This document provides information on various drugs used to induce vomiting (emetics) or prevent vomiting (anti-emetics). It discusses the uses of ipecac syrup and other emetics to induce vomiting in poisonings when indicated. It also covers different classes of anti-emetic drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, serotonin antagonists and their mechanisms of action and side effects. Common anti-emetic drugs discussed include promethazine, scopolamine, droperidol, lorazepam, ondansetron and metoclopramide. The document also summarizes purgatives and laxatives used to
Nausea is an unpleasant sensation which is subjective and is different from one person to another person.
A person suffering from nausea also face
Pallor
Increased respiratory rate
salivation.
Retching :Rythmatic synchronized contractions of the diaphragm , abdominal and intercostal muscles against a closed glottis causing the intra abdominal and decrease the intra thoracic pressure causing the gastric contents to go up through the esophagus.
Vomiting is the process, emesis or throwing out, expulsion of stomach contents via esophagus and mouth.
Sodium valproate is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It works by blocking sodium channels and increasing GABA levels in the brain to prevent neuron hyperexcitability. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, weight gain and hair changes. Rare but serious side effects can include liver problems, pancreatitis, and suicidal thoughts. Sodium valproate is prescribed to reduce seizure frequency and severity in epilepsy as well as control mood swings in bipolar disorder.
This document discusses anti-spasmodic drugs, which are smooth muscle relaxants used to prevent spasms in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder. It describes two types - anticholinergics/antimuscarinics which block acetylcholine receptors, and non-anticholinergic smooth muscle relaxants. Specific drugs discussed include hyoscine butylbromide, dicyclomine, and drotaverine. These drugs are used to treat conditions involving smooth muscle spasms like irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal pain, and urinary incontinence. Their mechanisms of action and side effect profiles are also outlined.
1) The document discusses various drugs acting on the GI system including emetics, antiemetics, purgatives, antacids, and others.
2) It focuses on emetics and antiemetics, describing the mechanisms of vomiting and the phases of vomiting. Various types of emesis are discussed.
3) Several classes of antiemetics are described including antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, and prokinetic drugs. Individual drugs from each class are explained along with their mechanisms of action and side effects.
This document discusses antiemetics, which are drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to classify antiemetic drug classes based on mechanism of action, understand pharmacokinetics and dynamics of classes, identify drugs for specific causes, learn adjuvant antiemetics, and describe side effects. It then discusses the physiology of vomiting and consequences. Causes of nausea and vomiting are organized using the acronym VOMIT. The receptors and pathways involved are explained. The main classes of antiemetics are then described in more detail based on their receptor targets and indications. Specific drugs, dosages, advantages and side effects within each class are compared. Lastly, guidelines
General anesthetics produce reversible loss of consciousness and sensation through their effects on the central nervous system. There are several stages of general anesthesia from initial analgesia to surgical anesthesia and eventual medullary paralysis. General anesthetics can be administered via inhalation of gases or volatile liquids like ether, halothane, and nitrous oxide. They can also be given intravenously as inducing agents like thiopental sodium and propofol or slower acting drugs like ketamine, benzodiazepines, fentanyl, and alpha-2 agonists like dexmedetomidine. Each drug has advantages and disadvantages for induction, maintenance of anesthesia, and postoperative recovery.
Nausea is an unpleasant sensation which is subjective and is different from one person to another person.
A person suffering from nausea also face
Pallor
Increased respiratory rate
salivation.
Retching :Rythmatic synchronized contractions of the diaphragm , abdominal and intercostal muscles against a closed glottis causing the intra abdominal and decrease the intra thoracic pressure causing the gastric contents to go up through the esophagus.
Vomiting is the process, emesis or throwing out, expulsion of stomach contents via esophagus and mouth.
Sodium valproate is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It works by blocking sodium channels and increasing GABA levels in the brain to prevent neuron hyperexcitability. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, weight gain and hair changes. Rare but serious side effects can include liver problems, pancreatitis, and suicidal thoughts. Sodium valproate is prescribed to reduce seizure frequency and severity in epilepsy as well as control mood swings in bipolar disorder.
This document discusses anti-spasmodic drugs, which are smooth muscle relaxants used to prevent spasms in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder. It describes two types - anticholinergics/antimuscarinics which block acetylcholine receptors, and non-anticholinergic smooth muscle relaxants. Specific drugs discussed include hyoscine butylbromide, dicyclomine, and drotaverine. These drugs are used to treat conditions involving smooth muscle spasms like irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal pain, and urinary incontinence. Their mechanisms of action and side effect profiles are also outlined.
1) The document discusses various drugs acting on the GI system including emetics, antiemetics, purgatives, antacids, and others.
2) It focuses on emetics and antiemetics, describing the mechanisms of vomiting and the phases of vomiting. Various types of emesis are discussed.
3) Several classes of antiemetics are described including antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, and prokinetic drugs. Individual drugs from each class are explained along with their mechanisms of action and side effects.
This document discusses antiemetics, which are drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to classify antiemetic drug classes based on mechanism of action, understand pharmacokinetics and dynamics of classes, identify drugs for specific causes, learn adjuvant antiemetics, and describe side effects. It then discusses the physiology of vomiting and consequences. Causes of nausea and vomiting are organized using the acronym VOMIT. The receptors and pathways involved are explained. The main classes of antiemetics are then described in more detail based on their receptor targets and indications. Specific drugs, dosages, advantages and side effects within each class are compared. Lastly, guidelines
General anesthetics produce reversible loss of consciousness and sensation through their effects on the central nervous system. There are several stages of general anesthesia from initial analgesia to surgical anesthesia and eventual medullary paralysis. General anesthetics can be administered via inhalation of gases or volatile liquids like ether, halothane, and nitrous oxide. They can also be given intravenously as inducing agents like thiopental sodium and propofol or slower acting drugs like ketamine, benzodiazepines, fentanyl, and alpha-2 agonists like dexmedetomidine. Each drug has advantages and disadvantages for induction, maintenance of anesthesia, and postoperative recovery.
