anticoagulant is a chemical which use for preventing clotting of blood. Different chemical use for anticoagulant. Action,use ,advantage & disadvantage of each chemical use as anticoagulant.
In this slide i discuss various types of anticoagulant, purpose of anticoagulant its composition mechanism of action and its important. And i also discuss the differences between serum and plasma.
anticoagulant is a chemical which use for preventing clotting of blood. Different chemical use for anticoagulant. Action,use ,advantage & disadvantage of each chemical use as anticoagulant.
In this slide i discuss various types of anticoagulant, purpose of anticoagulant its composition mechanism of action and its important. And i also discuss the differences between serum and plasma.
Radiographic Contrast Agents And Contrast-induced Nephropathy
All contrast agents have a basic structure of a benzene ring, which is composed of 6 joined carbon atoms, each of which has an attached hydrogen atom.
Contrast media consist of triiodinated benzene rings, whereby 3 hydrogen atoms are replaced with attached iodine atoms.
Monomers contain 1 triiodinated benzene ring, and dimers contain 2 triiodinated benzene rings
Current presentation is about the comprehensive literature of Anticoagulants, Bulbs for blood collection and their specific uses intended for Graduate and Post graduate students of Physiology and Pathology in Medical and Health Sciences.
Preparation of various anticoagulants: EDTA, Sodium Citrate, Oxalate with Fluoride
Collection of blood sample for various Lab Investigations
Familiarization and working of routine Haematology Lab. Instruments Microscopes
Demonstration of Haemocytometers
Demonstration of Colorimeter
Demonstration of Spectrophotometer
Demonstration of Glass pipettes & Auto pipettes Glassware
Demonstration of Sahli‘s Apparatus
Identification of Normal blood cells
Urine Analysis: Routine biochemistry of Urine for pH Specific Gravity
Routine biochemistry of Urine for Glucose
Routine biochemistry of Urine for Ketones bodies
Routine biochemistry of Urine for Bilirubin
Routine biochemistry of Urine for Albumin
Radiographic Contrast Agents And Contrast-induced Nephropathy
All contrast agents have a basic structure of a benzene ring, which is composed of 6 joined carbon atoms, each of which has an attached hydrogen atom.
Contrast media consist of triiodinated benzene rings, whereby 3 hydrogen atoms are replaced with attached iodine atoms.
Monomers contain 1 triiodinated benzene ring, and dimers contain 2 triiodinated benzene rings
Current presentation is about the comprehensive literature of Anticoagulants, Bulbs for blood collection and their specific uses intended for Graduate and Post graduate students of Physiology and Pathology in Medical and Health Sciences.
Preparation of various anticoagulants: EDTA, Sodium Citrate, Oxalate with Fluoride
Collection of blood sample for various Lab Investigations
Familiarization and working of routine Haematology Lab. Instruments Microscopes
Demonstration of Haemocytometers
Demonstration of Colorimeter
Demonstration of Spectrophotometer
Demonstration of Glass pipettes & Auto pipettes Glassware
Demonstration of Sahli‘s Apparatus
Identification of Normal blood cells
Urine Analysis: Routine biochemistry of Urine for pH Specific Gravity
Routine biochemistry of Urine for Glucose
Routine biochemistry of Urine for Ketones bodies
Routine biochemistry of Urine for Bilirubin
Routine biochemistry of Urine for Albumin
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. 11/3/2017 2
DEFINITION
• Anticoagulant is an agent that is used to
prevent the formation of blood clots.
Anticoagulants have various uses.
• Some of them occur naturally in blood-eating
animals such as leeches and mosquitoes,
• Some are used for the prevention or
treatment of disorders characterized by
abnormal blood clots and emboli.
3. 11/3/2017 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ANTICOAGULANTS
• An anticoagulant selected for use in hematological
examination must have the following qualities
• 1. it must not alter the size of the cell
• 2. it must not cause hemolysis
• 3.it must minimize platelet aggregation
• 4.it must minimize disruption of staining and
morphology of leukocytes
• 5. it must be readily soluble in water
• 6.it should be soluble in blood
• 8. It must be keep the blood in fluid condition
4. Color code tube selection of anticoagulants commonly used
Stopper color Additive Notes
Red No additive •Used for blood bank,
some biochemistry Invst.
