ANTI PLAQUE SEMI HERBAL MOUTHWASH

CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND &
OVERVIEW

Weighing
1. PLAQUE
• A mushy/soft deposits that develop the biofilm that adhering to the
surface of the teeth or other hard surface in oral cavity with the
removable or stable restoration.
~ Bowen, 1976
• Aggregation of bacteria on teeth or other hard oral structure.
~ Lindhe, 2003 (5) (12)
DENTAL PLAQUE
• Dental plaque is a distinct but extremely changeable structural entity that
ensuing from the colonization of microorganism on tooth surface in
sequential manner, restoration and other part of oral cavity, made up of
salivary components like epithelial cells, mucin, debris, & microorganism.
All embedded in extra cellular gelatinous metrics.
❖ BIOFILM; The word biofilm describe the particularly indefinable microbes
network related with tooth surface or ay hard, non-loosing material. (12)
Fig: 1.1- site where plaque deposit Fig: 1.2- Healthy tooth & affected tooth
1mm cubic plaque 1mg
1gm of plaque
11
1 x 10 bacteria (approx.)
Contain

11
1. GRANT
CLASSIFICATION
• Coronal Plaque: present
in the coronal surface or on
crown.
• Gingival Plaque: present
on gingival which is
present in circular
epithelium.
a) Supragingival
(above the gingiva)
2. GLICKMAN’S
CLASSIFICATION
According to location
b) Sub gingival
(below the gingiva)
• Tissue associated:
• Sub gingival Plaque: present
inside the gingiva. That cause
periodontal pocket.
• Fissure Plaque: present on
to the pit and fissure surface
of the tooth.
• Peri-implant plaque: plaque
accumulation on surface of
implant which cause peri-
implantitis and failure of implant.
• Coronal: present
on the coronal
surface.
• Marginal: present
on the margins of
the tooth.
• Fissural: present on
the pits and fissure
of tooth.
plaque going to
inside epithelium
and gingiva.
• Tooth associated:
plaque associated
with tooth.
• Unattached:
Plaque neither
associated with
tooth nor
associated with
gingiva.
Fig: 1.3 Supra gingival plaque Fig: 1.4 Sub gingival plaque
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL PLAQUE: (14) (17) (5) (27)

3.
COMPONENTS OF DENTAL PLAQUE:
Various type of bacteria are present within the mouth. These bacteria are part of a
healthy normal oral cavity and contribute to the patients overall health. (14)
Plaque
Microorganism Intercellular matrix
(70% - 80%)
Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa,
Yeast, and Fungi
Organic Inorganic
30% polysaccharides,
30% proteins, 15% lipids,
glycoproteins.
Sodium, Calcium,
Phosphorus, Potassium,
Fluoride, Manganese.
BACTERIA RESPONSIBLE FOR DENTAL CARIES:
• Of all the oral bacteria’s, species streptococci have been studied majorly
comprehensively. These are some most important species that found in oral
cavity:
o S. mutans
o S. salivarius
o S. milleri
o S. mitior
o S. sanguis
• These 5 micro-organism falls under viridians group of Streptococci.
• This group is normally known as “streptococci viridians”, is a miscellary
of streptococci of Alpha hemolytic. They basically found in mouth and
upper respiratory tract.
• Among these varieties of Streptococci, we focus on Streptococcus mutans,
which is important in causation of dental caries.(8) (11)

4.
Colonization:
• S. mutans is a specialized microorganism ready with receptor that allow it
to stick in surface of enamel growing a slimy environment.
• S. mutans has been to divide and make microcolies within the
slim layer and built a biofilm after adherence to the teeth.
• Plaque development continuous with the formation of extracellular polymer
chain via breakdown of sucrose into its two main component.
n sucrose ------------------------- > (glucose) n + fructose
• Each of the components, fructans and glucagon, are used to make
the polymers.
• There are basically two enzymes which are responsible for the
synthesis of extracellular fructons and glucans are:
o Glucosyltransferases
o Fructosyltransferases
• Particularly glucans are sticky substance that further increases the ability
of bacteria to stick to the tooth and to each other.
• Fructans survey reserver of Fermentable sugar for oral bacteria as these
can be degraded by plaque bacteria because they are highly soluble in
nature.
• Glucans and fructans also affected at which the saliva can enter the plaque
which result in:
-Incomplete buffering of acid.
-Failure to reverse the demineralization process.
Thus result in dental caries. "It is an incurable dental illness that necessitates
demineralization of the inorganic part and destructure of organic substance
of tooth, which often lead to cavitation " (5) (12) (18)