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
- Bronchodilators like epinephrine, salbutamol, and terbutaline work by binding to beta-2 receptors in the lungs, relaxing smooth muscle and dilating airways. They have been used for thousands of years to treat respiratory conditions.
- Sympathomimetic bronchodilators are classified as non-selective or beta-2 selective. Non-selective drugs like epinephrine activate both alpha and beta receptors and are more likely to cause side effects, while beta-2 selective drugs primarily target the lungs.
- Inhalation is the preferred route of administration as it delivers drugs directly to the lungs, but oral and intravenous routes can also be used. Common side effects include
Drugs used in gastrointestinal system for PCLsarosem
This document discusses drugs used in the gastrointestinal system including antiemetics, antidiarrheals, laxatives, and drugs that reduce gastric acid. It provides details on common drugs in each category such as metoclopramide and ondansetron for antiemetics, loperamide for antidiarrheals, and proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole for gastric acid reduction. Nursing considerations are also outlined for the administration and monitoring of these gastrointestinal drugs.
Gastrointestinal medications are used to treat various GI conditions. They include stimulants, anticholinergics, antidiarrheals, laxatives, antacids, and protective agents. Nursing considerations include monitoring for side effects, ensuring proper administration, and educating clients. The goal is to relieve GI symptoms while preventing complications related to medication effects or interactions.
Bronchodilators are drugs used to relieve bronchospasms associated with respiratory disorders. The main classes of bronchodilators include adrenoceptor agonists like selective beta2 agonists, antimuscarinic bronchodilators, xanthine derivatives, and leukotriene antagonists. Beta2 agonists work by stimulating beta2 receptors in the lungs to promote bronchodilation. Antimuscarinics block acetylcholine's bronchoconstrictive effects. Xanthines like theophylline inhibit phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP and cause bronchodilation. Leukotriene receptor antagonists suppress the bronchoconstrictive effects of leukotrienes. Corticosteroids
This document discusses pharmacotherapy for peptic ulcer disease. It begins by defining peptic ulcers and their causes, which include excess acid production, Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAID use, and stress. It then describes various drug classes used to treat peptic ulcers, including H2 antagonists like cimetidine and ranitidine, proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, prostaglandin analogues like misoprostol, and ulcer protectives like sucralfate. It provides details on the mechanisms and uses of these drug classes and compares their effectiveness, safety profiles, and drug interactions. Antacids are also briefly discussed.
Lecture slides for MBBS Undergraduate Medical students. Study material was taken from Essentials of pharmacology by KD Tripathi. Figures were searched from google.
This document discusses several types of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions. It includes sections on antiasthmatics like bronchodilators and corticosteroids; expectorants and mucolytics to loosen mucus; antitussives to suppress cough; antihistamines used for allergies; and decongestants to relieve nasal congestion. For each drug class, it provides examples of medications, their mechanisms of action, dosages, indications for use, contraindications, adverse effects, and nursing responsibilities.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
This document summarizes the neuronal pathways, receptors, and pharmacological treatments involved in nausea and vomiting. It describes:
1) The neuronal pathways from the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem to the vomiting center that mediate the vomiting reflex.
2) The types of receptors in the brainstem and gastrointestinal tract that are stimulated to cause nausea and vomiting.
3) The classes of drugs that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 antagonists, antihistamines, cannabinoids, and dopamine antagonists.
Drugs acting on the GI system include:
- Antiemetics which prevent nausea and vomiting like ondansetron and metoclopramide.
- Laxatives and purgatives like lactulose, bisacodyl, and docusate which are used to treat constipation.
- Antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate which neutralize stomach acid.
- Cholinergic drugs which increase GI motility and secretions. Anticholinergic drugs block acetylcholine and decrease motility and secretions.
The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking histamine. First generation causes more side effects like sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflex. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like xanthines and beta-agonists open constricted airways. Theophylline is a xanthine that stimulates respiration but needs monitoring to avoid toxicity.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics help clear secretions by loosening mucus. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
5) Drugs for
This document discusses cardiotonic drugs, which increase the contractility of the cardiac muscle without increasing oxygen demand. It focuses on two main types - cardiac glycosides like digoxin, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Digoxin increases calcium levels in cardiac cells, strengthening contractions. It has a positive inotropic effect and is used to treat heart failure and arrhythmias. The document outlines the mechanisms, effects, dosing, interactions, toxicity and nursing considerations for digoxin and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
The document discusses drugs related to the respiratory system. It covers several classes of drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and cough preparations. Bronchodilators such as beta-2 agonists, antimuscarinic agents, and xanthine derivatives are used to relieve bronchospasm. Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and include inhaled and systemic formulations. The document provides examples of drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, dosages, and adverse effects.
Respiratory agents are medicines used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and COPD. They are available as oral tablets, liquids, injections, or inhalations to directly deliver medicine to the lungs. Some inhalers contain multiple medicines.
The document then discusses different classes of drugs used for respiratory diseases, including bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, leukotriene inhibitors, and anti-IgE drugs. It provides examples of medicines in each class and describes their mechanisms of action, uses, side effects and nursing considerations.