•Collection of serum
•10-15 min is required to
allow blood to clot
before centrifugation
Lavender
(purple)
11/3/2017
EDTA •Collection of whole
blood ( binds calcium)
4
5. Color code tube selection of anticoagulants commonly used
Stopper
color
Additive Notes
Green Sodium or lithium heparin •Inhibits thrombin
activation.
•chemistry studies
Light blue
11/3/2017
Sodium citrate •Coagulation studies
(bind calcium) (PT &PTT)
(ESR).
5
6. Color code tube selection of anticoagulants commonly used
Stopper
color
Additive Notes
Gray •Sodium fluoride & potassium
oxalate: inhibits enolase
(phosphopyrovate dehydrogenase)
•Sodium iodoacetate: inhibits
glocose-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
•For glucose
determination in
chemistry
(stabilize glucose in
plasma)
Acid citrate dextrose (ACD) •For use in blood bank
studies, HLA
phenotyping, DNA and
paternity testing
(preserves red cells)
11/3/2017 6
12. 11/3/2017 12
EDTA
( Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid)
• EDTA is the most frequently used
anticoagulant , also known as sequestrene or
Versenate. It is an amino carboxylic acid and a
colorless , water-soluble solid.
• Types/ Forms of EDTA :
• Routinely used are ….
• 1. Tri potassium salts…EDTA ( K3 EDTA)
• 2 Di sodium EDTA (Na2 EDTA)
14. 11/3/2017 14
EDTA
( Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid)
• Mode of Action :
• It forms insoluble calcium salts by chelation
15. 11/3/2017 15
EDTA
( Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid)
• Concentration :
• Eg; 0.5 – 2.0 mg EDTA per/ ml of blood will
preserve blood excellently for at least 6 hrs.
16. 11/3/2017 16
EDTA
( Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid)
• Advantages :
• Making a blood smear for cell morphology
studies.
• used for Tests for CBC, microfilaria, coombs
test.
• EDTA preserves the staining and morphology
of Leukocytes
17. 11/3/2017 17
EDTA
( Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid)
• Disadvantages :
• Excessive conc% of EDTA will cause shrinkage of RBC’s
and erroneous PCV, MCV, and MCHC results.
• EDTA interferes with blood chemistry tests as follows
Falsely decreases alkaline phosphates by binding Mg++
• Decreases CO2 combining power of blood.
• Interferes with jaffes reaction for creatinine test
• Decreases or alters Na+. K+, and Ca2++con % in plasma
18. 11/3/2017 18
OXALATES
• Mode of Action :
• These acts by chelating calcium . Calcium
oxalate is formed as insoluble precipitate ,
these are used for blood chemistry and
hematocrit.
20. 11/3/2017 20
POTASSIUM OXALATE
• Concentration :
• This is used at conc.% of 2 mg/ml of blood .
This anticoagulants is most often used for
chemical analysis.
21. 11/3/2017 21
POTASSIUM OXALATE
• Disadvantages :
• Potassium oxalate shrinks the RBC , about an
8% shrinkage in the PCV and therefore it is not
recommended for use with blood for PCV and
ESR not recommended.
22. 11/3/2017 22
DOUBLE OXALATES
• Double oxalates used for ESR and HCT
• Concentration :
• Potassium oxalate and ammonium oxalate are
used together in a ratio 2:3, this is done to
counter the swelling effect of ammonium
oxalate and shrinkage effect of potassium
oxalate on the RBC
23. 11/3/2017 23
DOUBLE OXALATES
• Advantages :
• Double oxalates can be used for …
• A. HB
• B. TLC
• C. RBC count
• D. ESR by Wintrobes method
24. 11/3/2017 24
DOUBLE OXALATES
• Disadvantages:
• Leukocyte morphology is not well preserved
• Hence most not suitable for P/S studies.