5.
FORMATION OF DENTAL PLAQUE:
It take majorly 3 steps, to formation of dental plaque in mouth.
(1) Pellicleon formation on
the tooth surface
(2) Bacterial Initial adhesion/
attachment
(3) Plaque maturation/
colonization
a) Transportation of
bacteria on surface of
b) Initial adhesion (reversible)
c) Strong attachment
(irreversible)
1.) Formation of pellicle:
• Within few minutes of brushing the Saliva or acquired pellicle is formed on
the tooth surface.
• The composition of acquired pellicle are peptides, glycoprotein, keratins,
and mucins.
• Basically the salivary proteins get and warm on the surface of tooth. If we
talk about the thickness of acquired pellicle then its range in between
100nm-1000nm within 2 hours.
• Formation of Acquired pellicle: It provide helps information off binding
site for bacterial binding.
Fig: 1.5 Acquired pellicle on tooth surface

6.
2.) Initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria
This step is further divide into 3 sub categories:
a.) Transport: now the bacteria can reach the accquired pellicle surface through the
either process of:
Chemo taxis Sedimentation
Brownian movement
through liquid flow.
(These are the main three way through which bacteria is to acquired pellicle.)
b.) Initial Adhesion: reversible in nature.
• This adhesion take place when the bacteria reaches very close to the teeth
surface.
• When it reach quite close then there are 2 type of forces that can act:
1. Vander wall
force of attraction
+++
2. Electrostatic force of
repulsion (repels the bacteria)
- - -
According to DLVO theory and Gibbs free energy:
• It is state that when vanderwall force of attraction is more as compared to the
electrostatic force of repulsion then bacteria get adhered on the the tooth
surface. so adhesion will take place on the tooth surface.
• whereas, electrostatic force of repulsion are more as compared to the
vanderwall force of attraction the bacteria will repelled and did not adhere to
the tooth surface.
• Therefore, the bacterial adhesion vanderwall force of attraction should be more
than the e- force of repulsion.
• Therefore, the bacterial adhesion vanderwall force of attraction should be more
than the electrostatic force of repulsion.
• herefore, the bacterial adhesion vanderwall force of attraction should be more
than the electrostatic force of repulsion.

7.
Fig: 1.6 Binding sites on acquired pellicle
c.) Strong attachment: irreversible in nature.
• Now come on the third category, which is the strong attachment. So once the
adhesion of bacteria has occurred on the tooth surface, the bacteria will get
strongly attached in that position.
• It happens through certain receptors which are present on acquired pellicle
(binding site)
• So/ these binding site are nothing but receptors which are then attached to
the complementary adhesion which are present on bacteria.
• They bind through lock and key mechanism and attachment of bacteria take
place.
• Example- presence of antigen I & II family (these adhesion are present on
Streptococci)
They go and bind on GP 340 receptor which is present on acquired pellicle.
3.) Colonization / plaque maturation:
• Within 2 days of undisturbed plaque, we can see that primary colonizers or
the first bacteria which are attached to the tooth and these primary
colonizers will then produce a slime layer which facilitate the secondary
colonizers to come and get attached. So this is how the plaque sample will
grow in size and in number.

