This document summarizes current guidelines for antiretroviral therapy. It begins by stating that eradication of HIV is not currently possible due to reservoirs of latent infection. It then reviews recommendations for starting ART based on CD4 count from various organizations. A list of approved antiretrovirals is provided grouping them by class. The benefits of earlier treatment include reduced transmission risk, lower non-AIDS related mortality, and increased CD4 recovery. Studies supporting these benefits are summarized. Optimal first-line regimens now include tenofovir/emtricitabine due to lower toxicity compared to older drugs. Special considerations for ART in pregnancy and tuberculosis are discussed.
Dr.Ameet Dravid has made a significant contribution in Research & Treatment of HIV and AIDS medicine.Dr. Dravidis expert in successfully treating Diseases like: HIV,AIDS.He has treated & cured more than 25+ patient! Best practices in HIV at the district, international levels.
Dr.Ameet Dravid has made a significant contribution in Research & Treatment of HIV and AIDS medicine.Dr. Dravidis expert in successfully treating Diseases like: HIV,AIDS.He has treated & cured more than 25+ patient! Best practices in HIV at the district, international levels.
In this downloadable slideset, expert faculty members Andrew Carr, MBBS, MD, FRACP, FRCPA; Daniel R. Kuritzkes, MD; and Ian M. Sanne, MBBCH, FCP(SA), review key studies presented at the 2016 International AIDS Conference.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 1.28 MB
Date posted: 8/5/2016
Contemporary Management of HIV.How Common Comorbidities Affect ART Management...hivlifeinfo
In this downloadable slideset, expert faculty review key data and offer important guidance on managing HIV treatment in patients with frequently encountered comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, osteopenia, and HCV coinfection.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 2.27 MB
Date posted: 2/12/2018
Начало АРТ впервые.Наилучшая практика.Best Practices in Antiretroviral Therap...hivlifeinfo
Best Practices in Antiretroviral Therapy: Initiating First-line Therapy
In this downloadable slideset, Charles B. Hicks, MD, discusses data on initiating antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 2.16 MB
Sydney Sexual Health Centre Journal Club presentation by Cherie Desreaux on the British Medical Journal and the Medical Journal of Australia editions published between November 2015 and March 2016.
The Sydney Sexual Health Centre Journal Club allows our team to stay up-to-date with what is being published in the field of sexual health. Staff members take turns to read, review and share the contents of an allocated journal. Journal Club encourages knowledge sharing and discussion about topics raised.
HIV AIDS is one of the most dreadful of all diseases. Newer drugs and drug combination are coming quite frequently. Attempts to design an HIV vaccine is also underway.
This seminar is my attempt this interesting topic with all the latest data I could collect on the internet.
Современное лечение ВИЧ: лечение ВИЧ у женщин.2017/Contemporary Management of...hivlifeinfo
In this downloadable slideset, Kathleen E. Squires, MD, and Program Director Joseph J. Eron, Jr., MD, review key data and optimal strategies in caring for HIV-infected women, including ART safety and efficacy in women, reproductive health management, ART and pregnancy, and preventing HIV infection in women.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 1.59 MB
Date posted: 4/25/2017
In this downloadable slideset, expert faculty members Andrew Carr, MBBS, MD, FRACP, FRCPA; Daniel R. Kuritzkes, MD; and Ian M. Sanne, MBBCH, FCP(SA), review key studies presented at the 2016 International AIDS Conference.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 1.28 MB
Date posted: 8/5/2016
Contemporary Management of HIV.How Common Comorbidities Affect ART Management...hivlifeinfo
In this downloadable slideset, expert faculty review key data and offer important guidance on managing HIV treatment in patients with frequently encountered comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, osteopenia, and HCV coinfection.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 2.27 MB
Date posted: 2/12/2018
Начало АРТ впервые.Наилучшая практика.Best Practices in Antiretroviral Therap...hivlifeinfo
Best Practices in Antiretroviral Therapy: Initiating First-line Therapy
In this downloadable slideset, Charles B. Hicks, MD, discusses data on initiating antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 2.16 MB
Sydney Sexual Health Centre Journal Club presentation by Cherie Desreaux on the British Medical Journal and the Medical Journal of Australia editions published between November 2015 and March 2016.