The document summarizes various drugs and medical topics. It discusses disulfiram, which is used to treat alcohol addiction. It then covers drugs used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergencies, vitamins and minerals, immunosuppressants, antidotes, antivenoms, and vaccines. It provides details on dosages, side effects, contraindications, and important safety information for different drugs.
Anti-venom, also known as antivenin, is a treatment for venomous bites and stings composed of antibodies. It is produced by injecting venom into animals to produce antibodies in their blood. The three main types of venom are neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and hemotoxic, which attack the nervous system, cells, and blood/circulatory system respectively. Symptoms depend on the venom type but can include paralysis, respiratory failure, and internal bleeding. Anti-venom is the only available treatment and works by binding to the venom before it can cause harm, though it sometimes causes mild allergic reactions. It is manufactured by several companies in India and must be administered as soon as possible after envenomation
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. Ace inhibitors cause vasodilation and decrease blood volume through renal excretion of sodium and water.
2. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in patients with lung disease such as asthma.
3. A common side effect of calcium channel blockers is ankle swelling.
4. Aspirin should be given to patients at risk of cardiovascular events for primary or secondary prevention.
5. Diuretics are one group of tablets used to treat hypertension.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
This document discusses several classes of drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract, including their mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects. It covers antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, emetics, antiemetics, anticholinergic agents, and provides examples of specific drugs within each class. The overall objective is for student nurses to broaden their knowledge of how these various drugs impact the gastrointestinal system.
2. Side effects and toxicities of chemotherapyChartwellPA
This document discusses common side effects of chemotherapy and strategies for prevention and management. It covers nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression, fatigue, taste alterations, diarrhea, constipation, alopecia, stomatitis, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, renal toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and effects on sexual and reproductive function. Guidelines for antiemetic use include serotonin receptor antagonists, dexamethasone, aprepitant, and benzodiazepines depending on timing of nausea. Hydration, diet modification, and antidiarrheal or laxative use can help manage gastrointestinal issues.
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
- Bronchodilators like epinephrine, salbutamol, and terbutaline work by binding to beta-2 receptors in the lungs, relaxing smooth muscle and dilating airways. They have been used for thousands of years to treat respiratory conditions.
- Sympathomimetic bronchodilators are classified as non-selective or beta-2 selective. Non-selective drugs like epinephrine activate both alpha and beta receptors and are more likely to cause side effects, while beta-2 selective drugs primarily target the lungs.
- Inhalation is the preferred route of administration as it delivers drugs directly to the lungs, but oral and intravenous routes can also be used. Common side effects include
Drugs used in gastrointestinal system for PCLsarosem
This document discusses drugs used in the gastrointestinal system including antiemetics, antidiarrheals, laxatives, and drugs that reduce gastric acid. It provides details on common drugs in each category such as metoclopramide and ondansetron for antiemetics, loperamide for antidiarrheals, and proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole for gastric acid reduction. Nursing considerations are also outlined for the administration and monitoring of these gastrointestinal drugs.
Gastrointestinal medications are used to treat various GI conditions. They include stimulants, anticholinergics, antidiarrheals, laxatives, antacids, and protective agents. Nursing considerations include monitoring for side effects, ensuring proper administration, and educating clients. The goal is to relieve GI symptoms while preventing complications related to medication effects or interactions.
Bronchodilators are drugs used to relieve bronchospasms associated with respiratory disorders. The main classes of bronchodilators include adrenoceptor agonists like selective beta2 agonists, antimuscarinic bronchodilators, xanthine derivatives, and leukotriene antagonists. Beta2 agonists work by stimulating beta2 receptors in the lungs to promote bronchodilation. Antimuscarinics block acetylcholine's bronchoconstrictive effects. Xanthines like theophylline inhibit phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP and cause bronchodilation. Leukotriene receptor antagonists suppress the bronchoconstrictive effects of leukotrienes. Corticosteroids
This document discusses pharmacotherapy for peptic ulcer disease. It begins by defining peptic ulcers and their causes, which include excess acid production, Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAID use, and stress. It then describes various drug classes used to treat peptic ulcers, including H2 antagonists like cimetidine and ranitidine, proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, prostaglandin analogues like misoprostol, and ulcer protectives like sucralfate. It provides details on the mechanisms and uses of these drug classes and compares their effectiveness, safety profiles, and drug interactions. Antacids are also briefly discussed.
Lecture slides for MBBS Undergraduate Medical students. Study material was taken from Essentials of pharmacology by KD Tripathi. Figures were searched from google.
This document discusses several types of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions. It includes sections on antiasthmatics like bronchodilators and corticosteroids; expectorants and mucolytics to loosen mucus; antitussives to suppress cough; antihistamines used for allergies; and decongestants to relieve nasal congestion. For each drug class, it provides examples of medications, their mechanisms of action, dosages, indications for use, contraindications, adverse effects, and nursing responsibilities.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
This document summarizes the neuronal pathways, receptors, and pharmacological treatments involved in nausea and vomiting. It describes:
1) The neuronal pathways from the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem to the vomiting center that mediate the vomiting reflex.
2) The types of receptors in the brainstem and gastrointestinal tract that are stimulated to cause nausea and vomiting.
3) The classes of drugs that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 antagonists, antihistamines, cannabinoids, and dopamine antagonists.
Drugs acting on the GI system include:
- Antiemetics which prevent nausea and vomiting like ondansetron and metoclopramide.
- Laxatives and purgatives like lactulose, bisacodyl, and docusate which are used to treat constipation.
- Antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate which neutralize stomach acid.
- Cholinergic drugs which increase GI motility and secretions. Anticholinergic drugs block acetylcholine and decrease motility and secretions.
