Apologia Biology Module 1

1. 
Biology I Honors
Introduction and Module 1

2. Question?
 How does Science view the
world today?

3. Question??
 What are some specific scientific
discoveries that have been made
in your lifetime?

4. In My Lifetime…
 Vaccines
 Walk on the Moon
 Shuttle Missions
 DNA Evidence
 Brain Surgery for epilepsy and Parkinson’s
Disease

5. Question??
 Is science always correct? Why
or why not?
 How does science change?

6. Humm…
 “Science makes predictions, not
promises”
 What does that statement mean
to you?

7. 4 Criteria of Life
 1. All life forms contains DNA –
made of one or more cells and
displays organization
 Made of one or more cells and
displays organization

8. 4 Criteria of Life
 2. All life forms have a method by
which they extract energy from the
surroundings and convert it into
energy that sustains them
 Maintains homeostasis

9. 4 Criteria of Life
 3. All life forms can sense changes
in their surroundings and respond to
those changes

10. 4 Criteria of Life
 4. All life forms reproduce

11. What is Metabolism?
 The sum total of all processes in an
organization which convert energy
and matter from outside sources and
use energy from the surroundings to
sustain the organism’s life functions

12. In Other Words…
 Our bodies get the energy they need
from food through metabolism, the
chemical reactions in the body’s cells
that convert the fuel from food into
the energy needed to do everything
from moving to thinking to growing.

13. Metabolism
 Specific proteins in the body control the
chemical reactions of metabolism, and each
chemical reaction is coordinated with other
body functions.
 In fact, thousands of metabolic reactions
happen at the same time – all regulated by the
body – to keep our cells healthy and working.
 This words hand in hand with homeostasis!

14. How Metabolism Works in
Humans
 3. When people eat the plants,
they take in this energy along
with other vital cell-building
chemicals
 4. The body breaks down the
sugar so that energy can be
released and used as fuel by the
body’s cells
 1. Plants take energy from
sunlight
 2. The plant uses energy and the
molecule chlorophyll to build
sugars from water and carbon
dioxide in a process known as
photosynthesis

15. #1 Category of Metabolism
 Anabolism: or constructive metabolism.
 All about building and storing
 Supports the growth of new cells
 Maintains body tissue
 Storage of energy for future use

16. #2 Category of Metabolism
 Catabolism or destructive metabolism
 Produces energy required for all activity in the
cells
 Breaks down large molecules (carbs and fats) to
release energy
 That energy release provides fuel for
anabolism, heats the body and enables the
muscles to contact and the body to move

17. What is a Producer?
 Organisms that produce its own
food
 Name some producers

18. What is a Consumer?
 Organisms that eat living producers
and/or other consumers for food
 Name some consumers

19. What is a Decomposer?
 Organisms that break down the dead
remains of other organisms
 Name some decomposers

20. What do they eat?
 Herbivores: Organisms that eat only plants
 Carnivores: Organisms that eat only organisms
other than plants
 Omnivores: Organisms that eat both plants
and other organisms

21. Quick Lab
 1. Each table will work as a team
 2. You must first decide who is a
herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore
 3. Use the following information to
construct a food web or food chain in a
meadow ecosystem

22. Who eats what?? Circle of Life
Red Fox
Raccoon
Grasshopper
Red Clover
Crayfish
Meadow Vole
Green Algae
White Oak Tree Gray Squirrel
Detritus

23. Answers – were you correct?
 Herbivores: Grey squirrels,
grasshoppers, meadow voles, crayfish
 Carnivores: None
 Omnivores: Raccoons, red fox

24. Answers – were you correct??
 1. Red foxes feed on raccoons, crayfish, red clover,
grasshoppers, meadow voles and gray squirrels
 2. Red clover is eaten by grasshoppers, meadow voles, and
foxes
 3. White Oak Tree is eaten by meadow voles, gray
squirrels, and raccoons
 4. Crayfish feed on green algae and detritus – then red foxes
and meadow voles eat them

25. What if??
 Question: How would the
meadow voles be affected if
disease kills the white oak trees?

26. Answer
 Removing the white oak tree from
the system would force other
animals, such as the raccoons or
foxes, to eat the red clover, so there
would be less clover for the meadow
voles to eat.

27. Living, Non-Living, or Dead
 Define “Living”
 Webster’s Dictionary Definition: Having
life, active, functioning, full of vigor

28. Living, Non-Living, or Dead
 Define “Non-Living”
 Webster’s Dictionary Definition: “Non” –
not : other than : reverse of : absence of : of
little or no consequence : unimportant :
worthless
 Living: Having life, active, functioning, full of
vigor

29. Living, Non-Living, or Dead
 Define “Dead”
 Webster’s Dictionary Definition: no
longer alive or living; no longer having
life; not able to feel or move; very tired

30. Mini Lab
 1. Partner with one other person
 2. Look at the handouts you have been
given
 3. Decide which is Living, Non-Living,
or Dead and WHY

31. Did you get it correct?
 1. Potted Plant – Living
 2. Baker’s Yeast – Living
 3. Pupa – Living
 4. Glass of water – Non-living, though it may have living
things in it and it gives life (we cannot live without water)

32. Did you get it correct??
 5. Pumpkin Seeds – Living
 6. Turtle Shell – Non-living
 7. Cut Hair - Dead
 8. Cut Fingernails – Dead
 9. Tea Leaves - Dead

33. Did you get it correct??
 10. Chicken Sandwich – Dead
 11. Rubber Band – Dead -Dead is the
condition these objects enter when they are no
longer alive. So, to be dead an object must once
have been living.
 12. Tree with no leaves in winter – Living

34. Did you get it correct??
 13. Book – Dead
 14. Rock – Non-living – Non-living is the
condition of never being alive. Non-living could
refer to inorganic matter. Rocks, for example are
non-living. They are not dead, because they were
never alive (as a rock, but they may contain
chemicals that were once part of a living
organism).

35. Sensing Changes in the
Environment
 Receptor: Special structures that allow
organisms to sense the conditions of their
internal or external environment
 How to plants respond to stimuli?
 How do animals respond to stimuli?
 How to humans respond to stimuli?

36. All Life Forms Reproduce
 Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction
accomplished by a single organism
 Sexual Reproduction: Reproduction that
required two organisms
 Inheritance: The process by which physical
and biological characteristics are transmitted
from the parent (or parents) to the offspring

37. All Life Forms Reproduce
 Mutation: An abrupt and marked change in
the DNA of an organism compared to that of
its parents
 Example: Donkeys and horses mate = mule
 However, adult mules cannot produce
offspring

38. Scientific Method

39. Hypothesis
 How do you “word” a hypothesis?

40. Is this a hypothesis?
 If I keep a plant from getting any
sunlight, it will die.

41. Answer
 No, it is a prediction
 A prediction is a guess as to what might
happen based on observation

42. Predictions
Predictions may be:
It is raining outside and the sun is also out. One
could predict that they see a rainbow.
A student is studying for a final exam and predicts
he/she will receive an “A” on the exam.
A child has a fever and a sore throat. One may
predict they they have strep throat.

43. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a possible explanation for
an observation or problem that can further
be tested by experimentation.
A Hypothesis is an educated guess.

44. Hypothesis
How can you reword the prediction about the
plant to make it a hypothesis?
“If I keep a plant from getting any sunlight, it will
die.”

45. Answer
 If sunlight is necessary to the survival of
a plant, then when a plant is deprived of
sunlight, it will die.”
 The hypothesis implies a question to be
answered.