The Sydney Sexual Health Centre Journal Club allows our team to stay up-to-date with what is being published in the field of sexual health. Staff members take turns to read, review and share the contents of an allocated journal. Journal Club encourages knowledge sharing and discussion about topics raised.
HIV AIDS is one of the most dreadful of all diseases. Newer drugs and drug combination are coming quite frequently. Attempts to design an HIV vaccine is also underway.
This seminar is my attempt this interesting topic with all the latest data I could collect on the internet.
Современное лечение ВИЧ: лечение ВИЧ у женщин.2017/Contemporary Management of...hivlifeinfo
In this downloadable slideset, Kathleen E. Squires, MD, and Program Director Joseph J. Eron, Jr., MD, review key data and optimal strategies in caring for HIV-infected women, including ART safety and efficacy in women, reproductive health management, ART and pregnancy, and preventing HIV infection in women.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 1.59 MB
Date posted: 4/25/2017
AIDS and its vengeance saw a back seat after we achieved the zero level of growth for it. But worries regarding the people living with AIDS are still on and we need to take care of these segments in an integrated manner
Scale up of Prevention of Mother to Child HIV Transmission Programme in Delhi...Anil Gupta
We are still using SD NVP prophylaxis even though there is enough evidence that multi-drug regimens are much better. NACO, MoHFW, Govt of India is implementing new PMTCT strategy in Delhi in 2013-14 which will eliminate Pediatric HIV infections in the coming years.The presentation highlights key features of the New PMTCT Strategy of the country.
After the successful NSP 2017-2025,Goi is lauching NSP 2017-2025 for elimination of TB on 24th march( World TB day ) 2017. Module is on MOHFW site but i have try to keep it brief,hope its ll be useful specially for academic and administrative purposes.
Lizzy Schmidt, Director of the Woman's Program at Philadelphia FIGHT's Jonathan Lax Center, presented on HIV Treatment and PrEP at the June 2015 Ryan White Part A Planning Council meeting.
Kohinoor precision component ltd. is a unit involved in précised Forgings & precision machining activity.The components made by us are of standard in Quality & Accuracy which are suitable & accepted to our customers.
Kohinoor precision component ltd. has a team of dedicated professionals with expertise in different areas, with a total work force of 158.
This Unit is situated at Gut No 119, Koregaon Bhima Tal Shirur Dist. Pune, PIN code: 412216.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Antiretroviral therapy what a general practitioner must know
1. Antiretroviral therapy in 2013 : what
a general practitioner must know
Dr Ameet Dravid
M.D Medicine
Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune
2. Introduction
• Eradication of HIV infection cannot be
achieved with available antiretroviral
regimens.
• This is chiefly because the pool of latently
infected CD4 T-cells is established during the
earliest stages of acute HIV infection and
persists with long half-life even with
prolonged suppression of plasma viremia.
6. WHO guidelines 2013 : what’s new
• ART should be initiated in all individuals with CD4 count < 500
cells/mm3 irrespective of WHO stage
• ART should be initiated irrespective of CD4 count and WHO
stage :
• HIV and active TB
• HIV/HBV co-infection with severe chronic liver disease
• Partners with HIV in sero-discordant couples
8. NACO GUIDELINES 2012
Classification of
HIV-associated
clinical disease
WHO STAGE
CD4 NOT
AVAILABLE
Asymptomatic
1
CD4 AVAILABLE
Do not treat
Treat if CD4 <350
Mild symptoms
2
Do not treat
Advanced
symptoms
3
Treat
Consider treatment
if CD4 <350
and initiate ART
before CD4
drops below 200
Severe/advanced
symptoms
4
Treat
Treat irrespective of
CD4 count
9. Why are we moving towards
earlier antiretroviral therapy ?
• Current options for initial therapy are highly
effective, durable, convenient, and well
tolerated and show less evidence of long-term
toxicity
10. Antiretroviral Efficacy Rates Are
Improving in Clinical Practice
Patients With
HIV-1 RNA > 500 copies/mL (%)
50
40
40
42
39
34
31
30
30
25
20
10
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
11. Why are we moving towards earlier
antiretroviral therapy ?
