This document discusses various dental products used to treat dental issues and promote oral hygiene. It describes three main categories of dental products: antiplaque agents which prevent plaque formation, such as chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine; anticaries agents which prevent tooth decay, such as fluorides; and dentifrices like toothpastes. Fluorides are effective anticaries agents as they help strengthen tooth enamel by incorporating fluoride ions to form fluoride-resistant hydroxyapatite crystals. Chlorhexidine is a commonly used antiplaque agent that binds to bacterial surfaces and cell membranes to kill plaque-causing bacteria.
The document discusses various dental products used for oral health including antiplaque agents like chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine, anticaries agents like fluorides, and dentifrices. It provides details on the composition, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of these agents. The goal of these products is to inhibit plaque formation, prevent dental caries, and promote oral hygiene.
This presentation will help you to gain knowledge about all dental preparations. From plaque to mouthwash, everything is included but in a nutshell. Thank you.
This document discusses common oral health problems and their causes and treatments. It covers dental plaque, calculus, gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries, hypersensitivity, staining, malodor, dry mouth, ulcers, and types of oral preparations like toothpastes and mouthwashes. Dental plaque builds up and leads to calculus formation, which can cause gum disease. Tooth decay occurs when acids from plaque dissolve tooth enamel. Periodontitis is a serious gum infection causing bone loss. Various formulations are provided as examples to address issues like cavities, plaque, sensitivity, and breath freshening.
A comprehensive guideline about plaque and plaque control. How plaque is formed , stages , ad what are the ways through which it can be controlled. Mechanically and chemically. Pit and fissure sealants and caries activity test
Preventive Dentistry and Early Caries Detectionghidalawand
This document discusses various methods for preventing dental caries and detecting early caries, including:
1. Methods to reduce demineralizing factors like limiting cariogenic foods and improving oral hygiene through toothbrushing and flossing.
2. Methods to increase protective factors like using fluorides, antimicrobial agents, pit and fissure sealants, and genetically modified foods.
3. Techniques for early caries detection including visual, tactile, radiographic, laser fluorescence, and electrical methods to identify lesions before cavitation occurs. Preventive strategies and early detection are important for stopping the progression of dental caries.
This document discusses cariology, the study of dental caries. It defines dental caries as a disease caused by bacteria in dental plaque that leads to demineralization of tooth structure. Key factors in the development of caries include the formation of dental biofilm, bacterial production of acid, and the resulting shift in mineral equilibrium that dissolves tooth material over time. The document examines several theories on the etiology of caries and outlines the multifactorial nature of the disease. It also discusses various methods for caries prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Periodontal disease is a progressive inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth caused by bacterial plaque. It has four stages ranging from gingivitis to advanced bone and tissue loss. The pathogenesis involves the host inflammatory response to bacterial toxins and enzymes that destroy periodontal tissues. Clinical signs include bad breath, bleeding gums, loose teeth, and bone loss. Treatment consists of nonsurgical approaches like scaling and root planing as well as surgical procedures such as flap surgery, bone grafting, and guided tissue regeneration to regenerate lost tissues.
This document discusses various dental products used to treat dental issues and promote oral hygiene. It describes three main categories of dental products: antiplaque agents which prevent plaque formation, such as chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine; anticaries agents which prevent tooth decay, such as fluorides; and dentifrices like toothpastes. Fluorides are effective anticaries agents as they help strengthen tooth enamel by incorporating fluoride ions to form fluoride-resistant hydroxyapatite crystals. Chlorhexidine is a commonly used antiplaque agent that binds to bacterial surfaces and cell membranes to kill plaque-causing bacteria.
The document discusses various dental products used for oral health including antiplaque agents like chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine, anticaries agents like fluorides, and dentifrices. It provides details on the composition, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of these agents. The goal of these products is to inhibit plaque formation, prevent dental caries, and promote oral hygiene.
This presentation will help you to gain knowledge about all dental preparations. From plaque to mouthwash, everything is included but in a nutshell. Thank you.
This document discusses common oral health problems and their causes and treatments. It covers dental plaque, calculus, gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries, hypersensitivity, staining, malodor, dry mouth, ulcers, and types of oral preparations like toothpastes and mouthwashes. Dental plaque builds up and leads to calculus formation, which can cause gum disease. Tooth decay occurs when acids from plaque dissolve tooth enamel. Periodontitis is a serious gum infection causing bone loss. Various formulations are provided as examples to address issues like cavities, plaque, sensitivity, and breath freshening.
A comprehensive guideline about plaque and plaque control. How plaque is formed , stages , ad what are the ways through which it can be controlled. Mechanically and chemically. Pit and fissure sealants and caries activity test
Preventive Dentistry and Early Caries Detectionghidalawand
This document discusses various methods for preventing dental caries and detecting early caries, including:
1. Methods to reduce demineralizing factors like limiting cariogenic foods and improving oral hygiene through toothbrushing and flossing.
2. Methods to increase protective factors like using fluorides, antimicrobial agents, pit and fissure sealants, and genetically modified foods.
3. Techniques for early caries detection including visual, tactile, radiographic, laser fluorescence, and electrical methods to identify lesions before cavitation occurs. Preventive strategies and early detection are important for stopping the progression of dental caries.