The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking histamine. First generation causes more side effects like sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflex. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like xanthines and beta-agonists open constricted airways. Theophylline is a xanthine that stimulates respiration but needs monitoring to avoid toxicity.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics help clear secretions by loosening mucus. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
5) Drugs for
This document discusses cardiotonic drugs, which increase the contractility of the cardiac muscle without increasing oxygen demand. It focuses on two main types - cardiac glycosides like digoxin, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Digoxin increases calcium levels in cardiac cells, strengthening contractions. It has a positive inotropic effect and is used to treat heart failure and arrhythmias. The document outlines the mechanisms, effects, dosing, interactions, toxicity and nursing considerations for digoxin and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
The document discusses drugs related to the respiratory system. It covers several classes of drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and cough preparations. Bronchodilators such as beta-2 agonists, antimuscarinic agents, and xanthine derivatives are used to relieve bronchospasm. Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and include inhaled and systemic formulations. The document provides examples of drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, dosages, and adverse effects.
Respiratory agents are medicines used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and COPD. They are available as oral tablets, liquids, injections, or inhalations to directly deliver medicine to the lungs. Some inhalers contain multiple medicines.
The document then discusses different classes of drugs used for respiratory diseases, including bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, leukotriene inhibitors, and anti-IgE drugs. It provides examples of medicines in each class and describes their mechanisms of action, uses, side effects and nursing considerations.
The document summarizes various drugs and medical topics. It discusses disulfiram, which is used to treat alcohol addiction. It then covers drugs used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergencies, vitamins and minerals, immunosuppressants, antidotes, antivenoms, and vaccines. It provides details on dosages, side effects, contraindications, and important safety information for different drugs.
Anti-venom, also known as antivenin, is a treatment for venomous bites and stings composed of antibodies. It is produced by injecting venom into animals to produce antibodies in their blood. The three main types of venom are neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and hemotoxic, which attack the nervous system, cells, and blood/circulatory system respectively. Symptoms depend on the venom type but can include paralysis, respiratory failure, and internal bleeding. Anti-venom is the only available treatment and works by binding to the venom before it can cause harm, though it sometimes causes mild allergic reactions. It is manufactured by several companies in India and must be administered as soon as possible after envenomation
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. Ace inhibitors cause vasodilation and decrease blood volume through renal excretion of sodium and water.
2. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in patients with lung disease such as asthma.
3. A common side effect of calcium channel blockers is ankle swelling.
4. Aspirin should be given to patients at risk of cardiovascular events for primary or secondary prevention.
5. Diuretics are one group of tablets used to treat hypertension.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
This document discusses several classes of drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract, including their mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects. It covers antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, emetics, antiemetics, anticholinergic agents, and provides examples of specific drugs within each class. The overall objective is for student nurses to broaden their knowledge of how these various drugs impact the gastrointestinal system.
2. Side effects and toxicities of chemotherapyChartwellPA
This document discusses common side effects of chemotherapy and strategies for prevention and management. It covers nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression, fatigue, taste alterations, diarrhea, constipation, alopecia, stomatitis, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, renal toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and effects on sexual and reproductive function. Guidelines for antiemetic use include serotonin receptor antagonists, dexamethasone, aprepitant, and benzodiazepines depending on timing of nausea. Hydration, diet modification, and antidiarrheal or laxative use can help manage gastrointestinal issues.
Emetics & Anti-emetics are used to induce or treat nausea and vomiting. There are various classifications and mechanisms of action. Emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting. Anti-emetics from different classes like antihistamines, antimuscarinics, dopamine antagonists, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and glucocorticoids are used to treat nausea and vomiting through various receptor mechanisms with some adverse effects. Combination therapy provides better efficacy with lower adverse effects.
This document provides an overview of drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses the major parts of the GIT and disorders related to it like peptic ulcer and achlorhydria. It then covers the different classes of drugs used to treat GIT disorders like antiulcer drugs, drugs for achlorhydria, antiemetics, antidiarrheal agents, and laxatives. The mechanisms and examples of commonly used drugs from each class are described in detail.
This document discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, and diarrhea. It begins by describing nausea and vomiting as common symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders. It then discusses the etiology, pathophysiology involving the vomiting center and various neurotransmitter systems, and pharmacological management including antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and serotonin antagonists. Next, it covers dyspepsia including definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management with antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors. Finally, it addresses diarrhea by defining it, discussing pathophysiological mechanisms, and outlining non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment
Vomiting is caused by stimulation of the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata by various triggers like toxins, motion, or brain tumors. The vomiting center can be activated through the chemoreceptor trigger zone, vestibular system, or peripheral receptors. Antiemetics work by blocking receptor sites like histamine H1, dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT3, and neurokinin NK1 receptors that transmit emetic signals to the vomiting center. The choice of antiemetic depends on the cause of vomiting and may include antihistamines, anticholinergics, dopamine antagonists, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 antagonists, corticosteroids, or cannab
The document discusses various causes, pathophysiology, and treatment of emesis and nausea. It covers the following topics:
- Emetics that induce vomiting and their mechanisms of action.
- Various classes of anti-emetics including antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 antagonists, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, benzodiazepines and their mechanisms and uses.
- Prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide and domperidone that enhance gastrointestinal motility.
- Specific conditions like motion sickness, nausea during pregnancy, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative nausea and specific
This document discusses drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract. It covers topics like gastrointestinal anatomy and transit time, the stomach, salivary secretion and drugs that affect it, gastrointestinal diseases like GERD, peptic ulcers, and treatments for these conditions including antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and combinations. It also discusses emetics that induce vomiting and anti-emetics that prevent vomiting, classifying them based on their sites of action in the body.
