Somatotyping is a method of classifying body types based on measurements of endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. These categories refer to body fat (endomorphy), muscle/bone development (mesomorphy), and linearity/frailty (ectomorphy). Body composition can be measured using various anthropometric methods outlined by Heath and Carter, as well as newer techniques like DEXA scans, bioelectrical impedance, and densitometry. Factors like age, gender, race, and physical activity influence body composition. Different sports select for certain somatotypes based on physical requirements - for example, swimmers tend toward an ectomorphic body type while weightlifters are often mesomorphic.
Your energy expenditure is simply the number of calories your body uses. Energy requirements are the amount of food energy that should be eaten to compensate for caloric expenditure. It’s important to learn these energy requirementes to have a good energy balance.
Your energy expenditure is simply the number of calories your body uses. Energy requirements are the amount of food energy that should be eaten to compensate for caloric expenditure. It’s important to learn these energy requirementes to have a good energy balance.
The below training fitness standards are different from the Applicant Physical Abilities Test (APAT) fitness standards.
This hand-out has been designed to educate the reader on the United States Secret Service Physical Fitness standards and the proper protocols necessary to accomplish those standards. Recruits who will be attending training at the James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC) are expected to arrive in good physical condition, ready to begin a functional fitness program.
The fitness evaluation measures strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity in four core elements. The core elements are Push-ups, Sit-ups, Chin-ups, and the 1.5 mile run. The fitness evaluation will be administered at the beginning, during, and end of training. Secret Service weapon carrying employees are additionally required to participate in the USSS Physical Fitness Evaluation quarterly.
The following point system will be applied to the fitness category level achieved by the student in accordance with their age and gender. The point system will be applied to the four (4) core elements of the U.S. Secret Service Individual Fitness Profile Evaluation.
Fitness testing is a way of gaining information about the health-related and skill related components of an athletes fitness. Testing can take place in a number of environments, with laboratory testing being the most accurate.
food intake varies with every type of individual, so here are some food tips which can keep you healthy, stay fit and delay the age occurring degeneration, though along with proper food intake exercise is must.
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
The below training fitness standards are different from the Applicant Physical Abilities Test (APAT) fitness standards.
This hand-out has been designed to educate the reader on the United States Secret Service Physical Fitness standards and the proper protocols necessary to accomplish those standards. Recruits who will be attending training at the James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC) are expected to arrive in good physical condition, ready to begin a functional fitness program.
The fitness evaluation measures strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity in four core elements. The core elements are Push-ups, Sit-ups, Chin-ups, and the 1.5 mile run. The fitness evaluation will be administered at the beginning, during, and end of training. Secret Service weapon carrying employees are additionally required to participate in the USSS Physical Fitness Evaluation quarterly.
The following point system will be applied to the fitness category level achieved by the student in accordance with their age and gender. The point system will be applied to the four (4) core elements of the U.S. Secret Service Individual Fitness Profile Evaluation.
Fitness testing is a way of gaining information about the health-related and skill related components of an athletes fitness. Testing can take place in a number of environments, with laboratory testing being the most accurate.
food intake varies with every type of individual, so here are some food tips which can keep you healthy, stay fit and delay the age occurring degeneration, though along with proper food intake exercise is must.
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Sustaining & innovating amidst changes is the hallmark of exemplary leadership. Pelmar Group has been displaying this leadership for the last 50 years! In this special edition, we showcase for you Pelmar Eng Ltd and two other knowledge enhancing articles
Adapting the Lean Enterprise Self-Assessment Tool for Software Development Do...Teemu Karvonen
Presentation held at Euromicro 2012 SEAA (Izmir/Cesme Turkey) )conference for paper titled: Adapting the Lean Enterprise Self-assessment tool for software domain.
ABSTRACT:
Lean principles have attracted the attention of software development companies due to their potential to improve competitiveness. However, the application of such principles in the software domain is still in its infancy. This paper presents a proposal for adapting the Lean Enterprise Self-Assessment Tool (LESAT) to guide the transformation of software development companies toward Lean. LESAT, developed by the Lean Advancement Initiative (LAI) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has been widely used in other domains. In this study, concepts and expressions of LESAT were analyzed and mapped to software development following the ISO/IEC 12207 standard. Seven assessment items concerning life-cycle processes were modified from the original LESAT. The modified LESAT for software was compared with a lean assessment approach called "Lean amplifier, " which has been developed and successfully used in practice by Ericsson R&D in Finland. The results indicated that LESAT may complement lean assessment in the software domain at enterprise level, involving the entire value stream. Moreover, they clearly emphasized the role of leadership in the transformation.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6328160
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
2. WHAT IS SOMATOTYPING?
The Technique Of Somatotyping Is Used To Appraise Body Shape
And Composition
Somatotyping Is A System Of Classifying Body Types In Terms Of
Three Categories: Endomorphy, Mesomorphy And Ectomorphy
Three Somatotypes, Named After The
Three Germ Layers Of Embryonic
Development:
The Endoderm(develops Into The Digestive
Tract ),
The Mesoderm ,
(Becomes Muscle, Heart And Blood Vessels),
And The Ectoderm (Forms The Skin
And Nervous System).
