An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that mimics one or more functions of an enzyme.
Molecules are designed and modified to achieve some desirable features of enzymes.
Protein engineering has been developed to design and synthesize molecules with the attributes of enzymes for non-natural reactions.
They have a molecular weight of less than 2000 Dalton.
They have the ability to stabilize at a higher temperature.
They are also known as synzymes or enzyme mimics.
ENZYME INHIBITION THE MOST IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR BIOLOGY AS WELL AS CHEMISTRY PEOPLES. WE HAVE HERE COVERED FOR THE PHARMA STUDENTS THIS WILL MAKE THEM EASY AS WE ARE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA A SINGLE PLACE WICH COVERS ALL THE COTENTS.
PEPTIDOMIMETICS , HERE WE HAVE INCLUDED THE INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, ADVANTAGES , DISADVANTAGES, ITS METHODS PREPARATION, PRINCIPLES OD DRUG DESIGN, ITS CHEMISTRY. STEREOCHEMISTRY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS
An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that mimics one or more functions of an enzyme.
Molecules are designed and modified to achieve some desirable features of enzymes.
Protein engineering has been developed to design and synthesize molecules with the attributes of enzymes for non-natural reactions.
They have a molecular weight of less than 2000 Dalton.
They have the ability to stabilize at a higher temperature.
They are also known as synzymes or enzyme mimics.
ENZYME INHIBITION THE MOST IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR BIOLOGY AS WELL AS CHEMISTRY PEOPLES. WE HAVE HERE COVERED FOR THE PHARMA STUDENTS THIS WILL MAKE THEM EASY AS WE ARE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA A SINGLE PLACE WICH COVERS ALL THE COTENTS.
PEPTIDOMIMETICS , HERE WE HAVE INCLUDED THE INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, ADVANTAGES , DISADVANTAGES, ITS METHODS PREPARATION, PRINCIPLES OD DRUG DESIGN, ITS CHEMISTRY. STEREOCHEMISTRY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS
HERE PRESENTS AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE THERAPY, ITS INTRODUCTION TO OLIGONUCLEOTIDE, ITS TECHNIQUES, DEVELOPED METHODS AND THEIR APP,LICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ARE HERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL
molecular docking its types and de novo drug design and application and softw...GAUTAM KHUNE
This ppt deals with all the aspects related to molecular docking ,its types(rigid ,flexible and manual) and screening based on it and also deals with de novo drug design , various softwares available for docking methodologies and applications for molecular docking in new drug design
Peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect.
Peptidomimetics are designed to circumvent some of the problems associated with a natural peptide for example
Stability against proteolysis (duration of activity)
Poor bioavailability.
Receptor selectivity or potency (often can be substantially improved).
Energy minimization methods - Molecular ModelingChandni Pathak
Methods to minimize the energy of molecules during drug designing - Computational chemistry. According to the PCI syllabus, B.Pharm 8th Sem - Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD).
Prediction of the three dimensional structure of a given protein sequence i.e. target protein from the amino acid sequence of a homologous (template) protein for which an X-ray or NMR structure is available based on an alignment to one or more known protein structures
HERE PRESENTS AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE THERAPY, ITS INTRODUCTION TO OLIGONUCLEOTIDE, ITS TECHNIQUES, DEVELOPED METHODS AND THEIR APP,LICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ARE HERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL
molecular docking its types and de novo drug design and application and softw...GAUTAM KHUNE
This ppt deals with all the aspects related to molecular docking ,its types(rigid ,flexible and manual) and screening based on it and also deals with de novo drug design , various softwares available for docking methodologies and applications for molecular docking in new drug design
Peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect.
Peptidomimetics are designed to circumvent some of the problems associated with a natural peptide for example
Stability against proteolysis (duration of activity)
Poor bioavailability.
Receptor selectivity or potency (often can be substantially improved).
