
part of the stratum granulosum. In the stratum
lucidum, faint nuclear outlines are visible in only a
few of the cells. The stratum lucidum can usually
not be identified in thin skin.
10. Cells undergo keratinization as a tough protein,
keratin, is deposited within the cell.
Keratin hardens and flattens the cells as they move
outward and it waterproofs the skin.
11. In the stratum corneum,
cells are keratinized and form a layer that is about
30 cells thick.
Individual cells are difficult to observe because (1)
nuclei can no longer be identified, (2) the cells are
very flat and (3) the space between the cells has
been filled with lipids, which cement the cells
together into a continuous membrane.
Final Epithelial Layer
12. Closest to the surface of the epidermis, the stratum
corneum has a somewhat looser appearance.
Cells are constantly shed from this part of the
stratum corneum.
This layer makes up three fourths of the epidermal
thickness.
The protection of the body by the epidermis is due
to the functional features of the stratum corneum.
13. Dermis or corium
The dermis, or corium, consists of dense fibrous
connective tissue with numerous collagenous
and elastic fibers. The dermis is much thicker
than the epidermis. In thick skin, dermal
papillae create a very irregular border between
epidermis and dermis. Blood vessels, nervous
tissue, some muscle tissue, certain glands, hair
and nails are found in the dermis. Nerve
endings allow us to sense pain, temperature,
pressure, and touch.
14. Red and Yellow, Black and White…
The red and yellow hues of the skin are due to
hemoglobin in the red blood cells, which pass
through the capillaries beneath the epidermis, and
carotene (yellowish pigment), which accumulates
in fat cells found in the dermis and hypodermis
(subcutaneous layer beneath dermis).
15. Melanocytes
The brown in skin color is due to melanin,
which is produced in the skin itself in cells
called melanocytes.
These cells are located in the epidermis. In the
melanocytes, the melanin is located in
membrane-bound organelles called
melanosomes. Melanocytes can transfer
melanin to keratinocytes - mainly to the basal
cells.
Melanin protects the chromosomes of
mitotically active basal cells against light-
induced damage.
16. Pigmentation is not just under the
control of light. Hormones
produced by the pituitary and the
adrenal glands also affect
pigmentation.
Diseases of these two endocrine
organs often result in changes of
pigmentation of the skin.
17. Malfunctioning Melanocytes
Albinism – melanocytes completely fail to secrete
melanin. Hair, skin, and iris are white.
Vitiligo – loss of pigment in certain areas of the
skin producing white patches.
Freckles and moles are formed when melanin
becomes concentrated in local areas.
Malignant melanoma – a cancerous change in a
mole that may metastasize (spread) rapidly and is
most difficult to treat. Exposure to sunlight
increases risk.
18. Other Pigments in Skin
Carotene – a yellow pigment in skin usually hidden by
the effects of melanin. Asians have little melanin
which allows the yellow to show more than other
nationalities.
Pinkish color – seen in fair-skinned persons because
the vascular dermis is visible.
Cyanosis – blue look to skin due to poorly oxygenated
blood
Blushing – caused by dilation of blood vessels
Pale by fright – caused by restriction of vessels
19. Response to Disease
Jaundice – caused when bilirubin is deposited in
skin because a diseased liver is unable to excrete
this pigment
Skin may appear bronzed due to the deposit of
excess melanin when a person’s adrenal gland is
functioning poorly.
A bruise indicates that blood has escaped from the
blood vessels and has clotted under the skin.
Over eating carotene-rich vegetables such as
carrots may cause skin to have a yellow tint.
20. Accessory Structures of the Skin
Hair
A characteristic feature of the human skin is the
apparent lack of hair on most of the body surface.
This is actually not quite true. Most of the skin is
haired although the hair in most areas is short, fine
and only lightly pigmented.
Truly hairless are only the palms of hands and soles
of feet, the distal phalanges and sides of fingers and
toes and parts of the external genitalia.
21. Accessory Structures of the Skin
In those parts of the skin which we perceive as "hairy"
we find terminal hairs. The free part of each hair is called
the shaft.
The root of each hair is anchored in a tubular
invagination of the epidermis, the hair follicle, which
extends down into the dermis and, usually, a short
distance into the hypodermis.
The hair that you groom daily is actually dead keratinized
cells.
Each hair follicle has an associated bundle of smooth
muscle, the arrector pili muscle. This muscle inserts with
one end to the papillary layer of the dermis and with the
other end to the dermal sheath of the hair follicle. This
makes your hair stand up on its end.