This document discusses antiemetics and prokinetics used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting. It defines nausea and vomiting and describes the importance of preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). It discusses patient risk factors for PONV and the Apfel risk score. It explains the physiology and classification of various antiemetics including H1 antihistamines, muscarinic antagonists, 5-HT3 antagonists, glucocorticoids, D2 antagonists, cannabinoids, neurokinin 1 antagonists, and acupuncture. It also discusses prokinetic drugs that increase or inhibit gastric motility such as metoclopramide, erythromycin, neost
This document discusses various drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers drugs that affect GI secretions like antacids, H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, mucosal protectants, and prostaglandin analogs. It also discusses laxatives, which are used to increase bowel movements, and are classified based on their mechanisms of action. Common side effects and nursing considerations are provided for each drug class.
This document discusses various classes of cardiovascular drugs including antihypertensives, cardiac drugs, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and nursing considerations for drugs in each class. The classes are discussed individually with sections on specific drugs, their -olol, -pril, or -sartan suffixes, pharmacodynamics, clinical uses, and implementation guidelines for nurses.
The document discusses drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers drugs that affect GI secretions like histamine receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, mucosal protectants and prostaglandin analogs. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and nursing considerations for various classes of drugs including H2 receptor blockers, antacids, proton pump inhibitors and the mucosal protectant sucralfate.
This document summarizes drugs used to treat peptic ulcers. It discusses how gastric acid secretion is regulated and the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers, including H. pylori infection and NSAID use. The main treatment approaches include eradicating H. pylori, reducing acid with H2 blockers or PPIs, and protecting the mucosa. H2 blockers and PPIs are the primary drug classes used. PPIs are more effective than H2 blockers. Other treatments mentioned include antibiotics, misoprostol, and antacids.
Veterinary Pharmacology of drugs acting on gastrointestinal tractDr Sahithya c.p
This document discusses drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers drugs that affect salivary secretion like gentian and nux vomica. It also discusses emetics that induce vomiting like ipecacuanha and apomorphine, as well as anti-emetics that prevent vomiting. Finally, it discusses drugs that affect appetite by stimulating or suppressing centers in the hypothalamus, including benzodiazepines, cyproheptadine, and glucocorticoids as appetite stimulants.
This document summarizes various conditions affecting the genitourinary system. It discusses dysuria and its causes such as infections. It also discusses treatments for dysuria including antimicrobial therapy and phenazopyridine. It then covers overactive bladder and its conservative and pharmacological treatments. The document outlines various conditions that can cause urinary obstruction like BPH and treatments including alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. Finally, it discusses approaches to treating upper urinary tract obstruction and options like observation, treating one side in bilateral cases, or other procedures.
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications, examples, side effects and counseling points for histamine H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, mucosal protectants, prostaglandins, antacids, antiemetics, antidiarrheals, laxatives and antispasmodics.
This document provides information on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), including their definition, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, nursing considerations, and patient teaching points. PPIs work by reducing stomach acid production and are commonly prescribed for conditions like dyspepsia, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Adverse effects can include headaches, diarrhea and bone fractures with long term use. Nurses should monitor for side effects and educate patients on proper administration and signs of complications.
This document discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of common minor ailments including nausea/vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhea, and constipation. It describes the causes and symptoms of each condition. For management, it recommends lifestyle modifications and discusses various pharmacological treatments including antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, loperamide, and lactobacillus preparations. The goal is to prevent dehydration and electrolyte loss through oral rehydration and replacement of fluids and minerals.
The document discusses drugs used in the gastrointestinal system. It covers drugs used to treat peptic ulcers such as antacids, H2 receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. It also discusses ulcer protectives like sucralfate and bismuth. For constipation and diarrhea, it describes purgatives that work through different mechanisms to induce bowel movements as well as drugs to treat diarrhea like loperamide. Emetics that induce vomiting and various classes of antiemetics are also outlined.
This document summarizes anti-ulcer drugs. It discusses the causes of ulcers including H. pylori infections and NSAID use. The main types of ulcers are described along with signs and symptoms. Treatment includes eradicating H. pylori, decreasing acid secretion through proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blockers, and protecting the stomach lining with drugs like misoprostol or sucralfate. Proton pump inhibitors are now the most potent way to decrease acid production and promote ulcer healing.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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6. EMETICS
O Emetics are drug used to induce vomiting.
O When an individual has consumed certain toxic
substances, induced vomiting may be indicated to
expel the substance before absorption occurs.
O There are many ways to induce vomiting without
using drugs, such as putting the finger in the back
part of the throat.
7. .
O Vomiting should not be induced if caustic substances, such as
ammonia, chlorine bleach, lye toilet cleaners, or battery acid, have
been ingested.
O Regurgitation these substances, can cause additional injury to the
esophagus.
O Activated charcoal is given when emesis is contraindicated.
8. IPECAC
O Administration of ipecac has diminished greatly but
it is still used when indicated.
O DOSES: PO: 15-30 ml
O USES: induce vomiting after poisoning,
O CONSIDERATIONS: should be given within 60
min of poisoning.
9. Ipecac may be appropriate for the client who is alert and if
administered within 60 minutes of poisoning.
When the client purchases ipecac, instruct the client to get
ipecac syrup and not ipecac fluid extract, which is more potent
and may cause fatalities.
When ipecac is kept in the household, it should be kept out of
the reach of children.
Ipecac syrup induces vomiting by stimulating the CTZ in the
medulla and acting directly on the gastric mucosa.
10. Ipecac should be taken with a glass of water .
The onset of emesis production following administration of
ipecac syrup is usually 15 to 30 minutes.