8.
ig: 1.7 Co-adhesion
Fig: 1.7 Plaque maturation
• There are two mechanism by which these colonization can occur:
1. Co-adhesion
2. Co-aggregation
1. Co-adhesion:
• There are interaction which is present between the bacteria that is already
adherent to the surface. Bacteria already adherent to the tooth surface and
this adherent bacteria then get attached to the suspended for free flowing
bacteria.
Fig: 1.8 Co-adhesion
2. Co-aggregation:
• When both the bacteria are suspended or are free flowing. this interaction
of the bacteria is occurring when the both bacteria suspended hair primary
bacteria is not attached and just attached with surrounding bacteria (18)
(30) (16)
Fig: 1.9 Co-aggregation

9.
MOUTHWASH:
Mouthwashes are concentrated, clear, aqueous solution with a pleasant taste
intended to clear and deodorize the mouth or buccul cavity.
OR
Mouthwash can be defined as a medicated fluid which is used for cleansing the oral
cavity and treating mucous membrane of the oral cavity/mouth. It might also help
to softening of surface and elevated close to dental resins and composite.
Fig: 1.10- Mouthwash
• A mouthwash can be suggested as an antimicrobial, topical anti-inflammatory agent,
analgesic etc. for caries prevention.
• In Xerostomia (dry mouth), to neutralize the acid and keep the mouth moist,
some rinses act as saliva substitutes.
• There are several mouthwashes are available in market these day. Patient’s
oral condition, disease risk & efficiency and safety of mouthwash is the
major factor for selection of an appropriate mouthwash. (1) (2) (21)

10
• There are several types of mouthwashes available:
1. Antiseptic
mouthwash
Eg. Phenolic
mouthwash
2. Analgesic
mouthwash
Eg. Lidocain
hydrochloride
mouthwash
3. Bactericidal
mouthwash
Eg. Fluoride
mouthwash
4. Anticavity
mouthwash
Eg. Fluoride
rinse.
HISTORY:
• Ayurveda is credited with the first documented references to mouth
rinse, which was used to treat gingivitis.
• Greek and Roman’s accepted the mechanical cleansing of oralcavity
by mouth rinsing later.
• Hippocrates recommended a mixture of salt, alum and vinegar.
Fig: 1.11- First Listerine advertisement 1932
Fig 1.12- Sterisol mouthwash 1963

11.
Tab 1.1- Advantages & Disadvantages of Mouthwash (10) (14) (26)
S.
NO.
ADVANTAGES OF
MOUTHWASH
DISADVANTAGES OF
MOUTHWASH
1. Easy to apply It should only be used in conjunction
with mechanical plaque control.
2. Economical It does not stay in the mouth for a
long period.
3. It can reach at the places of mouth
where brushes or floss might miss.
Certain mouthwash contain high level of
alcohol From range 17%-25% that
may cause or burning sensation in
cheeks, teeth & gums.
4. It prevents dry mouth. Mouthwash can stain and darken teeth.
5. Rinses with Fluoride can help prevent
cavities.
Possible peeling of the oral mucosa.
APLICATION OF MOUTHWASH:
Fig: 1.13 Application of Mouthwash
1 Put 20ml of
mouthwash into a cup
Empty the cup into your
mouth. Don’t dilute solution
with water.
3 Put 20ml of
mouthwash into a
glass
Pour 20ml of
mouthwash into glass
5 Put 20ml of mouthwash
into a cup (21)
2
4

12.
HERBAL MOUTHWASH:
• Toothpaste and toothpowder are not same as mouthwash. The primary
purpose of toothpaste and powder is to clean the mouth, while
mouthwash are essentially deodorants and antiseptics. Aside from
that, they also assist in removing water soluble substance or loose
debris from the surface, between teeth, or from the oral cavity. (1) (2)
A good mouthwash should have following characters –
• Good and quick antiseptic action at the dilution it is used.
• Attractive flavor to impart a odour to the mouth.
• Sweet taste.
• Not much expensive.
• Non-irritant to mouth and mucous membrane.
• Non toxic
Fig: 1.14 Herbal mouthwash
The important components of mouthwash preparations are-
1. Antiseptic or antibacterial substance
2. Deodorizing agent
3. Flavour
4. Surfactant
5. Sweeteners
6. Colour
7. Vehicle (9) (24) (28)