Energy minimization methods - Molecular ModelingChandni Pathak
Methods to minimize the energy of molecules during drug designing - Computational chemistry. According to the PCI syllabus, B.Pharm 8th Sem - Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD).
Prediction of the three dimensional structure of a given protein sequence i.e. target protein from the amino acid sequence of a homologous (template) protein for which an X-ray or NMR structure is available based on an alignment to one or more known protein structures
Meta-genomics is the application of modern genomics techniques to the study of communities of microbial organisms directly in their natural environments, bypassing the need for isolation and lab cultivation of individual species”
ENZYME INHIBITION MORE INTERESTING IN CHEMISTRY WAYShikha Popali
WHAT ARE EWNZYMES? HERE IT IS EXPLAIN WITH ITS KINETICS AND LATER ENZYME INHIBITION. WHERE IT ALSO INCLUDES THE CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYME INHIBITORS, AVAILABLE IN MEDICINE WITH ITA BASIC REASEARCH.
Immobilization of enzyme and its applicationsKeshav Singh
IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYME AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Need for Immobilization
Advantages of Immobilized Enzymes
Methods of immobilization
Carrier for immobilized enzyme
Applications of Immobilized Enzymes
Hypertension is defined as either a sustained systolic blood pressure (SBP)of greater than 140 mm Hg or a sustained diastolic blood pressure of greater than 90 mm of Hg.
An agent that reduces high blood pressure is called as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVES.
Prehypertension-systolic between 120 to 139 mm/Hg and diastolic between 80 to 89 mm/Hg.
Sythesis of heterocyclic drugs ketoconazole and metronidazoleandhra university
A Heterocyclic compounds are those which has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring.
Heterocyclic chemistry is a branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterocycles.
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient needed in small amounts for the normal functioning of the visual system, and maintenance of cell function for growth, epithelial integrity, red blood cell production, immunity and reproduction.
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics derived from Saccharopolyspora erythraea (originally called Streptomyces erythreus), a type of soil-borne bacteria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Artificial enzymes
1. ARTIFICIAL ENZYMES
Under the guidance of:
•Dr. M. Murali Krishna
•Dept of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
AU COLLEGEOF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, VISAKHAPATNAM
• Presented By:
• Gandham Malasree
• Regd no: 620209502002
• Dept of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
2. enzyme
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• A Catalyst is defined as "a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without being itself changed in the process.”
Enzymes as Biological Catalysts:
• Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of reaction by lowering the energy of
activation.
• They catalyze nearly all the chemical reactions taking place in the cells of the body .
• Enzymes have unique three-dimensional shapes that fit the shapes of reactants
(substrates ).
3. PROPERTIESOFENZYMES
• Catalytic efficiency – high efficiency, 103 to 1017 faster than the
corresponding catalyzed reactions.
• Specificity - high specific specificity, interacting with one or a few
specific substrates and catalyzing only one type of chemical reaction.
• Mild reaction conditions- 37℃, physiological pH, ambient
atmospheric pressure.
4. Artificial enzymes
Artificial enzymes may be defined as the synthetic, organic molecule prepare to
recreate/mimic the active site of an natural enzyme.
The binding of a substrate close to functional groups in the enzyme causes catalysis
by so called proximity effects.
It is therefore possible to create similar catalysts from small molecule which will
mimics the enzyme active sites.
Since the artificial enzymes need to bind molecules, they are made based on the host
molecule such as cyclodextrins, crown ethers or calixarene etc.
They have a molecular weight less than 2000 Dalton.
They have the ability to stabilize at high temperature.
They are also known as synzymes or enzyme mimics.
5. EXAMPLES:
XNAzymes are capable of cutting and joining strands of RNA in a test tube. These are used in
the treatment of various diseases like cancer and viral infections. These are not recognized by
bodys natural degrading enzymes as they are extremely robust.
Manganese dioxide(Mn3O4) ROS (reactive oxygen species ) scavenging activities have been
developed for in vivi anti – inflammation.
