antiemetics,motility
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This document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat vomiting and regulate gastrointestinal motility. It outlines the mechanisms and clinical uses of antiemetic drugs that act on histamine, dopamine, serotonin, and cannabinoid receptors to treat chemotherapy-induced vomiting and motion sickness. It also summarizes the types and mechanisms of laxative drugs that work by bulking stool, drawing water into the intestines, or stimulating intestinal nerves. Antidiarrheal drugs are discussed that decrease intestinal secretion, motility and absorption to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
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The document discusses emetics and antiemetics. It describes the physiology of vomiting and pathophysiology of cytotoxic drug-induced vomiting. It discusses various emetics like apomorphine, ipecacuanha, and their mechanisms of action. It also discusses various classes of antiemetics like dopamine D2 antagonists, 5-HT3 antagonists, antimuscarinics, neuroleptics, neurokinin receptor antagonists and others. It provides details about specific drugs from these classes like ondansetron, metoclopramide, domperidone. It also discusses prokinetic agents that enhance gastrointestinal motility like metoclopramide, domperidone,
Drugs affecting Gastro Intestinal function
This document discusses drugs that affect gastrointestinal functions, focusing on treatments for peptic ulcers and antiemetic drugs. It describes how peptic ulcers form and are treated using proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, antimicrobials against Helicobacter pylori, and mucosal protective drugs. It also outlines the pathways involved in vomiting and discusses major classes of antiemetic drugs that act on 5-HT3, NK1, D2, H1, and M receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone to treat nausea and vomiting from different causes.
123455NAUSEA _ VOMITING LECTURE NOTES.pptx
Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of chemotherapy. There are many factors that contribute to chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), including the specific chemotherapy agents used, their dosages, and individual patient risk factors. Modern antiemetic regimens target multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, substance P, dopamine, and corticosteroids, to provide both acute and delayed prevention of CINV. Pharmacists play an important role in assessing patient risk, ensuring appropriate antiemetic prophylaxis, educating patients, and adjusting regimens for breakthrough nausea and vomiting.
histamineandantihistaminics AHS Gowtham sap
Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils and released during allergic reactions. Histamine acts on H1, H2, and H3 receptors to produce various pharmacological effects including vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines competitively antagonize histamine H1 receptors to treat conditions like allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and motion sickness. First-generation antihistamines are more sedating due to anticholinergic effects, while second-generation antihistamines have fewer side effects but some were banned due to cardiac issues when taken with
KK Anti emetic drugs
This powerpoint presentation deals with what is emesis how is emesis caused and what are the anti emetic drugs used with their detailed pharmacology.
13 Antiprotozoal Drugs.pptx
This document discusses antiparasitic drugs used to treat various protozoal diseases. It begins by introducing several important protozoal diseases including malaria, amoebiasis, and giardiasis. It then describes the classification and mechanisms of various antimalarial and antiprotozoal agents. A significant portion of the document focuses on the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria and how different antimalarial drugs target specific stages of the parasite's life cycle. It provides details on commonly used drugs as well as their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and adverse effects.
Emetics and Anti Emetics ppt
Introduction TO VOMITING,Pathophysiology of vomiting,Emetics,Anti emetics,classification,pharmacology,Drug treatment in selected circumstances FOR EMETICS were included.
Pharmacotherapy
This document discusses various psychopharmacological agents used to treat psychiatric conditions including antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and benzodiazepines. It provides details on the classification, mechanisms of action, indications, and adverse effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics, tricyclic and SSRI antidepressants, lithium and anticonvulsants used as mood stabilizers. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring serum lithium levels and describes the management of lithium toxicity as an emergency. The document aims to inform psychiatrists and other medical professionals about appropriate pharmacotherapy options for different psychiatric diagnoses.
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This document discusses the classification and cellular mechanisms of opioid receptors. There are four main types of opioid receptors: mu, delta, kappa, and ORL-1. Each receptor type is activated by different endogenous peptides and exogenous drugs. When activated, the receptors modulate various central and physiological processes like pain, locomotion, stress, and reward/addiction pathways. The document provides an overview of the endogenous and exogenous agonists and antagonists that act on each receptor subtype.
Pk2
This document discusses clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It defines pharmacokinetics as how the body affects a drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Factors like age can impact these processes in pediatric patients. It also discusses pharmacodynamics, how drugs act on the body, and how pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics together can help individualize drug therapy and decrease adverse effects.