13.
• Reddy et al., 2020, conclude that herbal Mouthwash are mouthwash which are prepared from
natural plant extract. the use of herbal mouthwash has grown advantage over chemical
mouthwash due to their non-irritant and non-staining property and it does not contain alcohol.
natural ingredient extract obtained from different plants, leave, flower, fruit, seed and various
tree oils, that are less harmful and have very minimal side effects.
• Renuka et al., 2017, reviewed that prepared herbal mouthwash has the ability to maintain good
oran hygiene on daily basis but it still it is less effective than CHX mouthwash during
treatment for oral disease like gingivitis, periodontitis, trauma etc.
• Jadhav et al., 2018, Sumirized that many popular herbal product have helped to control dental
plaque and gingivitis. they have been used for the short time and only as an adjunct o other oral
hygiene measure such as brushing and flossing. various herbal product and their extract such as
Guava, Pomegranate, Neem, Tulsi etc. have shown significant advantage over chemical
mouthwash. this review is an attempt to outline such natural extract which may be used as
effective mouthwash and play vital role to cure oral diseases.
• Mehta et al., 2013, reviews that Plaque accumulation and oral microorganisms are the main
predisposing factors to various orodental infections and targeting these, therefore, can prove to
be an effective way of combating these diseases. Herbal extracts have been of particular
interest these days owing to various side effects associated with conventional modes of
treatment. Herbal alternatives can prove to be an effective and safe alternative to conventional
modes of treatment.
• Nayak et al., 2010, conclude that Terminalia Chebula Is one that is beneficial herb possessing a
wide spectrum of medicinal benefits. Tannic acid is bactericidal or bacteriostatic to some gram
positive and ground negative pathogens hence it recorded that mouthwash contains T. Chibula
are effective against Streptococcus mutans amd salivary pH at various time interval.
• Gupta et al., 2015, conclude that result indicate that herbal mouthwash may prove to be an
effective agent against various dental problems having ability to reduce plaque level,
especially in low socio-economic strata.
• Suke et al., 2016, recorded that TRP(triphala) decrease in inflammation of gums. because
improvement in gingivitis was comparable with that of CHX mouthwash. TRP mouthwash can
be considered as a more potential therapeutic agent in treatment of gingivitis.

14.
• Dhobholkar et al., 2013, conclude that Harbor mouthwash that contain pomegranate exhibit
antimicrobial activity against the biofilm forming organism but a varying concentration. it also
effective against gingivitis and cure plaque. Although CHX still continuous to be the gold
standard, pomegranate containing or herbal mouthwash can be easily substituted for a long
term use, with avoiding side effect of CHX.
• Guintu et al., 2013, review that Guava leaves mouthwash was effective for aphthous
ulcer in term of reduction of symptoms of pain and faster reduction of of ulcer size with
antiplaque activity. The control of biofilm adherence on tooth surface has always been
the keystone of periodontal therapeutic systems. However, prevalence of gingivitis
suggest inadequacy of self-performed oral hygiene measures and need for adjunctive aid
for mechanical plaque control. Herbal products have been used widely reflecting its
action as alternative and complementary remedy. Hence, the purpose of the present
study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of a Guava leaf extract
based mouthrinse in patients with chronic generalized gingivitis as an adjunct to oral
prophylaxis.
• Ahmed et al., 2018, concluded to formulate and evaluate herbal mouthwash and to evaluate its
effectiveness against microbial load of oral cavity. plant material collection and extracted
water-soluble ingredient and then prepared mouthwash was further evaluated for its
physicochemical properties and microbial activities. the present mouthwash possess a good
antibacterial property and is a liquid preparation which normally contains antibacterial,
antiseptic and anti plaque activity.
• Jaidka et al., 2014, reviews that prepared mouthwash displayed anti plaque, anti gingivitis, and
antimicrobial activity. the maximum effectiveness seen in herbal mouthwash that contain
guava, pomegranate. while mimi in chemical mouthwash that contain chlorhexidine
mouthwash.
• Cai et al., 2020, summarise that herbal mouthwash have potential benefit in plaque and
inflammation control as supplement to the daily oral hygiene of patient with gingivitis. Also
the botanical product can be considered as a promising field for the treatment of gingivitis and
maintain oral hygiene.
• Parashar et al., 2015, conclude that many oral conditions required use of mouthwash which can
vary from oral malodour to periodontal disease to treatment of secondary infection like oral
mucositis. mouthwash may be recommended as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory agent, a
topical analgesic for caries prevention. many different mouthwash available now a days and
selection of an appropriate mouth was depend on the oral condition of patient.