22. Hair Color and Texture
Hair color is determined by the amount and type of
melanin present.
Melanocytes become less active with age. Gray hair is
a mixture of pigmented and non-pigmented hairs.
Red hair results from a a modified type of melanin that
contains iron.
The shape of the hair shaft determines texture.
Round shaft – straight hair
Oval shaft – wavy hair
Flat shafts – curly or kinky hair
Perms use chemicals to flatten shafts and makes hair curly.
Alopecia is the term for hair loss.
23.
24. Accessory Structures of the Skin
Nails
Plates of stratified squamous epithelial cells
with hard keratin
Protect distal ends of phalanges
Cells are keratinized in the nail root
Nail growth occurs in the lunula
Cuticle is a fold of stratum corneum on the
proximal end of nail
25.
26. Exocrine Glands
Sebaceous glands or oil glands are simple branched
areolar glands. They secrete the sebum (seb = oil) an
oily product. Sebum is usually secreted into a hair
follicle. Sebum is a natural skin cream: it helps hair
from becoming brittle, prevents excessive evaporation
of water from the skin, keeps the skin soft and contains
a bactericidal agent that inhibits the growth of certain
bacteria.
Sebaceous glands are scattered all over the surface of
the skin except in the palms, soles and the side of the
feet.
Vernix caseosa - white covering on fetus.
Blackhead
Pimple
27. Exocrine Glands
Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are simple coiled
tubular glands. They are divided into two principal
types: eccrine and apocrine.
Apocrine glands are found mainly in the skin of the
armpits, of the anogenital areas and of the areola of the
breasts. Their secretory portion can be located in the
dermis or in the hypodermis. Their excretory ducts
open into hair follicles. Their secretion is more viscous
than that of the eccrine glands. They start secreting at
puberty and may be analogous to the sexual scent
glands of other animals.
28. Eccrine glands are the most common. Their
secretory portion can be located in the dermis or in
the hypodermis. They produce sweat, a watery
mixture of salts, antibodies and metabolic wastes.
Sweat prevents overheating of the body and thus
helps regulate body temperature.
Ceruminous glands (or ear wax glands) and
mammary glands are modified apocrine sweat
glands.
29. Physiology of the Skin
Protection - the epidermis provides a barrier to
fluid loss from the body (this protective function is
impaired in patients with burns).
barrier function - intact skin prevents the entry of
micro-organisms into the body. Antimicrobial
proteins are produced by the epidermis - they act by
piercing holes in the outer membranes of micro-
organisms.
Resistance to wear and tear - continuous replacement
of the outer epidermal cells that wear off - new cells
are produced in the deepest layer of the epidermis and
gradually migrate towards the surface
30. Skin can excrete water, salt, and small amounts
of waste products such as urea.
Vitamin D can be synthesized in skin exposed
to sunlight (vitamin D can also be obtained
from the diet)
The skin provides a barrier to ultraviolet light.
The melanocytes contain melanin, which
absorbs UV radiation, and also distribute the
pigment to neighboring cells. Skin exposed to
sunlight becomes wrinkled and creased.
Changes seem to be due to disruption of
collagen and elastin in dermis, and loss of
fibroblasts which make new proteins.
31. Three types of skin cancer corresponding to three major
types of skin cells: basal cells, squamous cells, and
melanocytes.
Cancer of melanocytes - malignant melanoma - is the
most lethal variety, but also the least common.
If caught early, most cases of non-melanoma skin
cancer are easily treated under local anaesthetic
Whites in Australia have the highest rates of skin
cancer of all types in the world.
The damaging effects of sunlight can occur many years
before tumors appear.
ultraviolet light causes mutations at points on a DNA
strand.
32. The integumentary system is well-supplied with
receptors for touch, pain, temperature, vibration
and pressure
Sensory information is relayed to the central
nervous system via sensory nerves
Social interactions are influenced by facial
expressions, blushing, touching, etc.
33. Fun Facts
House dust is mainly skin flakes!
If you laid out all your skin on a flat surface, it would have
an area of about 2 square meters.
Skin weighs about 2.5 kilograms - the largest organ in the
body.
What hurts if you pull it, but doesn't hurt if you cut it?
Your hair, of course!
Skin is elastic - it springs back into shape when stretched.
Some medicines (estrogen, nicotine) can pass through the
skin, but others cannot (insulin). Why is that? Because
only fat-soluble substances can enter the skin, not water-
soluble ones.
Your hair stands on end and you develop 'goose bumps'
because there are tiny muscles attached to the hair follicles
and they contract when you are frightened or cold.