• Greater risk of developing non-AIDS–defining
conditions, including cardiovascular disease,
liver disease, and non-AIDS–defining
malignancies
12. Immunosuppression Increases Risk of HIVand Non-HIV–Related Mortality
•
Cohort study of > 23,000 patients
in Europe, Australia, and US
Overall
HIV
Malignancy
Heart
– 76,577 patient-years of
follow-up
•
•
1248 (5.3%) deaths from
2000-2004
Both HIV- and non-HIV–related
mortality associated with CD4+
cell count depletion
< 50
50-99
100199
200349
350- ≥ 500
499
CD4+ Cell Count (cells/mm3)
13. Why are we moving towards earlier
antiretroviral therapy ?
• Greater likelihood of CD4 normalization
14. Likelihood of Achieving Normal
CD4+ Cell Count Depends on BL Level
Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort
ATHENA National Cohort
>> 350
201-350
350
< 200
1000
800
1000
800
600
600
400
400
200
200
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
Years on HAART
5
6
201-350
51-200
< 50
0
> 500
351-500
48 96 144 192 240 288
Weeks From Starting HAART
16. Mortality rate in HIV infected adults on ART
(French Aquitane Cohort )
17. HPTN 052: Immediate vs Delayed ART in
Serodiscordant Couples
HIV-infected, sexually active
serodiscordant
couples; CD4+ cell count
of the infected partner:
350-550 cells/mm3
(N = 1763 couples)
Immediate ART
Initiate ART at CD4+ cell count 350-550 cells/mm3
(n = 886 couples)
Delayed ART
Initiate ART at CD4+ cell count ≤ 250 cells/mm3*
(n = 877 couples)
*Based on 2 consecutive values ≤ 250 cells/mm3.
•
Primary efficacy endpoint: virologically linked HIV transmission
•
Primary clinical endpoints: WHO stage 4 events, pulmonary TB, severe bacterial infection
and/or death
•
Couples received intensive counseling on risk reduction and use of condoms
Cohen MS, et al. IAS 2011. Abstract MOAX0102.
Cohen MS, et al. N Engl J Med. 2011;[Epub ahead of print].
18. HPTN 052: HIV Transmission Reduced by 96% in
Serodiscordant Couples
Total HIV-1 Transmission Events: 39
(4 in immediate arm and
35 in delayed arm; P < .0001)
Linked Transmissions:
28
Delayed
Arm: 27
Immediate
Arm: 1
P < .001
Cohen MS, et al. IAS 2011. Abstract MOAX0102.
Cohen MS, et al. N Engl J Med. 2011;[Epub ahead of print].
Unlinked or TBD
Transmissions: 11
Single transmission in patient in
immediate ART arm believed
to have occurred close to time therapy
began and prior to HIV-1 RNA suppression
19. HPTN 052: Primary Clinical Events During Follow-up
•
41% reduction in HIV-related clinical events in HIV-infected patients randomized to
immediate vs delayed therapy
– Excess events in delayed arm driven mainly by TB (33 vs 17 cases), particularly
extrapulmonary TB (17 vs 3 cases)
HR: 0.6 (95% CI: 0.4-0.9; P = .01)
Delayed (n = 65)
Failure Probability
0.25
0.20
0.15
Immediate (n = 40)
0.10
0.05
0
877
886
701
700
0
1
317
333
86
85
32
36
2
3
4
Yrs Since Randomization
Grinsztejn B, et al. IAS 2011. Abstract MOAX0105.
Cohen MS, et al. N Engl J Med. 2011;[Epub ahead of print].
25 Number at risk
29
5
20. Reduction in New HIV Diagnoses in BC: Testing,
HAART, and Community VL
•
Period of declining new HIV diagnoses in BC coincident with increased HIV testing
rates, increased uptake of antiretroviral therapy, and decrease in community viral
load (1996-2008)
– Decline in new HIV diagnoses despite increases in syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia
Patients (n)
10,000
8000
6000
Censored at the time of death or move
New HIV+
Diagnoses (All)
4000
2000
0
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Montaner J, et al. CROI 2010. Abstract 88LB.