When vomiting is not induced, clients should be treated with an
adsorbent, such as activated charcoal, or gastric lavage.
Individuals with bulimia and anorexia nervosa often abuse
ipecac, which may lead to cardiomyopathy, ventricular
fibrillation ,and death.
12. INTRODUCTION
O Anti emetic drugs are
used to prevent or
suppress vomiting occurs
due to the stimulation of
the emetic center situated
in the medulla oblongata.
O Vomiting may occur by a
number of reasons.
16. ANTIHISTAMINES
O Antihistamines compete with histamines for H1
receptor sites.
O They antagonize in varying degrees most of the
pharmacologic effects of histamines..
O It act primarily on the vomiting center and they also
act by decreasing stimulation of the CTZ and
vestibular pathways.
17. O USES:
O To control symptoms of allergies, rhinitis, & pruritis.
O CONTRAINDICATION:
O Acute lower respiratory tract disease
O Closed angle glaucoma
O Bladder neck obstruction
O peptic ulcer
O Systemic prostatic hypertrophy
O New born
O Breast feeding
18. ANTICHOLINERGICS
O Anticholinergic inhibit the muscarinic actions of
acetylcholine at receptor sites in the autonomic
nervous system.
O Anticholinergic are also known as antimuscarinic
product.
19. O USES:
O Decrease involuntary movement in parkinsonism
O Brady dysrhythmias
O Nausea and vomiting
O CONTRAINDICATION:
O Closed angle glaucoma
O Myasthenia gravis
O GI obstruction
20. DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS
O The dopamine antagonists is a drug which blocks
dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism.
O These agents suppress emesis by blocking dopamine2
receptors in the CTZ.
O Side effects:
O Extrapyramidal symptoms , which are caused by
blocking dopamine receptors and hypotension.
21. BENZODIAZEPINES
O Benzodiazepine are a class of psychoactive drugs
whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a
benzene ring and a diazepam ring.
O Selected benzodiazepines indirectly control nausea
and vomiting that may occur with cancer
chemotherapy.
O Lorazepam is the drug of choice.
22. O Uses:
O Emesis control
O Sedation
O Anxiety reduction
O amnesia
23. SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS
O A serotonin antagonists is a drug used to inhibit the
action at serotonin receptors.
O Serotonin antagonists suppress nausea and vomiting
by blocking the serotonin receptors in the CTZ and
afferent vagal nerve terminals in the upper GI tract.
24. O USES:
O Preoperatively and postoperatively to prevent nausea
and vomitting
O Side effects:
O Headache
O Diarrhea
O Dizziness
O fatigue
25. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
O Glucocorticoids are class of steroid hormones that bind to the
glucocorticoid receptor which is present in almost every
vertebrate animal cell.
O Side effect:
O Increased blood sugar
O Abnormal fat deposit
O Muscle wasting
O Edema
O Hypertension
O Peptic ulcer
O Growth retardation
26. CANNABINOIDS
O Cannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds
found in the cannabis sativa plant.
O Uses:
O appetite stimulant
O Nausea and vomiting
27. O Side effects:
O Drowsiness,
O Headache
O Depersonalization
O Nightmares
O Confusion
O Incoordination
O Memory lapse
O dry mouth
28. MISCELLANEOUS
O Diphenidol and trimethobenzamide are in the class
of miscellaneous antiemetic, because they do not act
strictly as antihistamines, anticholinergic or
phenothiazine.
O These drugs suppress impulses to the CTZ.
O Diphenidol also prevent vertigo by inhibiting
impulses to vestibular area.
29. O Side effect:
O Drowsiness
O Dry mouth
O Increased heart rate
O Urine retention
O Constipation
O Blurred vision
O Hypotension
O Diarrhea
O Postural disturbances
30. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION
O The anti emetics are divided into the 5-HT3 receptor
antagonists, the phenothiazine and the miscellaneous
products.
O The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist work by blocking
serotonin peripherally, centrally, and in small
intestine.
31. O The phenothiazine act by blocking the chemoreceptor
trigger zone in the brain.
O The miscellaneous products work by either decreasing
motion sickness or delaying gastric emptying
32. USES
O Anti emetics are used to prevent nausea and vomiting
due to cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and
surgery.
O Some of the miscellaneous products work by
decreasing motion sickness.
O Most other products are used for many types of
nausea and vomiting.
33. PHARMACOKINETICS
O Onset, peak, and duration vary widely among
products.
O Most products are metabolized by the liver and
excreted by the kidney.
34. SIDE EFFECT
O The most common side effects are …
Headache
dizziness
fatigue
Diarrhea
35. PROMETHAZINE
O DRUG CLASS:- antihistamine
-h1 receptor antagonist
-antiemetic
Chemical class: - phenothiazine derivative
Dose: adult:- PO/IM/IV 12.5 – 25 mg
child >2 year: PO/IM/IV 0.25 – 0.5 mg/ kg
36. O USES:
O Motion sickness
O Sedation
O Nausea
O Pre operative and post
operative sedation
42. DROPERIDOL
Function class: sedative/ hypotonic
Chemical class: butyrophenone
ing
Dose: adult : - IV/ IM 1.25- 2.5 mg
child 2- 12 year: - IV 0.05- 0.1 mg/kg
Uses: premedication for surgery
maintains in general anesthesia
post operatively for nausea vomit
48. O Uses: prevention of
nausea,
vomiting associated
with cancer chemotherapy
O Contraindication:
O Hypersensitivity
O phenylketonuric
49. METOCLOPRAMIDE
O FUNCTION CLASS: cholinergic, antiemetic
O Chemical class: central dopamine receptor antagonist
O Dose: adult:- IV 1-2 mg/kg
child: IV 1-2 mg/kg
50. O Uses: prevention of
nausea, vomiting induced
chemotherapy, gastro
esophageal reflux
O Contraindication:
hypersensitivity, breast
cancer, GI obstruction
52. INTRODUCTION
O Purgatives are strong medicines usually administered
orally to promote evacuation of bowel or several
bowels.