This document discusses cariology, the study of dental caries. It defines dental caries as a disease caused by bacteria in dental plaque that leads to demineralization of tooth structure. Key factors in the development of caries include the formation of dental biofilm, bacterial production of acid, and the resulting shift in mineral equilibrium that dissolves tooth material over time. The document examines several theories on the etiology of caries and outlines the multifactorial nature of the disease. It also discusses various methods for caries prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Periodontal disease is a progressive inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth caused by bacterial plaque. It has four stages ranging from gingivitis to advanced bone and tissue loss. The pathogenesis involves the host inflammatory response to bacterial toxins and enzymes that destroy periodontal tissues. Clinical signs include bad breath, bleeding gums, loose teeth, and bone loss. Treatment consists of nonsurgical approaches like scaling and root planing as well as surgical procedures such as flap surgery, bone grafting, and guided tissue regeneration to regenerate lost tissues.
A complete detailed lecture on antiplaque Shani herbal mouthwash PDF.
You'll read all details about semi herbal mouthwash.
From introduction to refrence we write all for you.
Have a good study good luck
The document discusses the structure of teeth and common oral health problems. It describes the distinct parts of a tooth including the crown, root, and neck. Important structures within teeth like enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity are also outlined. Common oral issues explained include dental caries, periodontal diseases, dental staining, oral malodor, dentinal hypersensitivity, dry mouth, and dental calculus. Treatment options for these problems focus on reducing bacteria, remineralizing teeth, and removing plaque and calculus deposits.
Chemical plaque control methods by using oral rinse. Dental plaque is defined clinically as a structured resilient , yellow greyish
substance that adheres tenaciously to the intra oral hard surfaces including
removable and fixed restoration .
◦ The tough extra cellular matrix makes it impossible to remove plaque by rinsing or
with the use of sprays .
◦ “ Plaque Control ” is the removal of microbial plaque and the prevention of its
accumulation on the teeth and adjacent gingival tissues. Chemical antimicrobial agents, such as chlorhexidine and essential oils, can be used to disinfect the patient’s mouth
and control infection. These oral rinses may be continued indefinitely. Staining of teeth and taste alteration are side
effects that may limit the use of these products.
◦ Reinforcement of daily plaque biofilm control practices and routine visits to the dental office for maintenance care
are essential to successful microbial plaque biofilm control and the long-term success of therapy.All patients require the regular use of a toothbrush, either manual or electric, at least once per day. The brushing
method should emphasize access to the gingival margins (dento– gingival junction) of all accessible tooth
surfaces, referred to as targeted hygiene, and extension as far onto the proximal surfaces as possible.
◦ Dental floss should be used in all interdental spaces that are filled with gingiva Interdental aids such as
interproximal brushes, wooden tips, rubber tips, or toothpicks should be used in all areas where the toothbrush
and floss techniques cannot adequately remove the plaque biofilm. This includes large embrasure spaces and
furcation areas as well as the mesial surface of the maxillary first bicuspid, which presents a concavity on the
root surface near the cemento enamel junction.
◦ Daily at-home subgingival irrigation is useful for reduction of inflammation and maintenance for patients with
residual deep pockets and those who struggle with mechanical interproximal cleaning devices. The effectiveness
of irrigation is enhanced by the addition of a chlorhexidine or essential oil rinse as an irrigants.
Caries control requires the daily use of a dentifrice with low concentration fluoride. Topical oral rinses and gels with
higher concentrations of fluoride should be used if the patient demonstrates caries risk, and chlorhexidine rinses
should be used in a caries risk management program for patients at high risk for caries.
This document provides information on various types of oral infections and their treatment. It discusses periodontitis, gingivitis, dental plaque, dental caries, periapical abscesses, sinusitis of dental origin, pericoronitis, and periimplantitis. For each condition, it describes the bacteria involved, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment approaches such as debridement, antibiotics, and surgery. Common treatments involve removing bacterial biofilms, draining abscesses, and using antibiotics to control infectious bacterial loads while the body's defenses work to restore homeostasis.
This document provides information on various types of oral infections and their treatment. It discusses periodontitis, gingivitis, dental plaque, dental caries, periapical abscesses, sinusitis of dental origin, pericoronitis, and periimplantitis. For each condition, it describes the bacteria involved, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment approaches such as debridement, antibiotics, and surgery. Common treatments involve removing bacterial biofilms, prescribing antibiotics, and surgically draining abscesses to resolve infections and protect the tissues that support teeth.
Chlorhexidine is widely considered one of the most effective antiplaque agents. As a cationic bisbiguanide, it is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria through disruption of the bacterial cell membrane. It exhibits both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties depending on concentration. Chlorhexidine also prevents plaque formation through inhibition of bacterial adhesion to tooth surfaces and competition for calcium ions necessary for plaque aggregation. While effective, it can potentially cause tooth staining at high concentrations or dosages. Enzymes also show promise as antiplaque agents by breaking down plaque matrices and exhibiting bactericidal effects.
The document discusses different types of mouthwashes, their uses, and key ingredients. Fluoride mouthwashes help prevent decay and are recommended for children with orthodontic treatments or high caries risk. Antiplaque mouthwashes inhibit bacterial plaque formation and prevent or resolve gingivitis, though they cannot treat existing periodontal disease. Popular antiplaque mouthwashes contain essential oils, oxygenating agents, or bisguanide antiseptics like chlorhexidine which has strong antiplaque properties due to substantivity. However, chlorhexidine can stain teeth brown and encourage calculus formation. The document also cautions that alcohol in many mouthwashes may increase oral cancer risks if consumed frequently.
1. The document discusses soft deposits that form on teeth, including the acquired pellicle, dental biofilm, materia alba, and food debris.
2. The acquired pellicle is a translucent film that forms immediately after tooth cleaning from salivary glycoproteins. It allows for bacterial adhesion and calculus attachment.
3. Dental biofilm is a dense, non-mineralized mass of bacteria and other microorganisms embedded in a matrix. It develops in stages and can cause gingivitis if left undisturbed.