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Number of New HIV+ Diagnoses
12,000
HIV-1 RNA,
copies/mL
< 500
500-3499
3500-9999
10,000-49,999
≥ 50,000
21. Efficacy of HIV Prevention Strategies From Randomized
Clinical Trials
Study
Effect Size, % (95% CI)
ART for prevention; HPTN 052, Africa,
Asia, Americas
PrEP for discordant couples;
Partners PrEP, Uganda, Kenya
PrEP for heterosexual men and
women; TDF2, Botswana
Medical male circumcision;
Orange Farm, Rakai, Kisumu
PrEP for MSMs; iPrEX, Americas,
Thailand, South Africa
Sexually transmitted diseases
treatment; Mwanza, Tanzania
Microbicide;
CAPRISA 004, South Africa
HIV vaccine;
RV144, Thailand
0
96 (73-99)
73 (49-85)
63 (21-84)
54 (38-66)
44 (15-63)
42 (21-58)
39 (6-60)
31 (1-51)
20
40
60
Efficacy (%)
Abdool Karim SS, et al. Lancet. 2011;[Epub ahead of print].
80
100
22. When should we start ART in the event of acute
opportunistic infection?
• ART is only effective treatment :
• Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy
(PML)
• Cryptosporidiosis
• Microsporidiosis
• Dementia
• HIV associated nephropathy
• START AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
23. When should we start ART in the event of acute
opportunistic infection?
Systemic and CNS lymphoma
Chemotherapy and ART to be started
together
PCP
Bacterial infections
Toxoplasmosis
Mycobacterium avium complex
Immediate therapy (within 14 days of starting
treatment of OI )
24. Timing of ART initiation in patients with
tuberculosis
CD4 count
Time to initiate antiretroviral
therapy
< 50 cells /mm3
within 2 weeks
50 – 200 cells/mm3
2 weeks to within 2 months
200 – 500 cells/mm3
Within 2 months
> 500 cells/mm3
Within 2 months
Tubercular meningitis
irrespective of CD4 count
2 months
25. ART initiation in cryptococcal meningitis (COAT study)
• Cryptococcal Optimum ART timing trial :
• ART initiation at 2 weeks of starting Amphotericin(early ART)
vs after 4 weeks of starting Amphotericin (delayed ART)
• Data safety monitoring board recommended stopping study
enrolment due to substantially higher mortality in early ART
group
• 6 month survival : 55% vs 70% with early vs deferred ART
group
• Major deaths in early therapy arm were driven by
cryptococcosis and not IRIS.
• Treat CM first, verify CSF culture sterility and then start ART
after 4 weeks is the way to go.
30. Why are we moving away from zidovudine and stavudine?
Zidovudine
•
•
•
•
•
•
Short term
Gastritis
Anemia
Bone marrow suppression
Myopathy, myalgia
Long term
Dyslipidemia
Lipodystrophy syndrome
Stavudine
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Long term
Peripheral neuropathy
Pancreatitis
Lactic acidemia/acidosis
Lipodystrophy syndrome
Dyslipidemia
Avascular necrosis
Cardiovascular risk
32. Why Tenofovir/Emtricitabine
(TDF/FTC) ?
GS 934 trial : TDF/FTC/EFV demonstrated
superior efficacy and less toxicity (anemia) as
compared to AZT/3TC/EFV over 144 weeks
GS 903 trial : less toxicity (neuropathy,
lipoatrophy, and hyperlipidemia) as
compared to d4T/3TC/EFV
Available as one tablet once a day FDC
Preferred regimen for HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV
co-infection
Toxicity : renal insufficiency and osteomalacia
35. ART in pregnancy
In absence of treatment, rate of mother to child
transmission of HIV is 30 %.
With 3 drug c ART, the rate decreases to < 2 %.
3 drug cART should be used for prevention of mother
to child transmission irrespective of CD4 count
Single dose Nevirapine must be discouraged
Tenofovir and Efavirenz are now recommended to be
used in pregnancy as a single pill fixed dose
combination.
Adverse potential for the pregnant mother
(combination stavudine [d4T]/didanosine [ddI]).
Viral load monitoring close to delivery
Elective Lower segment caesarean section must if viral
load monitoring not possible
Avoid breast feeding
36. ART in pregnancy
NACO GUIDELINES 2007
NVP based HAART if CD4 <
250 cells/mm3
Single dose NVP if CD4 >
250 cells/mm3
Preferred PI :