15.
AIM
Formulation and evaluation of anti-plaque herbal mouthwash-
OBJECTIVE – Some major goal/objective to go with this herbal formulation are the
following:
• Natural mouthwash uses time-tested ingredients.
• Natural mouthwash is gentle for even the most sensitive mouths.
• Natural mouthwash has naturally antibacterial properties.
• Natural mouthwash contains no harsh additives.
• Natural mouthwash contains no “mystery” ingredients.
• Natural mouthwash helps keep your mouth (and body) healthy.
• Not contain any type of chemical so it's free from side effects for body.

16.
MATERIAL REQUERED
Tab 4.1- Material required
S.
No.
Name of
ingredient
Biological
source
Description & use Photo
1. Peppermint
oil:
Extracted
from stem,
leaves and
flowering part
of mentha
piperita Linn
~Labitae
• Antiviral
• Bactericidal
activity
• Analgesic and
counter irritant
• In bad breath
• Pungent and
refreshing odour
of mouth
Fig. 4.1- peppermint
leaves (25)
2. Clove oil: Dried flower
bud of
Eugenia
Caryophyllus.
~myrtaceae
• Banishes bad
breath
• Kicking out tooth
pain
• In infection
• Use as skin care
• Use for Diabetic
petients
Fig. 4.2- cloves (25)

3. Tea tree oil: extracted from
leaves of
melaleuca
alternifolia
~myrtle
• Bactericidal
(plaque causing)
• Fight against gum
that cause tooth
decay and bad
breath.
Fig. 4.3- tea tree oil(29)
4. Tulsi
powder:
dried leaves of
ocimum
tenuiflorum
~Lamiaceae
• In ulcer and
infection of
mouth.
• Teeth disorder.
• Counteracting
bad breath and for
massaging gums. Fig. 4.4- tulsi leaves(15)
5. Neem
powder:
extracted from
leaves of
Azadirachta
indica
~Meliaceae
• Fight against
bacterial and
fungal infection.
• Treat gingivitis
and other oral
infection because
it inhibits the
formation of
plaque. Fig. 4.5 Neem leaves (17)
(20)
6. Fig powder: Dried and ripe
fruit of Ficus
carica
~Moraceae
• Treat mouth ulcer
& gum
inflammation.
• Treat plaque
Fig. 4.6- fig (29)

7. Guava Extracted from • Antiplaque
activity.
• Mouth sores.
• Antiseptic
• Cure bleeding of
gum.
• Mouth ulcers
leaves: leaves of
Psidium
guajava Linn.
~myrtaceae
Fig. 4.7- guava (9)
(11)
8. Sesame oil: Obtained from • Provide
Fig. 4.8- sesame
(25)
refining the strengthening to
expressed or tooth, gum and
extracted oil
from the seed
jaw.
of sesamum
indicum Linn.
• Prevent tooth
decay and
~Pedaliaceae
bleeding gum.
• Bactericidal
9. Lemon Fruit of citrus
limon Linn.
~Rutaecea
• Provide
Fig. 4.9- lemon (25)
powder: immunity.
• Reduce viral
infection.
• PVP-1 is known
to be useful for
oral care.
10. Fennel: Dried ripe fruit
of Foeniculum
vulgare.
~Umbellifera
• Aromatic effect
and treat bad
breath
• Antifungal.
• Anti-bacterial. Fig. 4.10- fennel (29)
18.

11. Ajwain: Dried ripe fruit
of
Trachyspermu
m ammi.
~Umbellifeae
• Reduce pain.
• Anti-
inflammatory.
• Fighting bacteria
and fungi.
Fig. 4.11- ajwain
12 Pomegranat
e:
Ripe fruit of
plant of punica
granatum L.
• Antimicrobial
• Anti-cariogenic
Fig. 4.12-
pomegranate (23)
~Punicaceae • Use in treatment
of dental plaque.
• It was found to
significantly
improve clinical
sign of chronic
periodontitis.
• Reduce the
chances of
developing tooth
decay and gum
disease.
13 Miswak: Extract from
shrub of
salvadora
persica L.
~Salvodoracea
e
• Decreasing
gingivitis
formation.
• Inhibition of
dental plaque
formation.
Fig. 4.13- Miswak
(29)
• Stop bleeding of
gums.
• Improvement in
different indices
of oral hygiene.
19.

