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Tenofovir and kidney
This document discusses tenofovir nephrotoxicity in HIV patients in India. It finds that patients on tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy in India experience a higher rate of renal function decline, acute kidney injury, and progression to chronic kidney disease compared to Western data. Risk factors for tenofovir toxicity include pre-existing renal impairment, older age, low body weight, low CD4 count, hepatitis C co-infection, diabetes, use of nephrotoxic drugs, and use of tenofovir with protease inhibitors. The mean decline in GFR for patients on tenofovir was 5.29 ml/min/year, higher than the 2 ml/min/
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Tenofovir and kidney
- 1. Tenofovir and kidney DrAmeet Dravid M.D Medicine, AAHIVS (USA) Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune
- 2. Introduction • India hasthe second highest population of HIV positive patients in the world which stands at 2.1 million out of which 600,000 patients are on antiretroviral therapy. • Tenofovir based antiretroviral therapy is increasingly used for treatment naïve and treatment experienced patients in India over the last 5 years as per recommendation by national guidelines • It has coincided with availability of generic fixed dose combinations of Tenofovir/emtricitabine(TE), Tenofovir/Emtricitabine/Efavirenz(TEE) and Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Efavirenz(TLE). • Tenofovir was considered safe and well tolerated due to rarity of side-effects observed in phase 3 clinical registrational trials. • Structural similarity to adefovir and cidofovir • However the experience in “real world” clinical settings is different
- 4. Spectrum of kidneyinjury • Proximal renal tubular injury - Fanconi syndrome • Isolated hypophosphatemia • Reduced bone mineral density • Acute kidney injury • Chronic kidney disease
- 5. Fanconi syndrome • • • • • • • • • • • With orwithout reduced GFR Tubular dysfunction is seen in 17-20% of TDF treated patients Normal anion gap renal tubular acidosis Normoglycemic glycosuria Aminoaciduria Hypokalemia Hypophosphatemia Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Calcitriol deficiency Hypouricemia Tubular proteinuria : Beta 2 microglobinuria
- 6. Diagnosis of Fanconisyndrome • Dipstick test for spot proteinuria, spot glycosuria • Protein creatinine ratio > 200 mg/g • Urinary Beta 2 microglobulin estimation • Urinary Retinol binding protein or Cystatin C estimation
- 7. Tenofovir and Acutekidney injury (AKI) • Tenofovir is associated with small but significant risk of AKI (incidence 1-2.5%) • Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase in proximal tubular epithelial cells leads to acute tubular necrosis and tubulointerstitial scarring. • May be observed even a few months after TDF initiation • Non oliguric renal failure • Incidence of AKI is higher in observational cohort studies as compared to randomized controlled trials • Renal function recovers on discontinuation atleast partially
- 8. Acute kidney injury: Definition • • • • • • • AKIN criteria : Rapid time course (less than 48 hours) Absolute increase in serum creatinine > 0.3 mg/dl Percentage increase in serum creatinine > 50 % Decrease in urine output < 0.5 ml/kg/hr for 6 hours Rifle criteria : Injury : GFR decrease > 50 %, doubling of serum creatinine or urine output < 0.5 ml/kg/hr for 12 hours • Failure : GFR decrease > 75 %, tripling of serum creatinine or urine output < 0.3 ml/kg/hr for 24 hours
- 9. Predictors of renalfunction decline • • • • • • • • Pre-existing renal impairment Older age Low body weight Low CD4 count Hepatitis C co-infection Diabetes mellitus Concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs Use of protease inhibitors with Tenofovir
- 10. Tenofovir associated acutekidney injury (AKI) in the Indian context
- 11. Tenofovir nephrotoxicity inresource limited setting of Western India : Higher rate of renal function decline, acute kidney injury and progression to chronic kidney disease compared to Western data A.Dravid1,A.Sadre2,S.Dhande1, A.Borkar1,M.Kulkarni1,M.Dravid3 IAS 2013, Kualalumpur, Malaysia
- 12. Study overview • • • • • • • • • Retrospective observationalcohort design Tenofovir was initiated in patients with Creatinine Clearance (Cr Cl) > 50 ml/min. Patients started on Tenofovir at baseline Cr Cl < 50 ml/min were excluded. Annual decline in GFR was calculated by CG formula and MDRD equation for Tenofovir containing and Tenofovir sparing regimens. Acute Kidney Injury was defined as Serum creatinine > 2 mg/dl, Cr Cl decrease to < 50 ml/min or Cr Cl decrease > 50% of baseline (Rifle criteria 2002). Patients with GFR value < 60 ml/min(MDRD equation), 3 months after Tenofovir discontinuation were classified as having Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Presence of co morbidities which increase incidence of renal toxicity like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, use of concomitant nephrotoxic drugs, obstructive uropathy and urinary tract infecton were recorded. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors(ACEI), Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID’s), Amino glycosides and Amphotericin B were the nephrotoxic drugs studied. Obstructive uropathy included conditions like renal calculus disease, urethral stricture and benign prostatic hypertrophy.