Kinetika En 2002
- Pharmacokinetics is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body over time. It aims to quantitatively account for the amount of drug in the body and the rate it is cleared.
- Distribution of drugs throughout tissues is affected by factors like membrane permeability, blood flow, lipid solubility, pH, and plasma protein binding. The apparent volume of distribution indicates how much volume a drug appears to distribute into based on its concentration in plasma.
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This document provides an overview of pharmacokinetic concepts including the four main processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and various pharmacokinetic models. It discusses how drugs move through the body, factors that affect drug concentrations over time, and complexity of drug interactions within the body. Examples are provided to illustrate key pharmacokinetic principles such as the effect of dosage form on absorption rate and how organ function influences drug elimination rates.
Kinetika En 2002
Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body. The key pharmacokinetic parameters include volume of distribution (Vd), clearance (CL), and elimination half-life (t1/2). Vd represents the apparent volume needed to contain the total amount of drug at the observed plasma concentration. CL is the volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time, determined by metabolism and excretion. t1/2 is the time for drug concentration to reduce by half, dependent on Vd and CL. These parameters allow quantification of drug behavior in the body over time.
Ceorins
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that share a beta-lactam ring structure with penicillins and other beta-lactams. They work by binding to penicillin-binding proteins in bacterial cell walls to inhibit cell wall synthesis. First generation cephalosporins are mainly active against gram-positive cocci, while later generations have increased gram-negative coverage. Each generation also has distinct and expanded clinical uses depending on their antimicrobial spectrum.
AUPDATE
This document discusses various antibiotics, their uses, and emerging issues with antibiotic resistance. It provides guidance on empiric treatment for common infections like community-acquired pneumonia and skin/soft tissue infections.
For a case of community-acquired pneumonia, the patient was initially treated empirically with Augmentin and clarithromycin per guidelines. Testing later found penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, requiring a change to higher dose beta-lactams, vancomycin, or fluoroquinolones.
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05052008OvarianTelehealth
The document discusses ovarian cancer treatment and management. It covers symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis methods, surgical staging and debulking, chemotherapy options including the gold standard of intravenous carboplatin and paclitaxel as well as emerging intraperitoneal chemotherapy showing increased survival. It emphasizes the importance of complete surgical staging and aggressive cytoreductive surgery for optimal outcomes and challenges of ensuring all patients receive standard of care treatment by gynecologic oncologists.
mati
- Ovarian cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer death in women in the US, with a 5-year survival rate of only 35% for advanced cases. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to non-specific early symptoms.
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15
1. Ovarian cancer is the most common type of ovarian tumor and the 7th most common cancer in women.
2. Early stages of ovarian cancer are often asymptomatic but later stages can cause pressure symptoms like abdominal pain or bloating.
3. Ovarian cancer commonly spreads directly to nearby structures in the abdomen or through the lymphatic system to distant lymph nodes.
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Ovarian cancer is the 8th most common cancer in women and the 5th leading cause of cancer death. It has a median age of diagnosis of 60 years old and 68% of cases are metastatic at diagnosis. Risk factors include family history, personal history of breast cancer, infertility, and lack of pregnancy. Genetic mutations like BRCA1/2 account for 10-15% of cases. Symptoms are often vague. Treatment involves surgical staging and debulking followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, with the goal of optimal cytoreduction to ≤1cm residual disease.
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This document summarizes genetic alterations involved in the progression of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas to poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas. It discusses mutations in genes such as BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8-PPARγ that are involved in early-stage well-differentiated and follicular carcinomas. Additional mutations in p53 and β-catenin are thought to direct dedifferentiation and progression to later stages. Studies of mutations and loss of heterozygosity support a model where well-differentiated tumors progress through poorly differentiated to anaplastic carcinomas through the accumulation of these genetic alterations.
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1. The patient has a history of thyroid cancer with metastases to the lungs and skull, and underwent total thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy.
2. Treatment options for recurrent or metastatic thyroid cancer include radioactive iodine treatment, surgery, external beam radiation, and molecularly targeted therapies.
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THYCER
1. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with papillary thyroid cancer being the most common type.
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2. The diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome can be challenging as minor salivary gland biopsies and ANA blood tests sometimes have variable or non-specific results.
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
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Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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www.agostodourado.com
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Study Resources:
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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