The document discusses dental plaque and methods for plaque control. It describes dental plaque as a soft, sticky deposit that builds up on teeth and can harden into calculus if not removed. Proper plaque control is important for oral health and involves both mechanical and chemical methods. Mechanical plaque control includes brushing, flossing, and interdental aids, while chemical control uses mouthwashes and toothpastes containing ingredients like fluoride and chlorhexidine. Maintaining regular plaque removal is key to preventing periodontal disease.
This document provides information about dental caries (tooth decay). It defines dental caries, describes the carious process and pathological changes involved. It discusses the epidemiology of dental caries, including prevalence, incidence, and indices used to measure caries activity. Risk factors for dental caries like location and surface of teeth are presented. The roles of microorganisms, substrates, teeth susceptibility, and time in the development of caries are explained. Details about dental plaque as the medium for caries development are provided.
This document summarizes a study that compared the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes in preventing dental decay. The study reviewed 4 eligible studies and found that pit and fissure sealants were more effective than fluoride varnishes at preventing decay based on results from one high-quality split-mouth study and one cluster-randomized study. However, the results could not be combined due to clinical and methodological differences between the studies. In conclusion, pit and fissure sealants were shown to be more effective than fluoride varnishes for preventing decay on occlusal surfaces.
This document discusses various methods for preventing dental caries. It describes topical protection measures like fissure sealants, fluoride varnish, and preventive resin restoration. Fissure sealants involve sealing pits and fissures with resin to make the surfaces non-retentive. Fluoride varnish is painted on teeth to allow remineralization and reduces smooth surface caries by 18-70%. Preventive resin restoration minimally removes decay and seals remaining pits and fissures. The document also discusses atraumatic restorative treatment, laser light applications, and systemic fluoride administration through water fluoridation or supplements to strengthen enamel and inhibit bacteria.
Dental caries is caused by the interaction of four main factors: the tooth, dental plaque, diet, and time. Dental plaque is a soft biofilm containing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans that produce acid from sugars in the diet, causing demineralization of tooth enamel and leading to cavities. Diet plays a key role, as frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates like sucrose promotes acid production. Other factors like saliva, fluoride, socioeconomic status, and education can also influence risk. Dental caries is diagnosed visually, tactilely, and radiographically and can be classified based on location, extent, and rate of progression. Prevention focuses on reducing sugar intake, maintaining oral hygiene to
The document summarizes strategies for controlling dental caries, including fluoride treatment, reducing sugary food consumption, applying pit and fissure sealants, caries vaccination, and maintaining good oral hygiene. It describes the stages of dental caries, provides details on various fluoride treatment methods, and emphasizes reducing sugary snacks and drinks, increasing anticariogenic foods, and the benefits of pit and fissure sealants. The document also discusses caries vaccination routes and maintaining oral hygiene through regular brushing, flossing, and dental visits.
Disorders of Upper GIT system ppt (3).pptAbdiWakjira2
Dental plaque and caries are caused by bacteria in the mouth that metabolize sugars to produce acids. These acids demineralize tooth enamel over time, leading to cavities and damage. Proper oral hygiene through brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings can help remove plaque and prevent caries. Dietary choices like limiting sugar intake and drinking fluoridated water also reduce risk. Left untreated, caries can progress to pulpitis, abscesses, or tooth loss. Gingivitis is a mild form of gum inflammation due to plaque that can be reversed, while periodontitis involves deeper infection and bone loss requiring treatment to stop progression.
Dental Caries ; A Presentation by- MunabbiRMunabbir31
Dental caries, or tooth decay, is a microbial disease caused by bacteria in the mouth that leads to demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. Key factors for development of caries include cariogenic bacteria, bacterial plaque, fermentable carbohydrates, and susceptible tooth surfaces. Symptoms may include tooth sensitivity, pain, and visible cavities. Diagnosis involves visual examination and sometimes x-rays. Treatment depends on the severity but may include fillings, root canals, extractions, or replacements like bridges or implants. Maintaining good oral hygiene through regular brushing and cleanings can help prevent caries.
Chemical plaque control /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Chemical plaque control /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Plaque is a soft biofilm that forms on teeth and needs to be removed daily by brushing and flossing to prevent health issues. The document discusses various methods for controlling plaque, including mechanical removal with toothbrushes and floss, as well as chemical agents found in toothpaste and mouthwashes that can help inhibit plaque formation. Key ingredients in toothpaste like fluoride, abrasives, and detergents aid in plaque removal and prevention of cavities, while mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine or essential oils reduce existing plaque and gingivitis. Proper plaque control is important for periodontal and dental health.
1) White spot lesions are areas of demineralized enamel that usually develop due to prolonged plaque accumulation around fixed orthodontic appliances.
2) The prevalence of white spot lesions arising during fixed appliance therapy can range from 2-96% depending on the study. Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, inappropriate diet, and lack of preventive measures.
3) Strategies to prevent white spot lesions include the use of high-fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish applications twice per year, chlorhexidine rinses for 2 weeks, xylitol gum chewing, and products containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate.
A complete detailed lecture on antiplaque Shani herbal mouthwash PDF.
You'll read all details about semi herbal mouthwash.
From introduction to refrence we write all for you.
Have a good study good luck
The document discusses the structure of teeth and common oral health problems. It describes the distinct parts of a tooth including the crown, root, and neck. Important structures within teeth like enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity are also outlined. Common oral issues explained include dental caries, periodontal diseases, dental staining, oral malodor, dentinal hypersensitivity, dry mouth, and dental calculus. Treatment options for these problems focus on reducing bacteria, remineralizing teeth, and removing plaque and calculus deposits.