- 13. Baseline characteristics TDF containingregimens TDF sparing regimens Total number 743 340 Age (Mean yrs) 43 yrs 39.5 yrs Sex (M: F) 68 : 32 62 : 38 Median Baseline CD4 count 168 cells/mm3 121 cells/mm3 Weight (kg) 55.45 kg 52.2 kg Serum Creatinine 0.85 mg/dl 0.8 mg/dl GFR (CG) mean 87.7 ml/min 84.51 ml/min GFR (MDRD equation) mean 96.04 ml/min 100.04 ml/min Baseline OI 36.6 % 23.2 % Mean duration of F/U 21 months 33 months
- 14. Baseline GFR values GFRby CG formula No of patients GFR by MDRD equation No of patients 50-70 ml/min 214 30-60 ml/min 22 71-90 ml/min 233 61-90 ml/min 266 91-120 ml/min 218 91-120 ml/min 328 >120 ml/min 78 >120 ml/min 127
- 15. TDF containing antiretroviralregimens No of patients 300 250 285 247 200 138 150 100 50 0 56 No of patients 17
- 16. Tenofovir and Acutekidney injury • Number of patients who developed AKI : 36/743 (4.8%) • Time to developing AKI • < 6 months : 16 • 6 – 12 months : 5 • 12 -24 months : 8 • > 24 months : 7 • Median time to developing AKI : 8.5 months. • Number of patients requiring haemodialysis : 3/36 (8.33 %) • Number of patients who died : 4/36 (11.11 %)
- 17. Analysis of riskfactors which increase Tenofovir toxicity by multiple logistic regression Risk factor Number of patients Number of patients developing AKI P value by multiple logistic regression Creatinine clearance 50-70 ml/min 214 22 P = 0.01 CD 4 count < 100 cells/mm3 258 22 P = 0.002 Tenofovir with PI 155 17 P = 0.042 Diabetes mellitus 48 9 P = 0.69 Hypertension 65 5 P = 0.105 Concomitant nephrotoxic drugs 56 12 P = 0.031 Obstructive uropathy 37 11 P = 0.001
- 18. Tenofovir associated renaldysfunction in clinical practice : an observational cohort from Western India • Ketan Patel, Atul Patel et al. Indian Journal of Sexually transmitted diseases (IJSTD) 2010. • Incidence of renal dysfunction in patients on Tenofovir containing ART 6.53 % • Renal dysfunction more common with TDF + Protease inhibitor (9.44%) as compared to TDF + NNRTI (5.01 %). • Serum Creatinine normalized in all patients after discontinuing Tenofovir
- 19. Tenofovir and chronickidney disease/ESRD • In randomised controlled trials , increased risk of chronic kidney disease or end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis in patients exposed to Tenofovir as compared to other antiretroviral drugs is not observed. • However in observational cohort studies Tenofovir is strongly associated with adverse renal outcomes including CKD (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA,MDRD formula) • Decline in GFR of 7-10 ml/min/year has been described in patients on Tenofovir • Age related GFR loss is 1 ml/min/year • So in effect, eGFR decline seen in patients taking Tenofovir based ART cohort studies is similar to that seen in patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy.