• Refreshing
aftertaste.
14 Scotch
marigold /
Pot
marigold:
obtained from
the flower of
calendula
Officinalis
• Reducing dental
plaque.
• Used in
gingivitis.
• Having
antimicrobial
activity.
• Ability of wound
healing.
• Anti-
inflammatory.
• Anti-oxidant.
• Anti-mutagenic
activity
~Asteraceae
Fig. 4.14- Pot
marigold (19)
15 Eucalyptus: Obtained from
leaves of
eucalyptus
globulus.
• Antibacterial.
• Antifungal.
Fig. 4.15-
Eucalyptus (25)
~Myrtaceae • Antiseptic.
• Stimulant
property which
both circulation
and speed up the
healing process.
• Combating with
oral infection and
mouth ulcer.
20.

16 Cinnamon
Bark:
Obtained
from the dried
inner bark of
cinnamomum
zeylanicum
Nees.
~Lauraceae
• Astringent.
• Antimicrobial.
• Antiseptic.
• Reduce surface
inflammation and
irritation.
• It is widely
recognised as
painkiller and has
long been used to
soothe toothache.
Fig. 4.16- Cinnamon
(25)
17 Benzoic
acid:
Benzoic acid
naturally
occurs in
cranberries,
strawberries,
Apples and
yogurts.
• Use as
preservative.
Fig. 4.17-
Benzoic acid (25)
18 Coco
glucoside:
This ingredient
is naturally occ
urring, and can
be derived
from coconut
oil.
~Arecaceae
• Coco-glucoside is
a non-ionic
surfactant.
• It is very mild
compared to
traditional anionic
surfactants.
Fig. 4.18- coco
glucoside (25)
19 Edile apple
green
colour
powder:
Naturally
obtained from
green apple.
• Use as a
colouring agent.
Fig. 4.19- edible apple
green colour powder
21.

22.
20. Terminalia
chebula /
harar:
Myrobalan is
the mature
dried fruits of
terminalia
chebula.
~Combretacea
e
• It is a good
astringent
dentifrice in loose
gum.
• Inhibit bleeding
and ulceration in
gum.
• Change in
microbial count
in saliva.
Fig. 4.20- T. Chebula
• Have ability to
change buffering
capacity of saliva.
(8)
21. Triphala: Obtained from
whole plant of
Solanum
xanthocarpum.
~Solanaceae
• Oral rinses made
from TRP are
used in
periodontal
therapy.
• TRP is one of
these with the
wide spectrum of
activity.
• Acc. To Sushruta
Samhita, it can be
used as gargling
agent in dental
diseases.
Fig. 4.21- Triphala
(25)
• Give relief in
toothache.

23.
EQUIPEMNT’S REQUERED (6)
Tab 4.2- Equipment required
S.No. Apparatus or Equipment Use
1. Incubator Grow and maintain
microbiological culture
2. Water bath Maintain sample in water
at constant temp.
3. Weighing balance To weigh the ingredients
4. Petri dish To hold growth medium
5. Measuring cylinder For measuring

24.
Leaves should be weighed &washed dried for 24hr and then
grinded to form powder.
Leaf powder should be boiled in sterile water for 15min by
keeping it in water bath and then filtered.
Then oils are needed to be add in to the mixture prepared. (Drop
by drop)
Edible food colour is mixed with it.
Preservatives and other remaining excipients should be added.
The prepared herbal mouthwash has to be prepared.
METHOD OF PREPARATION: (13) (19)