Nelfinavir
Ritonavir boosted
Saquinavir
No clear cut
recommendation for
Breast feeding and CSection
API ART GUIDELINES 2008
NVP based HAART if CD4 <
250 cells/mm3
PI based HAART if CD4 >
250 cells/mm3
Preferred PI
Ritonavir boosted Lopinavir
Nelfinavir
Breast feeding
Elective C-Section
mandatory if viral load
testing not available
37. WHO PMTCT guidelines 2013
• All pregnant and breast feeding women
should initiate triple ARV’s
• ART should be given as lifelong treatment
• In special situations, women who are not
eligible for ART for their own health,
consideration can be given to stop ART
regimen after the period of mother to child
transmission risk has ceased
38. WHO guidelines 2013 : what to start ?
First line ART
ADULTS (including
pregnant and
breastfeeding women and
HIV/TB co-infection
Preferred first line
Alternative first line
AZT + 3TC + EFV
TDF + 3TC(OR FTC) + EFV
AZT + 3TC + NVP
TDF + 3TC + NVP
Adolescents (10-19 yrs of
age) and >= 35 kg
AZT + 3TC + EFV
Children 3 – 10 yrs of age
and adolescents < 35 kg
ABC + 3TC + EFV
AZT + 3TC + NVP
ABC + 3TC + NVP
TDF + 3TC + NVP
TDF + 3TC + EFV
Children < 3 yrs of age
ABC or AZT + 3TC + LPV/r
ABC or AZT + 3TC + NVP
41. Risk factors for occupational exposure of HIV
• HIV transmission after per-cutaneous
exposure to HIV infected blood 0.3 %
• Mucous membrane exposure 0.09 %
• Transmission through non intact skin : present
but lower than mucous membrane exposure
• Exposure to body fluids other than blood :
lower than blood exposure
42. Risk factors for occupational exposure of HIV
• Needle visibly contaminated with patients
blood
• Needle directly placed in artery or vein
• Deep injury
• Terminal illness in source patient
43. PEP : General guidelines
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Occupational exposure to HIV should be treated as urgent medical concern.
2 drug HIV PEP regimens are no longer used
PEP should include 3 (or more) antiretrovirals consonant with current treatment
guidelines
PEP should begin within “hours” and certainly not later than 72 hours
Appropriate initial source patient and exposed service provider laboratory testing
should be done immediately.
Total duration should be 4 weeks
Adherence to PEP should be emphasized
If a patient is known to harbour drug resistant HIV, expert consultation for PEP
should be done
If PEP offered and then source patient found negative, PEP should be stopped
immediately
HIV testing to be done at baseline, 6 weeks and 4 months post exposure if 4 th
generation p24 antigen - HIV antibody ELISA used
If HIV NAT is used, 2 HIV DNA PCR tests should be performed after 14 days post
exposure.
44.
45. Can we end the AIDS epidemic ?
• Measures if used judiciously can reduce AIDS related deaths
and new HIV infections (International AIDS conference,
Washington 2012)
• These include:
• The use of HIV treatment as prevention.
• The rolling out of male circumcision programmes.
• The use of triple-drug HIV therapy during pregnancy and
breastfeeding.
• Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
• Intensified case finding for TB in patients with HIV, and HIV in
patients with TB.
• Earlier HIV therapy.
46. HIV cure ??
• “The Berlin patient”
• This person was cured of HIV after undergoing a gruelling
course of chemotherapy, immunosuppressive treatment, and
a bone marrow transplant from a donor with a rare genetic
mutation making him naturally resistant to infection with HIV.
• This isn’t an attractive or realistic therapy
• Cure would be a therapy that either eradicated HIV from the
body or a treatment that allowed the body’s natural defences
to keep HIV in check, even after any antiretroviral therapy
was stopped.
• The Mississippi baby : administration of antiviral therapy
within 30 hours of birth leads to “functional cure”
47. CONCLUSIONS
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Opt out HIV testing should be practiced in India as well
Time has come to start ART irrespective of CD4 count provided patient
understands importance of lifelong adherence to ART
Tenofovir based ART as preferred regimen for all patients should be rigorously
followed
HIV has changed from a acute life threatening illness to a chronic manageable
condition
Our patients can live up to their 70’s and 80’s with good adherence to current
antiretroviral drugs.
Identifying HIV early and putting all patients on Antiretroviral therapy can help
slowing or even ending the AIDS epidemic
In such a scenario management of co-morbidities like Diabetes, Hypertension,
Lipids, Bone, liver, neurocognitive and kidney ailments becomes extremely
important.
Drug-drug interactions and drug toxicities come into play with polypharmacy
and should be scrupulously looked into.
Next 10 years will most probably be the era of HIV cure research