Chemical plaque control methods by using oral rinse. Dental plaque is defined clinically as a structured resilient , yellow greyish
substance that adheres tenaciously to the intra oral hard surfaces including
removable and fixed restoration .
◦ The tough extra cellular matrix makes it impossible to remove plaque by rinsing or
with the use of sprays .
◦ “ Plaque Control ” is the removal of microbial plaque and the prevention of its
accumulation on the teeth and adjacent gingival tissues. Chemical antimicrobial agents, such as chlorhexidine and essential oils, can be used to disinfect the patient’s mouth
and control infection. These oral rinses may be continued indefinitely. Staining of teeth and taste alteration are side
effects that may limit the use of these products.
◦ Reinforcement of daily plaque biofilm control practices and routine visits to the dental office for maintenance care
are essential to successful microbial plaque biofilm control and the long-term success of therapy.All patients require the regular use of a toothbrush, either manual or electric, at least once per day. The brushing
method should emphasize access to the gingival margins (dento– gingival junction) of all accessible tooth
surfaces, referred to as targeted hygiene, and extension as far onto the proximal surfaces as possible.
◦ Dental floss should be used in all interdental spaces that are filled with gingiva Interdental aids such as
interproximal brushes, wooden tips, rubber tips, or toothpicks should be used in all areas where the toothbrush
and floss techniques cannot adequately remove the plaque biofilm. This includes large embrasure spaces and
furcation areas as well as the mesial surface of the maxillary first bicuspid, which presents a concavity on the
root surface near the cemento enamel junction.
◦ Daily at-home subgingival irrigation is useful for reduction of inflammation and maintenance for patients with
residual deep pockets and those who struggle with mechanical interproximal cleaning devices. The effectiveness
of irrigation is enhanced by the addition of a chlorhexidine or essential oil rinse as an irrigants.
Caries control requires the daily use of a dentifrice with low concentration fluoride. Topical oral rinses and gels with
higher concentrations of fluoride should be used if the patient demonstrates caries risk, and chlorhexidine rinses
should be used in a caries risk management program for patients at high risk for caries.
This document provides information on various types of oral infections and their treatment. It discusses periodontitis, gingivitis, dental plaque, dental caries, periapical abscesses, sinusitis of dental origin, pericoronitis, and periimplantitis. For each condition, it describes the bacteria involved, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment approaches such as debridement, antibiotics, and surgery. Common treatments involve removing bacterial biofilms, draining abscesses, and using antibiotics to control infectious bacterial loads while the body's defenses work to restore homeostasis.
This document provides information on various types of oral infections and their treatment. It discusses periodontitis, gingivitis, dental plaque, dental caries, periapical abscesses, sinusitis of dental origin, pericoronitis, and periimplantitis. For each condition, it describes the bacteria involved, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment approaches such as debridement, antibiotics, and surgery. Common treatments involve removing bacterial biofilms, prescribing antibiotics, and surgically draining abscesses to resolve infections and protect the tissues that support teeth.
Chlorhexidine is widely considered one of the most effective antiplaque agents. As a cationic bisbiguanide, it is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria through disruption of the bacterial cell membrane. It exhibits both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties depending on concentration. Chlorhexidine also prevents plaque formation through inhibition of bacterial adhesion to tooth surfaces and competition for calcium ions necessary for plaque aggregation. While effective, it can potentially cause tooth staining at high concentrations or dosages. Enzymes also show promise as antiplaque agents by breaking down plaque matrices and exhibiting bactericidal effects.
The document discusses different types of mouthwashes, their uses, and key ingredients. Fluoride mouthwashes help prevent decay and are recommended for children with orthodontic treatments or high caries risk. Antiplaque mouthwashes inhibit bacterial plaque formation and prevent or resolve gingivitis, though they cannot treat existing periodontal disease. Popular antiplaque mouthwashes contain essential oils, oxygenating agents, or bisguanide antiseptics like chlorhexidine which has strong antiplaque properties due to substantivity. However, chlorhexidine can stain teeth brown and encourage calculus formation. The document also cautions that alcohol in many mouthwashes may increase oral cancer risks if consumed frequently.
1. The document discusses soft deposits that form on teeth, including the acquired pellicle, dental biofilm, materia alba, and food debris.
2. The acquired pellicle is a translucent film that forms immediately after tooth cleaning from salivary glycoproteins. It allows for bacterial adhesion and calculus attachment.
3. Dental biofilm is a dense, non-mineralized mass of bacteria and other microorganisms embedded in a matrix. It develops in stages and can cause gingivitis if left undisturbed.
The document discusses dental plaque and methods for plaque control. It describes dental plaque as a soft, sticky deposit that builds up on teeth and can harden into calculus if not removed. Proper plaque control is important for oral health and involves both mechanical and chemical methods. Mechanical plaque control includes brushing, flossing, and interdental aids, while chemical control uses mouthwashes and toothpastes containing ingredients like fluoride and chlorhexidine. Maintaining regular plaque removal is key to preventing periodontal disease.
This document provides information about dental caries (tooth decay). It defines dental caries, describes the carious process and pathological changes involved. It discusses the epidemiology of dental caries, including prevalence, incidence, and indices used to measure caries activity. Risk factors for dental caries like location and surface of teeth are presented. The roles of microorganisms, substrates, teeth susceptibility, and time in the development of caries are explained. Details about dental plaque as the medium for caries development are provided.