- 20. Tenofovir nephrotoxicity inresource limited setting of Western India : Higher rate of renal function decline, acute kidney injury and progression to chronic kidney disease compared to Western data A.Dravid1,A.Sadre2,S.Dhande1, A.Borkar1,M.Kulkarni1,M.Dravid3 IAS 2013, Kualalumpur, Malaysia
- 21. eGFR decline onfollow up for entire cohort Baseline 12 months 24 months 36 months 48 months Number of patients completing F/U 743 553 274 132 56 Mean GFR by CG formula 87.7 ml/min 91.04 ml/min 91.70 ml/min 92.36 ml/min 92.12 ml/min Mean GFR by MDRD equation 96.04 ml/min 89.14 ml/min 84.92 ml/min 82.87 ml/min 84.52 ml/min 6.4 ml/min 5.82 ml/min 4.23 ml/min -0.22 ml/min GFR baseline – GFR F/U by MDRD equation
- 22. eGFR decline onfollow up (TDF + NNRTI vs TDF + PI) 12 months 24 months 36 months 48 months Number of patients 404 196 90 38 GFR decline in TDF + NNRTI by MDRD equation (ml/min) 5.5 ml/min 6.3 ml/min 4.19 ml/min 0.9 ml/min Number of patients 93 55 28 9 GFR decline in TDF + PI by MDRD equation (ml/min) 11.75 ml/min 7.04 ml/min 7.33 ml/min - 2.7 ml/min
- 23. Follow up GFRdecline • Mean decline in GFR in Tenofovir exposed cohort : 5.29 ml/min/year • Mean decline in GFR in patients exposed to TDF + NNRTI only : 4.18 ml/min/year • Mean decline in GFR in patients exposed to TDF + PI only : 9.19 ml/min/year • Mean decline in GFR in patients exposed to Tenofovir sparing regimens : 2 ml/min/year
- 25. Recovery of renalfunction post Tenofovir withdrawal and progression to grade 3-5 chronic kidney disease • Out of 36 patients who developed AKI, 18 patients completed 6 months of follow up post Tenofovir cessation. • 4 patients died and 2 were lost to follow up. • Only 2 patients had Serum creatinine >2 mg/dl, 6 months after Tenofovir withdrawal. • None of the patients have required long term renal replacement therapy as of now.
- 27. Increased Risk andFaster Progression of Renal Impairment With TDFcontaining Regimens amongst Indian HIV Patients: A Comparative Cohort Analysis Between Western India and the United Kingdom. Sanjay Pujari et al CROI 2013
- 28. Prevention and treatmentof Nephrotoxicity • HIVMA/IDSA guidelines : serum creatinine,creatinine clearance, eGFR, serum phosphorus, proteinuria and glycosuria every 4 months in patients on Tenofovir. • Urine dipstick assays to identify early tubular damage • Tenofovir withdrawal leads to reversal of toxicity in majority of patients • Modify the Tenofovir molecule : Tenofovir alefamide fumarate (TAF)
- 29. Conclusions • • • • • There is higherincidence of acute kidney injury and amongst our Tenofovir exposed population compared to that seen in Western resource rich settings. This could be attributable to lower baseline creatinine clearance, lower eGFR, lower baseline CD4 count and higher incidence of co-morbidities in our population Recovery of eGFR after withdrawal of Tenofovir is incomplete in significant proportion of patients. GFR decline in patients on Tenofovir is higher than those on Tenofovir sparing regimens. This leads to increased risk of progression to stage 3-5 Chronic kidney disease. Regular monitoring of all patients exposed to Tenofovir to assess glomerular or tubular dysfunction can help us identify toxicity early and take corrective action Finally, management of Tenofovir nephrotoxicity in resource limited settings like India is tough due to limited access to routine laboratory monitoring, renal replacement therapy and alternate antiretroviral drugs like Abacavir.
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