O These drugs are used in the treatment of constipation
which acts on GI Tract by softening of feaces by
lubricating intestinal wall or increase fluidity of
intestinal contents.
O It is also called cathartic or caprogogue.
53. LAXATIVE
O Laxative are the drugs which cause evacuation of
bowel by a mild action by increasing bulk of faeces,
softening the stool or by lubricating intestinal walls.
54. CONSTIPATION
O Constipation is a state of difficulty in passing stools
or incomplete passage of hard stool. The cause of
constipation may be organic or / and functional
cause are intestinal obstruction, tumours.
55. O Many drugs in low doses act as laxative and in
higher does act as purgatives.
O Based on the intensity of action purgatives can be
classified as under:-
i) Laxatives when the action is mild.
ii) Purgatives when the action is severe.
56. CLASSIFICATION
O Stool softner or Lubricant purgatives :
i) Liquid paraffin
ii) Dicotyl sodium sulfosuccinate.
O Bulk Forming purgatives:
i)Methyl cellulose
ii)Ispaghula
iii) Bran
57. O Irritant oils:
i) Castor Oil
ii) Croton Oil
O Stimulant Purgatives:
i) Bisacodyl
ii) Phenolphthalein
iii) Sodium picosulfate.
58. O Osmotic purgatives:
i) Magnesium sulphate,
ii) Magnesium citrate
iii) Milk of magnesia
iv) lactulose
v) Sodium potassium tartrate
O Anthra Quinones:
i) Senna
ii)Aloe
iii) Cascara Sagrada.
59. ISPAGHULA (PSYLLIUM):
O These are dried ripe seeds of
plantago ovata, plantago
indica, plantgo psyllium.
The husk contains natural
colloidal mucilage which
forms a gelatinous material
by absorbing water. It
should not be taken,
swallowed, dry by mouth.
60. ISAPGHULA SEEDS
O Dosage: Adult: 5 to 15 gm orally mixed with water
or milk at bed time.
O Children : Half of the adult dose.
it is not absorbed in the inteenstinaes, so it does not
produce any systemic toxicity. The purgative effact
occurs in 12 to 18 hours.
61. • Indications: Demulcent, used in the treatment of
constipation.
• Contraindications: Intestinal obstruction, gut
ulceration, Pregnancy, abdominal pain.
• Availability:
It consists of dried ripe seeds of herbal plant plantago
ovata. The seed is pinkish brown in colour having
glossy brown oval spot in the centre. Its taste is
nulcilaginous. It is available in market as Isapgol
husk, isapgol powder.
62. O Side effects: Safe in use, have no side effects. Vomiting may occur in the
exceptional case.
O Pharmacokinetics: Excreted through stools, not absorbed in intestines.
NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
To advise pateient to take orally isapgol (isabgol) in the morning or
evening oral dose.
Not to take dry powder. It should be mixed with sufficient water or with
milk immediately before use followed by a full glass of water or fruit
juice.
63. NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
To assess cause of
constipation,
consumption of fluid
diet, excess of physical
exercise, decrease intake
of diet.
In case of cramps,
vomiting, rectal bleeding,
vomiting, use of isapgol
should be discontinued.
64. It should be administered alone for better absorption.
To analyse therapeutic response, decrease in
constipation or decrease in diarrhoea in collitis.
65. CASTOR OIL
• It is obtained from the seeds of Ricinus communis. It
contains ricinoleic acid. The oil is faintly yellow or
colourless, viscous oil of high density. It also contains
small amount of other glycerides, fatty acids. Castor
oil stimulates small and large intestines and action is
exerted after 4 to 6 hours.
• It should be mixed in fruit juice and or milk before
ingestion. Now a days, castor oil has been replaced by
pleasant and less drastic purgatives.
• Dose : 5 to 20 ml.
66. O Indications : Used as
Purgatives, emollient.
O Contraindications :
Pregnancy, menstruation,
lactation.
O The castor oil is uncompatible
which causes frequent cramps.
It has violent action amd may
cause dehydration after
relieving of constipation. It
should not be used regularly.
It is now rarely used these
days.
67. PHENOLPHTHALEIN
O It is a Diphenyl methane
irritant purgative.
O It acts on the smooth
muscles of intestine and
increases motor activity.
O It is avalilable at 60 mg, 90
mg, 125 mg tablets.
O It is also available as
mixure of Paraffin liquid
and phenolphthalein.
68. O Preparation of phenolphthalein with magnesium
sulphate is also used. Molecular formula is C20H14O4.
O it is white crystalline, odourless, tasteless powder,
slightly solube in water.
69. • Indications: In the treatment of constipation, in bed
ridden pateients, digestive disorders.
• Dosage : Adults: 50 mg to 300 mg usually to be
administered at bed time (night) to act in the
mornging.
• Contraindications: Hypesenstivity, rectal fissure,
pain abdomen, vomiting, hemorrhoids, pregenancy,
lactation.
• Side effects :Rash, urticaria, vomiting, abdominal
pain, electrolyte fluid imbalance.
• Pharmaco kinetics: On set action 6 to 8 hours,
excreted in faeces.
70. NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
Administer drug alone for complete absorption.
Cause of constipation to be assessed.