• The calcium chelated is precipitated in calcium
oxalate which is a toxic substance, it is never
to be used for blood banking application.
25. 11/3/2017 25
Preparation of double oxalates
• Prepare double oxalate solu’n as follows.
• Potassium oxalate 1.6 grms
• Ammonium oxalate 2.4 grms
• DH2o 100 ml mix well , 0.2 ml of solution will
contain 8 mg of oxalates which prevent
clotting of about 3-4 ml of blood
26. 11/3/2017 26
HEPARIN
• It is a natural anticoagulant in the body, found
in the liver, and may also be with in basophils
and mast cells, heparin also called anti
thromboplastin or antithrombin.
• It is available in a liquid or dry form as……
• sodium, calcium, ammonium and lithium salt,
Each of these will interfere with determination
of their respective ions in the plasma
27. 11/3/2017 27
HEPARIN
• Mode of Action :
• It interferes with the formation and or
activity of thrombin and the activity of clotting
factors IX, X, XI, XII
29. 11/3/2017 29
HEPARIN
• Advantages :
• Heparin is the choice of Anticoagulant for
blood pH,and blood gas Analysis. Acid base
balance.
• It may be used for special trace elements
studies and some cytology .
• Excessive heparin does not alter the RBC
volume
30. 11/3/2017 30
HEPARIN
• Disadvantages :
• It causes clumping of leukocytes
• It interferes with staining of leukocytes.
• It is the most expensive of the anticoagulant
• Blood clot in 8-12 hrs because clotting is only
delayed and not prevented.
• It is not suitable for agglutination tests , and
coagulation studies
• It may interfere with some automated
biochemical analysis of plasma.
31. 11/3/2017 31
SODIUM CITRATE
• The formal citrate solution ( Dacies solution) is
used as diluent in the counting of RBCs and
PLT’s
• Concentration :
• 3.13 grms of Trisodium citrate is dissolved in
100 ml of water, 1 ml of formaldehyde is
added to every 99 ml of the solution.
32. 11/3/2017 32
• Mode of action :
• It combines with calcium to form insoluble
salt of calcium citrate
33. 11/3/2017 33
• Advantages :
• Sodium citrate is the anticoagulant for choice
for studies of PLTs function and morphology
35. 11/3/2017 35
• Disadvantages :
• It interferes with many chemical tests
• Used alone it preserves blood for only few
min.
• It has a tendency to shrink cells. Because of
10% dilution of blood – sodium citrate is
generally not used for CBC
36. 11/3/2017 36
ACID CITRATE DEXTROSE (ACD)
• Is prepared from disodium hydrogen citrate
and is the anticoagulant of choice for blood
transfusion.
Eg; 2 grms of Na2 hydrogen citrate and 3 grms
dextrose are added to 120 ml of water
autoclaved for 30 min at 20 PSI and used the
ratio 1 part acid to 4 parts of blood
37. 11/3/2017 37
SODIUM FLUORIDE AND POTASSIUM
OXALATE MIXTURE
• Mode of Action :
• Sodium fluoride inhibits the glycolytic
enzymes responsible for the break down of
glucose in the blood.
• ( At RT. About 10% glucose is lost per hour
from an untreated sample)
• The potassium oxalate is the primary
anticoagulant as sodium fluoride has a poor
anticoagulant effect.
38. 11/3/2017 38
SODIUM FLUORIDE AND POTASSIUM
OXALATE MIXTURE
• Concentration:
• The optimum concentration : 1 mg of mixture
per 1 ml of blood
• Uses: Glucose determination
39. 11/3/2017 39
SODIUM FLUORIDE AND POTASSIUM
OXALATE MIXTURE
• Disadvantages :
• It is poisonous
• It inhibition of unease, and glycolytic enzymes
may interfere with urea and glucose
determinations that employ enzyme activity
• Alkaline phosphatase, amylase and uric acid
cannot be determine in blood containing
sodium fluoride