Vanadium pentoxide mimics to glutathione peroxide.
6. IDEALCHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIALENZYMES
Hydrogen bonding and/or electrostatic binding sites
complementary to the substrate.
Catalytic group attached to the model.
Rigid structure model.
Water soluble and catalytically active under physiological
conditions.
Reversable, non-covalent binding with the release slower
than the binding.
7. Need of artificial enzymes:
• Tunable structures and catalytic efficiencies similar to natural
enzymes.
• Excellent tolerance to experimental conditions.
• Purely synthetic routes for their preparation.
• High cast and low stability limit the applications of natural enzymes.
• Speeds up the reaction at a relatively high rate.
8. DESIGNAPPROACH FOR ARTIFICIAL ENZYME
Two types of approaches used to develop artificial enzymes.
1.Chemical approach:
• Cyclodextrins as enzyme mimics
• Cyclophane as enzyme mimics
• Calixarene as enzyme mimics
• Crown ethers as enzyme mimics
2.Biological approach:
• Direct evolution method for artificial enzyme production
• De novo computational enzyme designing
9. Cyclodextrins:
The three most common cyclodextrins are , α-
,β-,and γ-species, which are composed of six,
seven, and eight glucopyranose units,
respectively.
Hydrophobic cavity.
Stable and water soluble.
Tunable (modify to change properties)
Research on cyclodextrin started in1930s
very expensive &thought to be toxic
1970s – non toxic.
10. DIRECT EVOLUTIONMETHOD FOR ARTIFICIAL ENZYME PRODUCTION
oDirect evolution is a molecular biology method to modify biocatalysts via in
vitro version of “Darwinian evolution”.
oDirect evolution provide improved enzymatic activity, thermostability,
tolerance to organic solvent, substrate specificity, enantioselectivity and so on.
Gene mutagenesis
Insertion into host
Transformed colony
Eg: Sitagliptin
11. Insertion of gene
sequence into host cell
Transformed colony
plating
Bacteria producing
mutant ezymes
Screening for
transformed colonies
Evaluate by using
enzymatic assays
Gene mutagenesis
More production of
transformed colonies
Eg: SITAGLIPTIN – it is used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure
12. De Novo Computational Enzyme Designing
Under this automated identification of amino acid sequences performed that will fold into a
specified three-dimensional structures. This method has emerged as a promising tool for
engineering enzymes .
Conformational changes are part of the repertoire that natural enzymes use to catalyze reactions.
In order to select candidates sequences for enzymes at each step of the identified pathways,
several tools provide different solutions, including anti SMASH for biosynthetic gene clusters.
Tools used:
• Path pred
• RDM patterns
• Bond-Electron matrices
• Reactions SMARTS in Retro
• Path 2.0
13. Ideal Environment Requirement For Artificial Enzymes
The covalent immobilization of one enzyme on solid supports having large surfaces with
given properties (eg., hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces) should provide a nano
environment surrounding the area of the enzyme directly in contact with the support.
Further covalent immobilization of macromolecular polymers (hydrophilic, hydrophobic) on
the same large internal surfaces of the solid support should provide an additional nano
environment surrounding the area of the immobilized enzyme molecules next to the support.
Chemical modification of immobilized enzymes with polyfunctional macromolecules could
also be an interesting way to greatly modified the enzyme nano environment with minimal
chemical modification of the enzyme.
14. APPLICATIONS
• Tunable structure and catalytic efficiencies similar to natural enzymes.
• Excellent tolerance to experimental conditions.
• Purely synthetic routes for their preparation.
• Lower cost.
Pharmaceutical : synthetic enzymes that accelerates the formation of drugs and
chemicals.
Medicine : use of synthetic enzymes as supplements for patients deficient in certain
enzyme can be made instead of extracting natural enzymes from other organisms.
Genetic Engineering : potentially designing synthetic enzymes that manipulate gene
sequences to create genetically modified organisms or to help genealogy research.