Hypertension is defined as either a sustained systolic blood pressure (SBP)of greater than 140 mm Hg or a sustained diastolic blood pressure of greater than 90 mm of Hg.
An agent that reduces high blood pressure is called as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVES.
Prehypertension-systolic between 120 to 139 mm/Hg and diastolic between 80 to 89 mm/Hg.
Anticonvulsants are drugs that are used to arrest convulsions or seizures caused in epilepsy.
Seizure: associated with abnormal episodic high frequency discharge of impulses by a group of neurons in brain which starts local abnormal discharge & then spray to the other area of brain.
Convulsion: body muscles are contract and release rapidly & repeatedly, resulting in uncontrol shaking of body.
Epilepsy: these are a group of disorder of the CNS characterized by paroxysmal cerebral dysrhythmia, brief episodes (seizure) or disturbance of consciousness with or without characteristic body movements (convulsions).
H1-antihistamines are used to treat allergy symptoms. Within this group are two generations called the first generation and second generation antihistamines. H2-antihistamines are used to treat gastrointestinal conditions.
The H2 receptor antagonists are reversible competitive blockers of histamine at the H2 receptors, particularly those in the gastric parietal cells, where they inhibit acid secretion. They are highly selective, do not affect the H1 receptors, and are not anticholinergic agents.
The key difference between H1 and H2 receptors is that the H1 receptor couples with Gq/11 stimulating phospholipase C while the H2 receptor interacts with Gs to activate adenylyl cyclase. Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound that involves local immune responses.
Anticonvulsants are drugs that are used to arrest convulsions or seizures caused in epilepsy.
Seizure: associated with abnormal episodic high frequency discharge of impulses by a group of neurons in brain which starts local abnormal discharge & then spray to the other area of brain.
Convulsion: body muscles are contract and release rapidly & repeatedly, resulting in uncontrol shaking of body.
Epilepsy: these are a group of disorder of the CNS characterized by paroxysmal cerebral dysrhythmia, brief episodes (seizure) or disturbance of consciousness with or without characteristic body movements (convulsions).
H1-antihistamines are used to treat allergy symptoms. Within this group are two generations called the first generation and second generation antihistamines. H2-antihistamines are used to treat gastrointestinal conditions.
The H2 receptor antagonists are reversible competitive blockers of histamine at the H2 receptors, particularly those in the gastric parietal cells, where they inhibit acid secretion. They are highly selective, do not affect the H1 receptors, and are not anticholinergic agents.
The key difference between H1 and H2 receptors is that the H1 receptor couples with Gq/11 stimulating phospholipase C while the H2 receptor interacts with Gs to activate adenylyl cyclase. Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound that involves local immune responses.
Sythesis of heterocyclic drugs ketoconazole and metronidazoleandhra university
A Heterocyclic compounds are those which has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring.
Heterocyclic chemistry is a branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterocycles.
This ppt provides the detailed about the bradykinin and their physiological and pharmacological actions and their generation and their mechanisms in detailed manner.
General introduction about hypertension and structure activity relationship of Different types of antihypertensive drugs, and related questions that were asked in exams.
detailed SAR and mode of action of ACE inhibitors
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR, HYPERTENSION,...Dr. Ravi Sankar
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR, HYPERTENSION,TYPES,CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION, CLASSIFICATION, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SAR, ACE INHIBITORS, ARB , DIURETICS(WATER PILLS), TIPS TO STOP SILENT KILLER.
BY P. RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR,A.P, INDIA.
A brief description on proton pump inhibitor.In simple words, Proton-pump inhibitors are a group of medications whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid.
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS-
The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
Anti-Neoplastic agents(Anti-cancer drugs)-History-Mechanism of actions-Classifications,SAR,Synthesis and Uses.(Medicinal chemistry)
P.Ravisankar
Vignan Pharmacy College
Vadlamudi. Guntur-A.P. India.
Sythesis of heterocyclic drugs ketoconazole and metronidazoleandhra university
A Heterocyclic compounds are those which has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring.
Heterocyclic chemistry is a branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterocycles.
This ppt provides the detailed about the bradykinin and their physiological and pharmacological actions and their generation and their mechanisms in detailed manner.
General introduction about hypertension and structure activity relationship of Different types of antihypertensive drugs, and related questions that were asked in exams.
detailed SAR and mode of action of ACE inhibitors
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR, HYPERTENSION,...Dr. Ravi Sankar
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR, HYPERTENSION,TYPES,CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION, CLASSIFICATION, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SAR, ACE INHIBITORS, ARB , DIURETICS(WATER PILLS), TIPS TO STOP SILENT KILLER.
BY P. RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR,A.P, INDIA.
A brief description on proton pump inhibitor.In simple words, Proton-pump inhibitors are a group of medications whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid.
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS-
The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
Anti-Neoplastic agents(Anti-cancer drugs)-History-Mechanism of actions-Classifications,SAR,Synthesis and Uses.(Medicinal chemistry)
P.Ravisankar
Vignan Pharmacy College
Vadlamudi. Guntur-A.P. India.
