Anticoagulant
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This document discusses anticoagulants, which are chemical agents that prevent blood from clotting. It describes the properties anticoagulants must have and classifications, including calcium chelators like oxalates, EDTA, and trisodium citrate, as well as non-calcium chelators like heparin. It provides details on commonly used anticoagulants like EDTA, oxalates, trisodium citrate, and heparin, and how they work to prevent clotting through binding calcium or other mechanisms. The document also notes anticoagulants used to preserve blood for storage in blood banks.
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anticoagulant is a chemical which use for preventing clotting of blood. Different chemical use for anticoagulant. Action,use ,advantage & disadvantage of each chemical use as anticoagulant.
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This document discusses anticoagulants used in hematology and blood banking. It begins by describing the coagulation pathway and defining anticoagulants. It then discusses various anticoagulants used in hematology like EDTA, heparin, sodium citrate, sodium fluoride, and double oxalate. It notes their ideal characteristics, modes of action, concentrations used, advantages, and disadvantages. The document concludes by outlining anticoagulant solutions used in blood banking like ACD, CPD, CPDA-1, and CPDA-2. It provides the constituents of each solution and how they improve storage of red blood cells and post-transfusion viability.
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The document discusses different types of anticoagulants that are commonly used in hematology. The top five anticoagulants listed are double oxalate, EDTA, heparin, sodium citrate, and sodium fluoride. EDTA is the most commonly used anticoagulant for complete blood count testing as it prevents clotting by chelating calcium ions while maintaining cell morphology. Sodium citrate is used for coagulation testing as it prevents clotting through precipitation of calcium ions. Heparin prevents clotting by inhibiting thrombin.
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Anticoagulant
This document discusses different types of anticoagulants used in blood collection and their properties. It describes how anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting by binding with calcium ions which are essential for the coagulation process. The most commonly used anticoagulant is EDTA as it best preserves cell morphology. Other anticoagulants mentioned include citrate, heparin, and oxalates. The document provides details on the preparation and use of different anticoagulants to optimize their anticoagulant effects without damaging blood cells.
Hemoglobin and hematocrit determination
This document describes several laboratory techniques for analyzing components of blood, including hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, red blood cell count, and related indices. Key information presented includes normal reference ranges for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and other blood values in adults and children. Conditions that could cause abnormalities in these values are also outlined. The document demonstrates how to perform Sahli's hemoglobin colorimetric method, hematocrit determination via centrifugation, and calculates various blood indices from the measurement results.
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Antocoagulant use in blood collection
anticoagulant is a chemical which use for preventing clotting of blood. Different chemical use for anticoagulant. Action,use ,advantage & disadvantage of each chemical use as anticoagulant.
Anticoagulants
This document discusses anticoagulants used in hematology and blood banking. It begins by describing the coagulation pathway and defining anticoagulants. It then discusses various anticoagulants used in hematology like EDTA, heparin, sodium citrate, sodium fluoride, and double oxalate. It notes their ideal characteristics, modes of action, concentrations used, advantages, and disadvantages. The document concludes by outlining anticoagulant solutions used in blood banking like ACD, CPD, CPDA-1, and CPDA-2. It provides the constituents of each solution and how they improve storage of red blood cells and post-transfusion viability.
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The document discusses different types of anticoagulants that are commonly used in hematology. The top five anticoagulants listed are double oxalate, EDTA, heparin, sodium citrate, and sodium fluoride. EDTA is the most commonly used anticoagulant for complete blood count testing as it prevents clotting by chelating calcium ions while maintaining cell morphology. Sodium citrate is used for coagulation testing as it prevents clotting through precipitation of calcium ions. Heparin prevents clotting by inhibiting thrombin.
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This document discusses different types of anticoagulants used in blood collection and their properties. It describes how anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting by binding with calcium ions which are essential for the coagulation process. The most commonly used anticoagulant is EDTA as it best preserves cell morphology. Other anticoagulants mentioned include citrate, heparin, and oxalates. The document provides details on the preparation and use of different anticoagulants to optimize their anticoagulant effects without damaging blood cells.