25.
EVALUATION PARAMETERS:
1. Colour and odour: Physical parameters like odour and colour were examined
by visual examination.
2. pH: pH of prepared herbal mouthwash was measured by using digital pH meter.
• The pH meter was calibrated using standard buffer solution then required
amount of mouthwash was weighed and dissolved in distilled water and its
pH was measured.
• pH range of a mouthwash should be in the rage of 4.3 – 5.9
3. Test for microbial growth in formulated mouthwash- The formulated
mouthwash was inoculated in the agar plate containing suitable media by streak
plate method and a control was prepared.
• The plates were placed in the incubator and are incubated at 37°C for 24
hours. After the incubation period plates were taken out and checked for
microbial growth by comparing it with the control.
4. Total solid content: TSC is measured by refractometery. to this end, we used
3 drop of each sample to obtain the bricks value by using a specific field of
refractometer.
5. Foaming ability - Foam test procedure is generated by beating the test solution
in a stationary cylinder with a perforated disk attached to a stem.
• Volume and stability of the foam are determined by measuring the amount
immediately after beating and after prolonged standing, and compared with
those of known products.
Procedure; solution is poured into the measuring cylinder (care being taken to
avoid foaming). The cylinder contents are foamed by moving the plunger up and
down 60 times at an even rate for 1 min. After 1 min the plunger is taken out. The
amount of foam in ml between the top of the liquid column and the upper foam
surface is measured immediately, after test at equal time interval and is noted
down.

26.
6. Viscosity: apparatus used: cannon-fenske capillary viscometer.
• We determined the time "t" in second "s" for a particular volume of
liquid to flow through capillary of a calibrated with computer by
gravity. This all processor done at room temperature. Then the Kinetic
viscosity was calculated by mean of standard equation.
v=k.t
where;
k is constant 0.2326mm²s²
t is time in seconds
v is viscosity
• final connector with copper t was given by mean of 3 measurement. (6)
(7) (13) (19) (20) (24)

27.
DESIGN FORMULATION
Table 4.3- herbal mouthwash formulation: 1
S.No. Ingredient Properties
1. Pomegranate Antimicrobial, Anti cariogenic, Use in treatment of
dental plaque, anti-inflammatory property.
2. Clove oil Act as analgesic (kick out tooth pain), Antibacterial,
Antimicrobial. Combats infections.
3. Tee tree oil Kill bacteria, used for its antimicrobial properties,
remove yeast infection and Antimicrobial.
4. Tulsi powder Antioxidant, relieve in cough and respiratory
problems, countering bad breath, treat mouth ulcer.
5. Fennel extract Prevent bad breath, Antiseptic property, also used
for upper respiratory tract infections, coughs
bronchitis and in visual problems.
6. Peppermint oil Effective against anaerobic bacteria, anti-microbial,
in bad breath, bactericidal.
7. Lemon powder Provide immunity, Reduce viral infection, anti-
inflammatory, anti-bacterial.
8. Benzoic acid Used as preservative.
9. Coco glucoside Used as surfactant.
10. Purified water To make the volume of formulation.

Table 4.28- herbal mouthwash formulation:
28.
S. NO. Ingredients Properties
1. Guava leaves Prevent dental plaque and caries, use as an astringent,
cure bleeding gum and ulcers, also act as antiseptic.
2. Clove oil Act as analgesic (kick out tooth pain), Antibacterial,
Antimicrobial. Combats infections.
3. Sesame oil Provide strengthening to tooth, gum and jaw, prevent
tooth decay and bleeding gum, act as bactericidal.
4. Fennel Prevent bad breath, Antiseptic property, also used for
upper respiratory tract infections, coughs bronchitis.
5. Neem leaves Provide immunity, Reduce viral infection, anti-
6. Ajwain Reduce pain, anti-inflammatory, Fighting bacterial and
fungi.
9. Edible apple green
colour powder
Colouring agent.
10. Purified water To make up the final volume.

Table 4.29 - herbal mouthwash formulation:
29.
1. Fig powder Treat mouth ulcer & gum inflammation, Treat dental
plaque.
2. Miswak Decreasing gingivitis formation, Inhibition of dental
plaque formation, Stop bleeding of gums.
3. Eucalyptus Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiseptic, Stimulant
property which both circulation and speed up the
healing process, Combating with oral infection and
mouth ulcer.
4. Neem leaves Fight against bacterial and fungal infection, treat
gingivitis and other oral infection because it inhibits
the formation of plaque.
5. T. Chebula It is a good astringent dentifrice in loose gum, Inhibit
bleeding and ulceration in gum, Change in microbial
count in saliva.
colour powder
Colouring agent.