This document summarizes a study that compared the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes in preventing dental decay. The study reviewed 4 eligible studies and found that pit and fissure sealants were more effective than fluoride varnishes at preventing decay based on results from one high-quality split-mouth study and one cluster-randomized study. However, the results could not be combined due to clinical and methodological differences between the studies. In conclusion, pit and fissure sealants were shown to be more effective than fluoride varnishes for preventing decay on occlusal surfaces.
This document discusses various methods for preventing dental caries. It describes topical protection measures like fissure sealants, fluoride varnish, and preventive resin restoration. Fissure sealants involve sealing pits and fissures with resin to make the surfaces non-retentive. Fluoride varnish is painted on teeth to allow remineralization and reduces smooth surface caries by 18-70%. Preventive resin restoration minimally removes decay and seals remaining pits and fissures. The document also discusses atraumatic restorative treatment, laser light applications, and systemic fluoride administration through water fluoridation or supplements to strengthen enamel and inhibit bacteria.
Dental caries is caused by the interaction of four main factors: the tooth, dental plaque, diet, and time. Dental plaque is a soft biofilm containing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans that produce acid from sugars in the diet, causing demineralization of tooth enamel and leading to cavities. Diet plays a key role, as frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates like sucrose promotes acid production. Other factors like saliva, fluoride, socioeconomic status, and education can also influence risk. Dental caries is diagnosed visually, tactilely, and radiographically and can be classified based on location, extent, and rate of progression. Prevention focuses on reducing sugar intake, maintaining oral hygiene to
The document summarizes strategies for controlling dental caries, including fluoride treatment, reducing sugary food consumption, applying pit and fissure sealants, caries vaccination, and maintaining good oral hygiene. It describes the stages of dental caries, provides details on various fluoride treatment methods, and emphasizes reducing sugary snacks and drinks, increasing anticariogenic foods, and the benefits of pit and fissure sealants. The document also discusses caries vaccination routes and maintaining oral hygiene through regular brushing, flossing, and dental visits.
Disorders of Upper GIT system ppt (3).pptAbdiWakjira2
Dental plaque and caries are caused by bacteria in the mouth that metabolize sugars to produce acids. These acids demineralize tooth enamel over time, leading to cavities and damage. Proper oral hygiene through brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings can help remove plaque and prevent caries. Dietary choices like limiting sugar intake and drinking fluoridated water also reduce risk. Left untreated, caries can progress to pulpitis, abscesses, or tooth loss. Gingivitis is a mild form of gum inflammation due to plaque that can be reversed, while periodontitis involves deeper infection and bone loss requiring treatment to stop progression.
Dental Caries ; A Presentation by- MunabbiRMunabbir31
Dental caries, or tooth decay, is a microbial disease caused by bacteria in the mouth that leads to demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. Key factors for development of caries include cariogenic bacteria, bacterial plaque, fermentable carbohydrates, and susceptible tooth surfaces. Symptoms may include tooth sensitivity, pain, and visible cavities. Diagnosis involves visual examination and sometimes x-rays. Treatment depends on the severity but may include fillings, root canals, extractions, or replacements like bridges or implants. Maintaining good oral hygiene through regular brushing and cleanings can help prevent caries.
Chemical plaque control /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Chemical plaque control /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Plaque is a soft biofilm that forms on teeth and needs to be removed daily by brushing and flossing to prevent health issues. The document discusses various methods for controlling plaque, including mechanical removal with toothbrushes and floss, as well as chemical agents found in toothpaste and mouthwashes that can help inhibit plaque formation. Key ingredients in toothpaste like fluoride, abrasives, and detergents aid in plaque removal and prevention of cavities, while mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine or essential oils reduce existing plaque and gingivitis. Proper plaque control is important for periodontal and dental health.
1) White spot lesions are areas of demineralized enamel that usually develop due to prolonged plaque accumulation around fixed orthodontic appliances.
2) The prevalence of white spot lesions arising during fixed appliance therapy can range from 2-96% depending on the study. Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, inappropriate diet, and lack of preventive measures.
3) Strategies to prevent white spot lesions include the use of high-fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish applications twice per year, chlorhexidine rinses for 2 weeks, xylitol gum chewing, and products containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
2. Presented by
Group -04 (Abstract)
Members:
MD Sabbir Ahmed ………………(PHA-19021)
Hafizur Rahman ………………….(PHA-19022)
MD Shobuj Ahmed ……………..(PHA-19023)
M.M.Abdullah-Ibna-Tareq …..(PHA-19024)
Shaira Khandaker ………………..(PHA-19025)
3. Presenting to
Our honorable teacher
Ishrat Jahan Ira
Chairman
Department of Pharmacy
Mawlana Bhashani Science And Technology University
4. COURSE TITLE :Inorganic Pharmacy II
COURSE CODE :PHAR-1203
Contants
Dental plaque and antiplaque agents
Dental caries
Fluorids and other anticaries agent
Dentifrices
Mouthwash
5. Introduction of Dental Products
The inorganic compounds and their formulations which are used in
maintaining the oral and dental hygiene are known as dental products.
Dental products include anticaries agents, polishing agents, and
desensitizing agents.
Dental Products
1. Antiplaque agents
2. Anticaries agents
3. Dentifrices
4. Mouthwash
5. Dental fluorides
6. Introduction of tooth
*The tooth are accessory digestive organs. People use their tooth to
bite and chew food.
*So, The teeth are hard calcified structure fixed in upper and lower jaw.
Types of tooth
1. Incisors
2. Canine
3. Premolar
4. Molar
Figure: 1.0
7. Structure of tooth:
They are anatomically divided into two parts:
1.The crown portion
2.The root portion
*The junction of the crown and root portion is called the neck and the
visible line at the junction is called the cervical line.