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This document discusses the history of anticoagulants used for blood transfusion and storage. It describes some of the key developments including:
- Early attempts in the 1800s using defibrinated blood or direct transfusion before anticoagulants were discovered.
- The first chemical anticoagulant experimented with was sodium phosphate by John Braxton Hicks in 1868.
- Important early anticoagulants developed were sodium citrate in 1914 and acid-citrate-dextrose solution in 1943 which allowed blood to be stored for longer periods.
- Common anticoagulants now used include sodium citrate, heparin, EDTA, and oxalates
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr)
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Blood collection and anticoagulants
The document discusses different methods of blood collection including capillary, venous, and arterial blood. It describes the equipment and procedures used to collect blood via these methods and the tests that each type is suited for. The document also outlines the various anticoagulants used in blood collection tubes, including EDTA, citrate, heparin, oxalate, and their mechanisms and uses. Finally, it addresses the order that tubes should be drawn in and storage of blood in blood banks.
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This presentation will help you to understand the physiology of blood coagulation and various factors involved in it.
Fibrinolytic system
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Collection of specimen and anticoagulants
Venepuncture is a routine procedure for collecting blood samples that requires an understanding of anatomy, vein selection, equipment, skin preparation, and safety. The circulation is a closed sterile system, so venepuncture introduces a potential route for bacterial infection. Superficial forearm veins are commonly used, but hand veins may be needed if these fail. Proper equipment, technique, and labeling of samples are required to obtain quality samples and avoid errors or hazards.
bloodandplasmavolumeexpanders ppt.pptx
Blood circulates continuously throughout the body, allowing communication between distant tissues. Plasma is a clear, straw-colored fluid that suspends blood cells. Volume expanders increase plasma volume by boosting osmotic pressure and are used to treat hemorrhage or shock. There are two main types - crystalloids like saline and colloids like albumin. Colloids are better retained in blood vessels and more effective for resuscitation. Common volume expanders include albumin, dextran, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch. They work by increasing plasma osmotic pressure to draw water into blood vessels.
Anticoagulants.pdf
Anticoagulants are substances that prevent blood from clotting in vivo or in vitro. They work through chelating or non-chelating actions. Heparin is produced naturally in the liver and mast cells, while hirudin is produced by leeches. Anticoagulants are used for studying blood constituents and coagulation, in blood banks, and to treat conditions like heart attacks and mini-strokes. An ideal anticoagulant must keep blood fluid, minimize platelet aggregation and cell destruction, and not cause hemolysis or change red blood cell size. They are classified based on their nature, form, or use, and can chelate calcium ions or have non-chel
Fluids
This document discusses different types of intravenous fluids used in anesthesia. Fluids are divided into crystalloids and colloids. Common crystalloids include Ringer's lactate, normal saline, and glucose solutions. Common colloids discussed include dextrans, albumin, gelatins, hydroxyethyl starch, and blood. Each type of fluid is described in terms of its composition, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. Guidelines for blood transfusion and issues with mixing different IV fluids are also summarized.
Fluid and electrolytes
1500 ml X 15 gtts/ml = 22,500 gtts
---------------------------------------------
720 min (12 hours)
= 31.25 gtts/min = 32 gtts/min
So set the IV pump to deliver 32 drops per minute.
BLOOD PRODUCTS & PLASMA SUBSTITUTES
This document discusses blood products and plasma substitutes. It provides information on the components of blood, including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It describes various blood products like whole blood, red blood cell concentrates, platelet concentrates, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. Their preparation, storage, shelf life, indications and administration are outlined. Dried human plasma is also discussed as a plasma substitute with advantages over whole blood. Potential problems in preparation of dried plasma like transmission of viral jaundice and neutralization of plasma agglutinins are addressed.
ORS and IV Fluids(Handout) (7).ppsx
This document discusses intravenous fluids and oral rehydration solutions. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to describe different types of IV fluids, their indications and complications, and the constituents of ORS. It then discusses the distribution of fluid in the body and different classifications of IV fluids including crystalloids versus colloids, isotonic versus hypotonic versus hypertonic solutions, and natural versus synthetic fluids. Specific fluids are described like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, dextrose, albumin, gelatins and dextrans. The document concludes by covering oral rehydration in diarrhea and the WHO ORS formula.