30.
Table 4.6 - herbal mouthwash formulation: 4
1. Scotch marigold /
Pot marigold
Reducing dental plaque, used in gingivitis, having
antimicrobial activity, Ability of wound healing. Anti-
inflammatory.
2. Cinnamon bark Astringent, Antimicrobial, Antiseptic, Reduce surface
inflammation and irritation. It is widely recognised as
painkiller and has long been used to soothe toothache.
3. Triphala Oral rinses made from TRP are used in periodontal
therapy, it is one of these with the wide spectrum of
activity. Give relief in toothache.
4. Fennel Prevent bad breath, Antiseptic property, also used for
upper respiratory tract infections, coughs bronchitis.
5. Lemon powder Provide immunity, Reduce viral infection, anti-
6. Neem powder Provide immunity, Reduce viral infection, anti-
colour powder
Colouring agent.

31.
• Product name: Crest pro-health multi protection
mouthwash.
• Manufactured by:Crest American brand American
multinational Procter & gamble
• Key ingredient:mint, winter green
• Treat:gingivitis and plaque
• Product name: Colgate Plax
• Manufactured by: Colgate
• Key ingredient: Mint, Camellia Sinensis
• Treat: Reduce gingivitis & Plaque
Fig: 5.1- Crest pro-health multi
protection Mouthwash
Fig: 5.2- Colgate Plax Mouthwash
Fig: 5.3- Listerine cool mint
alcoholic Mouthwash
• Product name: Listerine cool mint zero alcohol
mouthwash
• Manufactured by: Johnson & Johnson
• Key ingredient: mint
• Treat: Bad breath, antiseptic
Fig: 5.4- COP-O-FRESH
antibacterial Mouthwash
• Product name: CIP-O-FRESH antibacterial
mouthwash
• Manufactured by: Cipla
• Key ingredient: peppermint, CHX
• Treat: tooth decay and bad breath

32.
• Product name: Biqol Mouthwash
• Manufactured by: Across Laboratory Private Limited
• Key ingredient: Benzydamine
• Treat: Reduce mouth& gum inflammation and Pain
Fig: 5.5- Biqol Mouthwash
• Product name:Bioayurveda anti-bacterial germ
defence mouthwash
• Manufactured by:BIOAYURVEDA
• Key ingredient:Basil, turmeric, clove, mint, ginger.
• Treat: anti-bacterial, anti-cavity and treat bad breath.
Fig: 5.6- Bioayurveda anti-
bacterial germ defence Mouthwash

33.
• Dental plaque is complex biofilm that accumulates on the surface of teeth,
containing more than 500 bacterial species.
• The dental plaque is produced by initial colonizing bacteria in the salivary
film of enamel, followed by secondary colonization through antibacterial
adhesion.
• Mechanical plaque control techniques are time consuming and require
motivation and skill to be performed well; hence antimicrobial agents have
been employed extensively as an adjunct to mechanical cleaning. Several
antimicrobial chemical agents like chlorhexidine have been used, but these
artificial drugs have unpleasant side effects, so today we pay more attention
to herbal drugs.
• Neem bark and leaf are used to treat and prevent the onset of many dental
disorders since ancient time.
• Cloves hows analgesic and anti-inflammatory property. Cinnamon has
antioxidant property, bactericidal and anti-inflammatory property.
• Glycirrhiza is an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and demulcent. These natural
ingredients and many more can be used to treat various oral problems.
• Tulsi has also proven to be very effective in preventing halitosis. It’s anti-
inflammatory property makes it a suitable treatment for gingivitis and
periodontitis. The antibacterial and antimicrobial properties of the
mouthwashes can prevent the growth of cavity causing bacteria, reduce
plaque, fight bad breath and keep the teeth and gums strong and healthy.
• Hence demand for herbal mouthwash is growing worldwide due to its
nontoxic property and is economic.

ANTI PLAQUE SEMI HERBAL MOUTHWASH

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