In case of pain abdomen, rectal bleeding, vomiting,
drug should be discontinued.
To be administered orally in the morning or evening.
To advise patient to keep drup out of reach of
children.
Laxatives should not be used for long time. Not to
crush chew or break tablet.
71. Magnessium Sulphate
• : It is also known as Epsom salt.
• Molecular formula is MgSO4:7H2O.
• It is white crystalline powder with bitter taste.
• It is sobuble in water.
• Magnessium Suplhate is a saline purgative.
• It is not readily absorbed from the intestines.
72. O When Magnessium Sulphate is taken by mouth in
solution it decreases the absorption of water from
intestines thus forms the bowel bulky.
O The active refex peristalsis is exicted leads to
evacution of intestinal contants within one to two
hours.
O Magnessium Sulphate wet dressings of a 25%
solution of MgSO4 are some times used in the
treatment of boils and carbuncles.
73. • Dose: Adult dose: 5 to 15 gms, orally.
• Children dose: 1 to 4 gms, orally.
• Indications : Purgative, Hypomagnesemic seizures,
Seizures in actue nephritis.
• Contraindications : Hypersenstivity, Pregnancy.
• Side Effects: Hypothermia, sedation, weakness,
sweating, Hypotension, decreased cardiac function.
• Pharmacokinetics: On set action 1 hour, duration 3
to 4 hours excreted by kidneys.
74. • Drug interactions: Increased CNS depression
withbarbiturates, antipsychotics drugs.
To assess cardiac functions, monitoring, magnesium level.
Assess mental status, mood, memory of patient.
Assess respiratory depression, respiratory dysfunction. If
respiration ratio observed below 16 per minute discontinue
use of drug.
Treatment overdose: discontinue drug, administer calcium
gluconate.
75. MILK OF MAGNESIA
O Magnesium hydroxide (Mg
(OH)2) is an amorphous
powder.
O Magnesium hydroxide is an
antacid.
O It forms Magnesium chloride
in stomach.
O It acts as a mild saline
laxative and it does not
produce alkalosis.
O It is known as philip’s milk of
magnesia / milk of of
magnesia.
76. O Dose: Adult Dose: antacid 500 to 700 mg orally.
O Laxative dose is 2 to 4 gms daily orally.
O Milk of magnesia liquid 30 to 60 ml at bed time
orally.
O Children dose: 5 to 15 ml at bed time orally.
O Indications: constipation, saline antacid.
77. O Contraindications: Hypersenstivity, abdomen pain,
vomiting, Pregnancy, renal disease.
O Side effects: Flushing, sweating, flacidity, sedation,
flaccidity, vomiting, hypotension, circulatory
collapse.
O Pharmacokinetics: Peak plasma concentration 1 to 2
hours excreted in feces.
78. NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
To assess cause of constipation, lack of fluids, lack of
proper diet, lack of exercise.
Cramping, vomiting, nausea, vomiting if assessed drug
should be discontinued.
Intake and out put ratio be assessed.
Evaluate therapeutic response decrease of constipation.
Advise patient to take orange, mausami (citric fruit) to
counteract unpleasant taste. Not to use laxative for long
term therapy.
79. ALOE
• Aloe is a purgative,
leaves of aloes are cut
and liquid drains from
leave is collect and
concetrated by
evaporating.
• On cooling it silidifies in
crystalline form.
80. • The solid crystalline residue is obtained by
cutting leaves of Aloe barbadensis, Aloe
capensis.
• Aloes have characteristic odour and bitter
taste.
• It is administered orally.
• It colours urine red.
81. O Dose: 100 mg to 200
milligrams.
O Occasionally 30 mg dose are
some times administered,
Antispasmodic drug may be
administered with aloes to
prevent griping.
O Indication: Purgative, it is
an ingrediant of compound
Benzoin tincture.
82. O Contraindications: Pregnancy, Lactation, abdominal
pain.
O Side effect: Pelvic congestion syndrome, intestinal
irritation. Aloe has been replaced by safer purgatives
and are rarely used now a days.
83. PARAFFIN LIQUID
• It is transparent
colourless oily odourless
liquid.
• It is obtained from
petroleum.
• It is also called as
mineral oil.
• It is a mixture of liquid
hydrocarbons.
84. • Liquid paraffin is administered orally, it keeps the stools
soft and there is easy evacuation of bowel.
• It is useful in the treatment of chronic constipation and is
also helpful in painful conditions of rectum and anus,
• Sterile Liquid paraffin is used in surgical dressings.
85. • It is also used as a lubricant for surgical instruments.
• It is administered with various chemical compounds. (i)
Liquid paraffin with magnesium hydroxide mixture (ii)
Liquid paraffin with phenolphthalein mixture etc.
• Pharmacologically Liquid paraffin is inert.
• Dose: 10 to 30 millilitres daily preferably between meals.
• Uses: Laxative. (should be administered for two to three
days).
86. SIDE EFFECTS AND
DISADVANTAGES
(i) It is very unpleasant to swallow because of its oily
consistancy.
(ii) When passes into intestinal mucosa it may produce
granuloma in the intestinal submucosa, liver and spleen by
absorption / deposition is tissue.
(iii) It may trickle into lungs while swallowing and may cause
lipid pneumonia.
(iv) It may interfere with anorectal region wound healing.
(v) Excessive doses may result in seepage and anal irritation.
(vi) It carries fat soluble vitamins with it to stools. Thus vitamin
deficiency may occur.
87. NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
To assess cause of constipation.
To advise patient to take Liquid paraffin emulsion
between foods.
To assess anal irritation and seepage if any
complained by patient drug should be discontinued.
To evaluate therapeutic response, relieve of
constipation.