A tooth is composed of 4 tissue-
1.Enamel 3.Cementum
2.Pulp 4.Dentine
8. 1. Enamel: Hard calcified (consists primarily of
calcium-phosphate and calcium carbonate)
tissue covering dentin of the crown of tooth.
2. Crown: The crown is the visible portion of
tooth above the level of the gums.
3. Gingiva (gums): Soft tissues overlying the
crowns of unerupted teeth and encircling
the necks of those that have erupted.
4. Pulp Chamber: The space occupied by the
pulp.
5. Neck: The area where the crown joins the
root.
6. Dentin: That part of the tooth that is
beneath enamel and cementum.
Figure no : 1.1
9. 7. Alveolar Bone (jawbone) : The part of the jaw that
surround the roots of the teeth.
8.Root Canal: The portion of the pulp cavity inside the
root of a tooth; the chamber within the root of the
tooth that contains the pulp.
9.Root: Embedded in the socket are one to three roots.
10.Cementum: Hard connective tissue covering the
tooth root, giving attachment to the periodontal
ligament.
11.Periodontal Ligament: A system of collagenous
connective tissue fibers that connect the root of a tooth
to its alveolus.
Figure no: 1.2
10. CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL PRODUCTS
Dental products includes:
Anticaries agents: These are the agents which help in prevention of dental decay
e.g. Sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate Cleaning
agents (Dentifrices/ Polishing agents): Dentifrices are agents used along with a
toothbrush to clean and polish natural teeth. They must be abrasive to some
degree to remove the stains from the teeth. They are supplied in paste, powder,
gel or liquid form. e.g. Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium
phosphate, sodium metaphosphate.
Desensitizing Agents: These reduce sensitivity of teeth to heat and cold.
Examples : include strontium chloride and zinc chloride.
11. Antiplaque agents
Dental plaque: Dental plaque is a whitish soft accumulation of bacteria and
their substrate which deposits on the teeth while not cleaned adequately.
Plaque formation
• Plaque formation does not take place haphazardly but in a reasonably orderly
manner.
• A pellicle derived from the saliva or gingival fluid first forms on the teeth. This
pellicle is a thin, clear cuticle and is composed mainly of glycoproteins.
12. Very soon after its formation, bacteria of the coccus type streptococci largely)
are attached to the pellicle which has a sticky' surface, i.e. one which enables
colonies of organisms to beanchored. These organisms divide and form colonies.
Attachment of the microorganisms is further enhanced by the production of
dextrans by the bacteria as by-products of metabolic activity. Later other types of
organisms are attracted to the massand a dense mixed flora of filamentous forms
i.e.plaque results. Plaque may attach to the teeth supragingivally, or subgingivally
in the gingival crevice, or in periodontal pockets.
13. Antiplaque agents:
Antiplaque agents are the agents or drugs that are used to prevent or inhibit
plaque formation in the mouth, e.g. chlorhexidine, povidone iodine etc.
Ideal properties of an antiplaque agent:
1. It should be non-toxic, non-allergic and non-irritating.
2. It should have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity
3. It should specifically affect only the pathogenic flora.
4. It should not have any induced drug resistance,
5. It should have an acceptable taste.
14. 6. It should possess sufficient chemical stability, so that it can
be stored for a reasonable length of time.
7. It should be of low price and available.
Chlorhexidine
Chemistry: It is a chlorophenyl bisbiguanide that has been used as the acetate and
more commonly the gluconate salt in mouth rinses, gels and dentifrice for control
of plaque and gingivitis. It is highly cationic antiseptic. It has fungicidal activity and
bactericidal action against both gram positive and gram negative microorganisms.
Figure no: 1.3
15. Mechanism of action
Due to its high cationic nature chlorhexidine binds the anionic groups on the
bacterial surface, i.e. phosphate group of terchoic acid in gram-positive bacteria
and phosphate group of lipopolysaccharides in gram negative bacteria .
When the bisbiguanide binds to the organism, the cell membrane becomes
permeable allowing the cytoplasmic contentsto leak out of the cell. At higher
concentration chlorhexidine causes precipitation of cytoplasmic proteins.
By virtue of their cationic properties the bisbiguanides also bind
electrostatically to the hydroxy-apatite of teeth and forms a pellicle (film or
surface) against plaque and to buccal mucosa. This is how it acts as an anti-
plaque agent.
16. Uses: Chlorohexidine is used in the following vehicles:
1. Mouth rinse:
a) 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate solution is used as a mouthwash for oral
hygiene and oropharyngeal infections, especially aphthous ulcers.
b) 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution prevents the accumulation of plaque.
It is absorbed onto tooth enamel, where it exerts a persisting action to decrease
the growth of dental plaque.
2. Irrigator: 400 ml of a 0.02% solution of chlorhexidine (80 mg totally) applied
once daily in an oral irrigator will give complete plaque inhibition.
3. Gels: 1% gel of chlorhexidine gluconate applied for a period of five minutes,
once or twice a day is effective in the inhibition of bacterial plaque particularly
in the treatment of denture stomatitis.
17. 4. Antiseptics: 4% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine is effectively used as a
surgical scrub, it decreases the cutaneous bacterial population more than
either hexachlorophene or povidone iodine.