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Anticoagulant
- 2. Anticoagulan t When Blood is collected, it clots after sometime. The anticoagulants are the chemical agents which prevent the clotting of Blood when mixed with Blood in proper proportion. Purpose of using anticoagulants: - For study of various constituents of Blood components. - Study of coagulation(clotting of Blood). - Preservation of Blood in Blood Bank. Properties of anticoagulant - It must be soluble in Blood. - It must be keep the blood in fluid condition, - It must not be bring haemolysis of Blood cells. - It must not be change the size of RBC. - It must minimize destruction of leukocytes.
- 5. Classification o f anticoagulant1.Calcium chelator Bind with CalciumOxalates It is following forms:- -Ammonium Oxalate -Potassium Oxalate - Double Oxalate EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetiacid) Tri-sodium citrate etc. 2. Non-calcium chelator Do not bind with Calcium Heparin Warfarin etc. Most of the anticoagulants used in laboratory act by binding with calcium and prevent clotting of blood since calcium ion is essential for many of the steps in coagulation mechanism.
- 6. Oxalates Ammonium oxalate:- This is used at a concentration of 2 mg for 1 ml of Blood. This anticoagulant causes swelling of the RBC therefore, it is not recommended for use with blood for PCV,ESR and cell morphology. Potassium oxalate:- It is used at a concentration of 2 mg for 1 ml of Blood. This anticoagulant is most often used for chemical analysis. It causes shrinkage of RBC therefore it is also is not recommended for the study of PCV,ESR and other cell morphology. Double oxalate:- Ammonium oxalate and Potassium oxalate are combined together to balance the swelling effect of Ammonium oxalate and the shrinking effect of Potassium oxalate on the red cells. It is the mixture of 3 parts of Ammonium oxalate and 2 parts of Potassium oxalate o Ammonium oxalate o Potassium 2.4 gram 1.6
- 7. E.D.T.A.(Ethylenediamine tetra- acetic acid) I t is the most commonly used anticoagulant in Haematology lab because E.D.T.A. is the most powerful calcium chelating (binding) agent we have. It gives the best preservation to the cell morphology therefore E.D.T.A. is the preferred anticoagulant for all cell count and blood smear preparation. E.D.T.A. is used in two different forms:- Di-sodium E.D.T.A. salt (Versene) Di-potassium E.D.T.A. salt (Sequestrene)
- 8. Excess o f EDTA Excess of EDTA affects both red blood cells and leukocytes causing shrinkage and degenerative changes. Excess of EDTA ( in case of 2 mg/ml) maycause signific ant volume(PCV) an d decreas e increa se in packed cell in mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Platelets swell and disintegrate due to the excess of EDTA and artificially high platelets count may be obtained due to disintegrated platelets.
- 9. Tri-sodium citrate I t is used as a liquid form. I t binds with calcium. The concentration of Tri- sodium citrate is used as 3.8%. For PT (Prothrombin Time) a kind of coagulation test, 3.8% Tri-Sodium citrate is used at the ratio of 1:9 i.e. 1 part of anticoagulant and 9 part of Blood.( 200 µl of 3.8% Tri-Sodium citrate and 1.8 ml of Blood is used.) Fro ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) by Westerngreen method 1 part of 3.8% Tri-Sodium citrate is mixed with 4 part of Blood that is the ratio of 1:4.( 400 µl of 3.8% Tri-Sodium citrate and 1.6 ml of Blood is mixed).
- 10. Heparin I t is a natural anticoagulant and isnormally present in the blood in small amount and highly acidic. This is the best anticoagulant for open heart surgery and it causes minimum haemolysis. I t is very expensive. I t produce black back ground in the smear so it is not use for smear preparation.
- 11. Anticoagulant used in Blood Bank ACD (Acid CitrateDextrose) CPD ( Citrate Phosphate Dextrose) CPDA (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine)