This document discusses various anthropometric measurements that can be used to assess nutritional status and health. It describes advantages such as being fast, simple, non-invasive and relatively cheap. Limitations include being insensitive to short-term nutritional changes and unable to detect specific deficiencies. Two main types of measurements are described: those assessing body size like height, weight, head circumference and those assessing body composition like skinfold thickness, waist circumference, bioelectrical impedance analysis. Proper techniques are outlined for taking anthropometric measurements while sources of error are also noted.
Anthropometric measurements adult and paediatricsSusan Jose
this presentation gives a detailed information regrading the adult and pediatric measurements. it gives a good intrepretation and understanding of the subject.
Anthropometric measurements adult and paediatricsSusan Jose
this presentation gives a detailed information regrading the adult and pediatric measurements. it gives a good intrepretation and understanding of the subject.
Assessment of body composition , strength, endurance, flexibility agility power coordination speed . tests for all the above mentioned components. health and skill related physical fitness
Your energy expenditure is simply the number of calories your body uses. Energy requirements are the amount of food energy that should be eaten to compensate for caloric expenditure. It’s important to learn these energy requirementes to have a good energy balance.
Nutritional assessment using anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary methods with a larger understanding of anthropometric methods used in Ethiopia
Assessment Methods For Nutritional StatusDrSindhuAlmas
By the end of this lecture the you should be able:
To know the different methods for assessing the nutritional status To understand the basic anthropometric techniques, applications, & reference standards
Our body is composed of water, fat, bone and muscles.
Divided into:
Fat free mass- i.e. non fat elements which constitutes bone, muscle, water and tissues.
Body fat- i.e. essential and non essential fats.
This body fat contributes 5% of total body weight in men and 12% in women.
Assessment of body composition , strength, endurance, flexibility agility power coordination speed . tests for all the above mentioned components. health and skill related physical fitness
Your energy expenditure is simply the number of calories your body uses. Energy requirements are the amount of food energy that should be eaten to compensate for caloric expenditure. It’s important to learn these energy requirementes to have a good energy balance.
Nutritional assessment using anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary methods with a larger understanding of anthropometric methods used in Ethiopia
Assessment Methods For Nutritional StatusDrSindhuAlmas
By the end of this lecture the you should be able:
To know the different methods for assessing the nutritional status To understand the basic anthropometric techniques, applications, & reference standards
Our body is composed of water, fat, bone and muscles.
Divided into:
Fat free mass- i.e. non fat elements which constitutes bone, muscle, water and tissues.
Body fat- i.e. essential and non essential fats.
This body fat contributes 5% of total body weight in men and 12% in women.
UNICUS Fitness presents the Corporate Fitness Challenge. Here is the breakdown on what all the numbers mean when we test employees out for the Challenge. It helps them understand where they are starting and what they have to do to change their life.
Lab 9Body Composition AssessmentPurpose The purposes of t.docxcroysierkathey
Lab 9
Body Composition Assessment
Purpose:
The purposes of this laboratory experience is to develop your skill in using the skinfold and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess body composition and to use common anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) to estimate health risks associated with being overweight. You will also gain knowledge of hydrodensitometry (hydrostatic weighing), the air displacement technique, and duel energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) methods to assess body composition.
Background:
Relative body fat percentage is a good indicator of general health and fitness. High percent body fat is associated with increased risks for several diseases including diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), certain cancers, cardiovascular disease, and hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol) among others. Conversely, appropriate body fat is associated with increased longevity and reduced risk for developing the conditions mentioned above. Body composition is estimated in order to determine a healthy body weight, to monitor growth in children, to monitor health status in malnourished or diseased populations, and to estimate competitive body weight for athletes.
Methods: (skinfolds, BIA, anthropometric)
Equipment:
General:
· Anthropometric measuring tapes
· Marking pens
· Body weight scale
· Stadiometer
Skinfold Measurement:
∙ Plastic or metal skinfold calipers, preferably metal calipers
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis:
∙ BIA analyzer (OMRON)
Testing Procedures:
Work in groups of 2 - 3 for all measurements. Your write-up will include data for 2 subjects. One student will be measured, one will be measuring, and one will record. Rotate positions until all students have performed all roles.
General:
∙ Obtain demographic information from client and fill-in Data collection form
Skinfolds:
∙ Follow the measuring procedures for skinfold measurement.
∙ Use the standardized anatomical descriptions for skinfold sites to locate each site. Mark the six skinfold sites with the surgical marking pen.
BIA (OMRON):
∙ Enter data into OMRON.
∙ Have client grasp handles firmly and hold out in front of themselves with arms parallel to the ground and legs shoulder width apart.
∙ Hit START button.
Anthropometric Measures:
∙ BMI = wt/ht2
O Wt = weight in kilograms
O Ht = height in meters
∙ Waist-to-Hip ratio = C-waist/C-hip
O C-waist = circumference of waist at narrowest point between xiphoid process and umbilicus
O C-hip = circumference of hip at widest point between iliac crest and gluteal fold
Data Analysis:
Skinfolds:
∙ Calculate body densities for at least 3 subjects (may include yourself as one) using all 3 equations [converting skinfold thickness to body density (Db)]
∙ Convert to percent body fat using the population specific equations
∙ Classify the percent body fat for your subjects using the most appropriate equation
BIA:
∙ Measure percent body fat 2 times for each client
∙ Record avera ...
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
L’obésité: les facteurs de risque et les conséquencesGianluca Tognon
L'obésité est définie comme une accumulation excessive de tissu adipeux par rapport aux tissus maigres.
L'obésité conduit à un risque plus élevé de développer des maladies chroniques majeures telles que les maladies cardiovasculaires, accidents vasculaires cérébraux, le diabète, certains cancers (endomètre, du colon, du rein, du pancréas, du sein, de l'œsophage), une maladie de la vésicule biliaire, l'arthrose.
Perdere peso in 3 step: modificare la composizione della dieta in termini di macronutrienti, scegliere alimenti a basso indice glicemico e ridurre la densità energetica complessiva della dieta.
Does the Mediterranean diet predict longevity in the elderly? A Swedish persp...Gianluca Tognon
My paper describing the association between adherence to a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern and longevity in 70 year-old men and women sampled in Gothenburg
Le diapositive della relazione che ho presentato al convegno "Obesità: alimentazione, chirurgia e prevenzione" tenutosi presso il Ministero della Salute a Roma il 5 dicembre 2013.
An extract of my blog post of nutritionists' lies on the Food and Nutrition Forum: http://foodnutritionforum.blogspot.com/2013/09/5-lies-your-nutritionist-likes-to-tell.html
Ideas from an Italian nutritionist who ended up in Scandinavia to study the M...Gianluca Tognon
What is a "healthy diet"? The health benefits of the Mediterranean diet are well known. However, many different kinds of diets have also been proposed: LCHF, low-fat, even blood type diets! How to disentangle the intricate web of healthy diets? Does diet really make a difference?
L'osteoporosi é un importante problema di salute pubblica che coinvolge piú di quattro milioni di italiani. Conoscere i fattori di rischio della malattia oltre che delle cadute e delle fratture é importante, cosí come conoscere le giuste strategie a tavola.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Why anthropometry?
Fast and cheap means in clinical diagnostics:
- growth problems
- overweight in children
- malnutrition
Important in assessing health of populations:
- screening
- health surveillance
- epidemiologic studies
3. Advantages
• Anthropometric measures are indicators of
past exposures (e.g. past malnutrition leads to low height)
future events (e.g. high waist circumference is a risk
factor for cardiovascular diseases)
• fast
• simple
• non-invasive
• relatively cheap
4. Limitations
Relatively insensitive towards distrubances in
nutritional status over short period of time
Impossible to detect specific nutrient deficiency
Protein
deficiency?
Nutrient
deficiency?
(e.g. Zinc)
Stunted child
Energy
deficiency?
5. Two types of anthropometric
measurements
1. Measurements that assess body size
Height
Head circumference
Knee height
Arm span
Elbow breadth
Weight
2. Measurements that assess body composition
- measurements of body fat (Skinfold thickness, BIA, waist)
- measurements of fat-free mass (BIA, Densitometry)
6. Height
In children:
•Indicator of stunting: insufficient growth
because of nutritional deficits
•Needed to calculate indices of body
composition: e.g. BMI, waist-height-ratio
In adults:
•Needed to calculate indices of body
composition: e.g. BMI, waist-height ratio
8. Sequence
1. Person should be > 2 years old
2. Person should wear only light clothes, no shoes
and no socks
3. Person steps on Stadiometer
•
Feet together and flat on the floor
•
Knees straight
•
Heels, buttocks and shoulder blades in contact with vertical
surface of the stadiometer/wall
•
Shoulders relaxed, palms facing thighs
•
Head not necessarily in contact with the vertical surface and
in Frankfurt Plane
10. 4. Subjects are asked to take a deep breath and
stand tall to help straightening the spine
5. Lower headboard and press down the hair
6. Measure taken at expiration
7. Eye of examiner on level with headboard
11. Time of day
Height decreases during the day due to
compression of the spine
Always note the time of the day and try
to measure at the same time of day for all
subjects or when doing repeat
measurements
12. Waist circumference
• Measures abdominal fat (subcutaneous + intraabdominal).
• Excess abdominal fat is associated with risk of
cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
• Greatly increased risk:
Men: > 102 cm
Women: > 88 cm
• Waist-hip ratio:
According to WHO.
Applies to adults.
Men: < 1.0
Women: < 0.85
• Waist-height ratio:
Waist/height should be less than 0.5 (Adults and children)
13. How to measure waist
circumference
• The patient should stand straight, relaxed, with the
arms at the sides and feet together pointing forward
• Find the iliac crest and mark with pen
• Find the lowest rib margin and mark with pen
• Measure the distance between the marks and mark
the middle
• Face the patient and place the tape horizontal at the
middle mark. Make sure it is horizontal all the way
around
• Measure at the end of a gentle expiration. Measure
to the last completed unit (the last line you can
actually see on the tape)
14.
15. Sources of error
• Patient could have problems standing still or be
very ticklish.
• Difficulty in finding the iliac crest or lowest rib
margin.
• Patient could intentionally depress abdomen.
• Measuring waist is practical but needs practice
and standardization.
16. Sagittal diameter
Measures abdominal fat.
The distance between the examination table and
the highest point of the abdomen in the supine
position
Less studied than
waist circumference
Men < 22 cm
Adults
Women < 20 cm
Sagittal Abdominal Diameter as a Screening Tool in Clinical Research: Cutoffs for Cardiometabolic Risk.
J Obes. 2010; 2010: 757939.
17. Two types of anthropometric
measurements
1. Measurements that assess body size
Height
Head circumference
Knee height
Arm span
Elbow breadth
Weight
2. Measurements that assess body composition
- measurements of body fat (Skinfold thickness, BIA, waist)
- measurements of fat-free mass (BIA, Densitometry)
18. Fat and fat-free mass
FAT MASS
~26.9% (women), ~ 14.7% (men)
Mineral
Protein
FAT-FREE
MASS
Water
e.g. BMI, Densitometry (BodPod, Underwater-weighing), Skinfold
Thickness, BIA, waist-hip ratio
19. Indices
Often not raw measurements are used but indices:
•Body Mass Index (weight/height2),
•Waist-Hip-Ratio
•Waist-Height-Ratio
•Mid-upper-arm muscle circumference
(mid upper arm circumference – π*triceps skinfold
thickness)
•Growth indices:
head circumference for age, weight-for-age, weight-forheight, height-for-age
20. Skinfold thickness
Skinfold thickness measurements provide an estimate of the size of
the subcutaneous fat depot, which in turn, provides an estimate of
total body fat
Such estimates are based on two assumptions:
– The skinfold sites selected for measurement, either singly or in
combination, represent the average thickness of the entire
subcutaneous adipose tissue
– The thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue reflects a constant
proportion of total body fat
Neither of these assumptions is true, in fact:
– The relationship between subcutaneous and internal fat is nonlinear
and varies with body weight and age (not valid in obese people)
– Variations in the distribution of subcutaneous fat occur with sex, race
or ethnicity and age
21. Measurement sites
(1)
The most commonly used sites are:
– Tricepts skinfold (1): Mid-point of the back of the
upper arm
– Bicepts skinfold: Front of the upper arm, above the
center of the cubital fossa
– Subscapular skinfold (2):below and laterally to the (2)
angle of the shoulder blade, with the should and arm
relaxed. The skinfold should angle 45º from
horizontal, in the same direction as the inner border
of the scapula
– Suprailiac skinfold (3): mid-axillary line superior to
the iliac crest. Picked up obliuquely just posterior to
the midaxillary line and parallel to the cleavage lines
of the skin
– Midaxillary skinfold: picked up horizontally on the
midaxillary line, at the level of the xiphoid process
(3)
22. Calipers
Skinfold thickness measurements are best made using precision
thickness calipers, they measure the compressed double fold of fat plus
skin
Three types of precision calipers can be used: Harpenden (a), Lange (b)
and Holtain (c)
Designed to exert a defined and constant pressure throughout the range
of measured skinfolds and to have a standard contact surface area
The subject should stand erect with feet together, shoulders relaxed and
arms hanging freely at the sides
There is no consensus as to whether the left or right side of the body
should be used
23. Step by step skinfold
measurement
• Generally the measure is done on the left side of the body
• Identify the measurement site and mark it with a pencil
• Keep the caliper in the right hand and pitch the skin with
thumb and index fingers, avoiding pinching the muscle
• Pinch the skinfold with the caliper
• Read the measurement on the caliper
• Open and remove the caliper
• Repeat twice (with at least 2 minutes interval)
• If the second measure differs by more than 10% from the
first, repeat a third time
24. Limitations in measurement
Intra-observer variation:
Occurs when an examiner fails to
obtain identical results on repeated
measurements on the same subjects
Influenced by: measurement site, the
experience of the examiner and can be
reduced by a proper training
25. Limitations in measurement
Inter-observer variation:
Occurs when two or more examiners
measure the same subject and site and get
different results
usually larger than intra-observer variation
can be reduced with training and care
26. Assessing body fat with
multiple skinfolds
No single region of the body can be considered
representative of the whole subcutaneous fat distribution
The optimum combination of skinfold measurement sites
for assessing subcutaneous fat and, by inference, total
body fat has not been extensively investigated, also
considering the different fat distribution among different
people
When estimating body fat, multiple skinfolds are
therefore particularly advisable and generally the mean
measurement between multiple skinfolds is used
27. Electric field
Leg
Trunk
Arm
Bio-impedance
Bioimpedance analysis is based on
the measurement of resistance of
the human body to the passage of
an alternating current at a fixed
frequency of 50 kHz
This is done transcutaneously, via
two surface electrodes (called
primers)
Generator
voltmeter
A second pair of electrodes (called
sensors) has the task of recording
the resistance of the body to the
passage of current. This opposition
to current flow is called impedance
(Z).
The impedance consists of two
components: resistance and
reactance
28. Fat-mass determination with
modern scales
Many modern scales give a
measurement of body fat-mass and
water
This must be considered only an
estimation, also because not all of the
scales are equipped with handles in
order to measure whole body resistance
The estimation of body water is not
proportional to liquid retention as many
firms reports, since this technique is
totally unable to distinguish between IC
and EC water as BIA
There is an increasing emphasis on the assessment of both the amount of body fat and its distribution: the amount of intra-abdominal visceral fat often correlates significantly with metabolic disturbances that can be linked to the risk of cardiovascular disease
BMI is an estimate of body fat
Waist-hip circumference is a surrogate for intra-abdominal visceral fat
Skinfold thickness determinations, either alone or in association with limb circumference measurements, are frequently used to estimate the percentage of body fat