Clinical indication of chlorhexidine
1. Short term application:
a) Healing phase in periodontal surgery
b) Healing phase in oral surgery
i) Mandibular fracture
ii) Third molar extraction
c) Pre-surgical use to reduce bacteremia (bacteria in the blood)
d) Therapy for apthus ulceration
18. e) Therapy for denture stomatitis
f) Therapy for acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
2. Intermediate short term application
a) Repeated denture stomatitis
b) Adjunct to periodontal maintenance care.
c) Dental implants
Side effects or adverse reaction of chlorhexidine
1. The most common side effect of chlorhexidine is the formation of staining or
an extrinsic yellowish or brownish discoloration of the tooth surface and
gum. Stain may appear on the natural teeth, artificial teeth and composite
filling though it depends on the concentration and varies greatly from one
individual to another.
19. 2. It has an unpleasant bitter taste and may cause irritation to the oral mucosa
and disturbance in the taste buds.
3. Regular use of chlorhexidine may sometimes block the salivary duct of the
parotid gland and lead to a painful condition.
4. Local tissue damage may occur if the drug is applied to abraded epithelium.
5. Hypersensitivity reaction may occur in some individuals.
Precaution:
(i) Chlorhexidine rinses should be performed after meals to minimize taste
alteration.
(ii) Patients should not rinse with water following a chlorhexidine rinse.
20. Anticaries agents
Dental caries: Dental caries is gradual decay and disintegration of tooth
tissues, i.e. progressive decalcification of the enamel and dentin of a tooth.
The ultimate effect of caries is to break down enamel and dentine and thus open
a path for bacteria to reach the pulp. The consequences are inflammation of the
pulp and, later, of the periapical tissues. Infection can spread from the periapical
region to the jaw and beyond.
Types of carries according to location:
(i) Pits and fissure caries
(ii) Smooth surface caries
(iii) Root caries
(iv) Deep dentinal caries
21. Factors involved in the initiation of dental caries/ Essential
requirements for development of dental caries
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease and the following four factors
are involved in the initiation of dental caries:
1. Susceptible tooth surface to acid attack:
Generally caries is initiated in the enamel but it may also begin in
dentine or cementum.
2. Plaque attached to the tooth surface:
Plaque is a tenaciously adherent deposit that forms on tooth surface.
It consists of an organic matrix containing a dense
concentration of bacteria.
22. 3. The bacterial activity in the plaque:
Plaque contains bacteria that are acid producing. Mutans streptococci are
believed to be the most important bacteria in the initiation and progress of
dental caries.
4. Substrates:
Bacteria utilize fermentable carbohydrates for energy and the end-points of the
glycolytic pathway in bacterial metabolism are acids. Sucrose is the fermentable
carbohydrate most frequently implicated but bacteria can use all fermentable
carbohydrates, including cooked starches.
The interaction of these factors is illustrated by the simplified
equation
(Plaque)
Bacteria + Sucrose = Acid+ Susceptible tooth surface = Caries
23. Caries initiation is the action by microorganisms in the plaque which is in
intimate relationship with the tooth surface. These organisms act on sucrose
products entering the plaque after carbohydrate ingestion, and form acids
which at the critical pH level (below 5.5) bring about enamel dissolution.
Prevention of dental caries/ Preventive efforts relative to caries
(i) Increasing the resistance of the tooth surface enamel against acid products:
The resistance of the tooth surface enamel to acid attack can be very greatly
enhanced by the incorporation of minute amounts of fluoride ion so that the
hydroxyapatite crystals become fluoroapatite. The principal mode of action of all
fluorides (tooth pastes, rinses, gels and community water fluoridation) is its
topical effect on enamel.
24. (ii) Diet modification: Minimizing intake of dietary refined carbohydrates and
good dental hygiene prevent growth of bacteria that contribute to the
development of caries. Sweets etc. should be limited to mealtimes.
Frequency of intake is more important than overall quantity.
Grazing' or 'snacking' between meals should be avoided.
The frequent consumption of soft drinks is a major problem, these being not
only cariogenic but extremely erosive.
(iii) Plaque removal: Proper brushing of the teeth is effective in preventing
and removing dental plaque in all areas except those between the teeth and
deep fissures. Ideally, tooth brushing should be carried out twice a day and
emphasis should be placed on brushing just before bed.
25. Parents should be advised to begin cleaning their children's teeth from when
they first erupt. Gauze or a cloth on a finger, or a small very soft toothbrush may
be used to remove the plaque.
(iv) Early detection and dental restorations offer the best form of control once
caries has formed.
Fluorides in the prevention of dental caries/Effects of fluorides/
Mechanism of action of fluorides
The principal mode of action of all fluorides (tooth pastes, rinses, gels and
community water fluoridation) is its effect on enamel. The resistance of the
tooth surface enamel to acid attack can be very greatly enhanced by the
incorporation of minute amounts of fluoride ion so that the hydroxyapatite
crystals become fluoroapatite. The formation of this solubility resistant form
explains the mode of action of fluorides as preventive agents.
26. Fluoride therapy (Systemic fluoridation and topical fluoridation)
In the child, the developing tooth will receive its necessary building materials
from the blood plasma and thus the enamel fluorine content will at this point
be completely dependent on systemically absorbed fluorine. After tooth
eruption, maturation of the enamel takes place and a great deal of fluoride
uptake is a topical one. Hence it may be assumed that fluoride acts in two
complementary ways- by 1. Systemic fluoridation
2. Topical fluoridation.
1.Systemic fluoridation
A) Fluoridation of public water supplies: An optimal level of fluoride in the
water supply provides significant protection against caries. The optimal
concentration depends on the annual average temperature of the community
as temperature influences the amount of daily water intake.