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
Basic must know things about Anti-Hypertensives including the latest JNC-8 Classification and protocol for managing hypertension in various co-morbid conditions.
hypertension, simplified, jnc 8, treatment and newer modalities to treat. surgical procedures involved for hypertension and jnc 8 versus jnc 7 is compared in this ppt, and also, prevelance and epidemeiology of hypertension is explained. antihypertensives for preffered class and age are explained
This slide talks about the different pharmacological properties of Antihypertensive Drugs. The classification and examples of these drugs are also given in detail.
Scope: This subject is intended to impart the fundamental knowledge on various aspects
(classification, mechanism of action, therapeutic effects, clinical uses, side effects and
contraindications) of drugs acting on different systems of body and in addition,emphasis
on the basic concepts of bioassay. Objectives: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
1. Understand the mechanism of drug action and its relevance in the treatment of
different diseases
2. Demonstrate isolation of different organs/tissues from the laboratory animals by
simulated experiments
3. Demonstrate the various receptor actions using isolated tissue preparation
Medicinal Chemistry of Antihypertensive agents pptxSameena Ramzan
introduction of Hypertension, Pharmacological classification of antihypertensives, Chemical classification, Drug synthesis profile (including every class), Mechanism of Action(including every class), Uses, Adverse Effects, Structure Activity Relationship(including every class)
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient needed in small amounts for the normal functioning of the visual system, and maintenance of cell function for growth, epithelial integrity, red blood cell production, immunity and reproduction.
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics derived from Saccharopolyspora erythraea (originally called Streptomyces erythreus), a type of soil-borne bacteria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
Antihypersensitive drugs
1. Antihypertensive drugs
• Presented By:
• Gandham Malasree
• M Pharmacy
• I year I sem
• Regd no: 620209502002
• Dept of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
AU COLLEGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, VISAKHAPATNAM
2. • Hypertension is defined as either a sustained systolic blood pressure (SBP)of greater than
140 mm Hg or a sustained diastolic blood pressure of greater than 90 mm of Hg.
• An agent that reduces high blood pressure is called as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVES.
• Prehypertension-systolic between 120 to 139 mm/Hg and diastolic between 80 to 89 mm/Hg.
Hypertension
3. Causes:
It results from:
Increased arterial resistance
Reduced capacitance
Increased peripheral vascular smooth
Muscle tone
Effects of Hypertension
Increases risk of heart disease , heart failure, kidney disease, blindness, and stroke.
Primary Hypertension- No known reason.
Secondary Hypertension-due to some cause such as kidney disease, abnormalities of
adrenal glands will try nonpharmacological methods first.
12. MECHANISM OF ACTION:
- Inhibit generation of AT-2
- Inhibit degradation of Bradykinin, which is
a potent vasodilator
- Dilate both arteries and veins
- Blood flow to vital organs increases
- Decrease aldosterone production indirectly
PHARMACOKINETICS: Well absorbed orally; poorly cross BBB; metabolized in liver;
excreted through urine.
Duration of action of Captopril – 8-12 hrs.
ADRs: Cough, Teratogenic, Skin rashes, Loss of taste sensation, Hyperkalemia.
Uses: Hypertension, CHF, MI, Diabetic nephropathy
14. MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Competitively inhibit binding of AT-2 to AT-1 receptors.
ADRs and Uses are almost similar to that of the ACEIs, except that, ARBs do not increase
bradykinin levels and so, the ACEI related cough isn’t encountered. Angioedema and taste
disturbance is also rare.
18. • It inhibits cellular influx of Ca, which is responsible for muscle contraction.
• Calcium channel blockers protect tissue by inhibiting entrance of Ca into cardiac &
smooth muscle cells of coronary & systemic arterial beds.
• All Ca channel blockers are vasodilators that ultimately cause dilation of coronary &
peripheral arteries,reduce heart rate.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
23. • MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Inhibit Na+ - Cl- symport in early DCT → Promote Na+ and water retention →
Decrease Na+ conc. in vascular smooth muscles → Decrease in plasma volume and
peripheral resistance → Decrease in BP
• ADRs: Hypokalemia, Hypercalcemia, Hyperglycemia, etc.
• Uses: Hypertension, Renal dysfunction, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
27. MECHANISM OF ACTION:
They act by blocking adrenergic receptors in target organs, or by inhibiting the synthesis,
storage, or release of endogenous catecholamines (mainly Norepinephrine), and cause
decrease in CO and vascular resistance.
ADRs: Mild postural hypotension
Uses: Hypertension, Anti-psychotic, Anti-emetic
38. ANTIHYPERTENSIVES IN PREGNANCY
Drugs to be avoided:
Diuretics – Risk of placental wastage, still birth.
ACEIs – Risk of foetal damage, growth retardation.
Beta-blockers – Neonatal bradycardia, hypoglycaemia.
Safe drugs: Hydralazine, Alpha-methyldopa, CCBs, Prazosin, Clonidine,
Cardioselective beta-blockers.
39. CONCLUSION
Choice of drugs for any patient should be individualized.
Patients undergoing antihypertensive medications in diabetes, or during pregnancy are at
higher risk of clinical cardiovascular events and benefit more from antihypertensive
therapy, compared to the non-diabetic/ non-pregnant patients.
It is thus, important for the clinicians to monitor these patients so that, they can be
conscientiously treated.