27. Temperature ranging between 14.7'C to 17.7°C, the optimal level of fluoride is 1 part per
million (ppm). The adjustment of the fluoride concentration of public water supplies to 1
ppm is necessary in low-fluoride areas. Most commonly, fluoride is added in the form of
hexafluorosilicic acid or sodium hexafluorosilicate, but sodium silicofluoride and sodium
fluoride have also been used.
In a warmer climate slightly less than 1 ppm is sufficient. The effect of fluoride in drinking
water persists in between 8 to 18 years of age i.e. during tooth formation and mineralization.
B) Fluoride supplement: Fluoride supplements like tablet, drops lozenges,
table salt etc. offer an alternative source of systemic fluoridation where water
fluoridation is not feasible. These supplements are usually administered
continuously on a daily basis from birth to the pre-eruptive maturation of
permanent teeth.
*If fluoride tablets are prescribed they should be chewed rather than swallowed whole.
This will increase the topical benefit of fluoride.
28. 2.Topical fluoridation:
A lifetime protection against dental caries results from the continuous use of
low-concentration fluoride. In addition to their use in caries prevention, topical
fluorides may be used to control established caries lesions. This is effective for
both adults and children.
(a) Fluoride tooth paste: The use of fluoride toothpastes has led to a 25%
reduction in the prevalence of caries in industrialized countries.
Conventional tooth pastes
*Contain approximately 1 mg F/g paste (1000-1100 ppm of fluoride)
*Added as sodium fluoride such as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) or
stannous fluoride.
(b) Fluoride mouth rinses: Studies showed that supervised fluoride-rinse
programs reduce caries by 20-50%. Weekly 0.2% NaF and daily 0.05% NaF rinses
were considered to be ideal public health measures.
29. (c) Fluoride varnishes: Fluoride vamishes were developed to prolong contact
times between fluoride and enamel with a view to increasing the formation of
fluoroapatite. Although fluoride varnishes firmly bind fluoride in enamel more
than other topical fluoride preparations, the reduction of caries has been of the
same order (approximately 30%).
Example: Duraphat- An alcoholic solution of natural vamishes containing 50 mg
NaF/mL.
(d) Concentrated fluoride gels and solutions APF gels: Acidulated phosphate
fluoride (APF) gels, containing 1.23% fluoride are used for professional
applications and consist of a mixture of NaF, HF and orthophosphoric acid. The
incorporation of a water-soluble polymer (i.e. sodium carboxymethyl cellulose)
into aqueous APF produces a viscous solution that improves the ease of
application. APF gels are mainly used for the prevention of caries development.
30. Dental fluorosis
Dental fluorosis is chronic fluorine poisoning, sometimes marked by mottling of
tooth enamel. It may result from excessive exposure to fluorides from a wide
variety of dietary, water-borne, and supplemental sources.
There is evidence to show that mild fluorosis will occur with ingestion of 2 mg or
more of fluoride per day.
Sodium fluoride (NaF)
Preparation-By interaction of 40% HF with an equivalent quantity of NaOH or
Na2CO3 .
Stannous fluoride (SnF2)
Preparation- Stannous oxide is dissolved in 40% HF and the solution is evaporated
out of contact with air.
31. Uses of NaF , SnF2:
NaF or SnF2 is used as a dental carries prophylactic. Ingested fluoride is
effective only while teeth are being formed. The fluoride is incorporated into
tooth salts asfluoroapatite.
Topical application results in changes only in the outer layers of enamel or
exposed dentin. It alters the composition and crystalline structure of the
hydroxyapatite-like salts that make up the bulk of enamel and dentin, so that
the tooth material is more resistant to acidic erosion and dental caries (decay).
32. Dentifrices
Dentifrices are the substances used with a toothbrush for the removal of
bacterial plaque, food debris, stain and calculus only from the accessible
surfaces of the tooth.
Ideal properties of a dentifrice:
1. It should not be harmful to the oral tissue and fluid.
2. If it is ingested it should not be harmful to the G.I.T
3. It should not stain teeth.
4. It should not be scratching to the enamel surface of tooth.
5. It should have pleasant odour and taste.
Types of dentifrices
Commercial dentifrices are generally available in two forms :
1. Powder , 2. Paste or gel.
34. Therapeutic agents: The majority of dentifrices contain
therapeutic agents such as fluoride salts. Fluoride salts inhibit
caries. Common fluoride salt, which are used in the paste are-
i. Sodium monofluoro phosphate (SMFP)
ii. Monofluoro phosphate (MFP)
iii. Stanous fluoride.
Triclosan: Triclosan (trichloro hydroxydiphenyl ether, C12H7Cl3O2) is
white or off-white, crystalline powder. It has broad-spectrum
antibacterial activity.
37. Mouth wash
Definition
1 .Non-sterile aqueous solution.
2 .Used mostly for its: deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect
3 .Mouthwashes or rinses are designed to:
reduce oral bacteria,
remove food particles,
temporary reduce bad breath and
provide a pleasant taste
Classification
1. Cosmetic
2. Therapeutic
3. Combination of both
38. Cosmetic:
1. commercial OTC products
2. help to remove oral debris before or after brushing,
3. temporary suppress bad breath
4. diminish bacteria in the mouth and
5. refresh the mouth with a pleasant taste.
Classification
Therapeutic:
may be sold as OTC product.
have the benefits of their cosmetic counterparts.
help remove oral debris before or after brushing .
temporarily suppress bad breath.
39. diminish bacteria in the mouth.
refresh the mouth with a pleasant taste.
contain an added active ingredient that helps protect against some oral
diseases.
e.g. fluoride or chlorhexidine, that help protect against some oral diseases.
Types of Mouthwashes
1. Containing antibacterials ,
2. Containing fluoride ,
3. Containing minerals (astringent)