3. "SOMATOTYPES" AND THEIR SUPPOSED
ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL TRAITS
• Long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage
ECTOMORPHIC
MESOMORPHIC
ENDOMORPHIC
• medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels,
wide shoulders with a narrow waist; usually referred
to as “muscular”
• increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone
structure, usually referred to as “fat”
4.
5. MEASURING SOMATOTYPE
MOST COMMONLY MEASURED USING THE HEATHCARTER MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
THREE WAYS OF OBTAINING THE SOMATOTYPE
THE
ANTHROPOMETRIC
METHOD
THE
PHOTOSCOPIC
METHOD
THE
ANTHROPOMETRIC
PLUS
PHOTOSCOPIC
METHOD
6.
7.
8.
9. BODY COMPOSITION
• Body composition refers to the relative proportion of
lean body mass (LBM) and body fat mass (BFM) within
the body.
• LBM can further be subdivided into:
muscle mass, body water, and bone mass.
• These two approaches are commonly referred to as a
two-compartment model (LBM and BFM) or a fourcompartment model (BFM, muscle mass, body water
and bone mass) for assessing body composition.
10. BODY COMPOSITION
The composition of a human body may be considered
from different perspectives.
ANATOMY
MODEL
CHEMICAL
MODEL
The human anatomy model divides the body into
the following systems:
• muscular
• skeletal
• adipose tissue (body fat)
• the others (inner organs, etc.)
11.
12. •
•
•
•
•
The chemical model consists of:
Water
glycogen
fat storage
proteins
minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Cl, Fe, Cu, etc.)
15. THE ANTHROPOMETRIC SOMATOTYPE
METHOD
Equipment for anthropometry:
• stadiometer or height scale and headboard
• weighing scale
• small sliding caliper
• a flexible steel or fiberglass tape measure
• a skinfold caliper
16. TEN ANTHROPOMETRIC DIMENSIONS NEEDED TO
CALCULATE THE ANTHROPOMETRIC SOMATOTYPE
• Stretch stature
• Body mass
• Four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular,
supraspinale, medial calf)
• Two bone breadths (biepicondylar humerus
and femur)
• Two limb girths (arm flexed and tensed, calf).
17. FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE BODY
COMPOSITION
AGE
GENDER
RACE AND ETHNIC
GROUP
PHYSICAL
PERFORMANCE
18. AGE
• Many studies have documented an increase in
body weight and percent body fat with
increasing age.
• For the majority of people, LBM decreases
with age and body fat increases with age, even
if body weight does not change.
19. GENDER
• Women have a higher percentage of body fat than do
men.
• “Frisancho”
NHANES
• For individuals 25 to 54 years
triceps skinfold
thicknesses ranged from 11 to 15 mm for men and
19 to 30 mm for women depending on height and
weight.
• ranges for subscapular skinfold thicknesses were 13
to 18 mm for men and 12 to 29 mm for women.
20. RACE AND ETHNIC GROUP
• Differences in body composition based on the
socioeconomic status.
21. PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
• Studies conducted by Vogel and Friedl, and
separately by Harman and Frykman suggested that
excess weight diminishes running performance and
that, conversely, lower body weight is associated
with relatively better running performance.
• Harman and Frykman
smaller, lighter-weight
individuals do well with tasks of muscular strength
and endurance.
22. TRADITIONAL VS. NEW METHODS
Traditional methods
•
•
•
•
•
Total body water
Total body potassium
Urinary creatinine excretion
Densitometry
Anthropometry: Bone measures , Skinfolds, Arm
circumference
23. New methods
Neutron activation analysis
• Total body calcium
• Total body nitrogen
Muscle Metabolites
• Total plasma creatinine
• Endogenous urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion
Absorptiometry
Single-photon absorptiometry
Dual-photon absorptiometry
24. • Electrical conductance:
Bioelectrical impedance
Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC).
• Computerized tomography
• Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness
• Ultrasound
• Infrared interactance
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• DEXA
25. Simple measurements or indices:
• skinfold thickness
• Body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight/
height2)
• Waist circumference (WC)
27. BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS
• The principle on which BIA is based is that lean tissue
conducts electricity better than does fat tissue.
• Electrodes are placed on the arms and legs, and a
low-level current is run through the individual.
• Impedance resistance to the flow of electricity is
measured, and the percent body fat is calculated by
a formula.
28. TWO-COMPONENT TECHNIQUES AND
MODELS
DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY:
• measure bone mineral mass
• calculated from the differential absorption of
x rays of two different energies
• quick and acceptable for children down to about 4
years, and can also be used in small infants.
• Typically used to diagnose and follow osteoporosis
• Could be used to measure regional (limb) lean mass
• Disadvantage: radiation exposure
29.
30. DENSITOMETRY(BOD-POD)
• The density of the body is measured by weighing the
body in air and under water, with correction made
for residual air in the lungs.
• acceptable two-component technique.
• Could provide longitudinal data on both lean and fat
mass since its accuracy is less likely to be affected by
changes in fatness.
• Does not provide regional data.
31.
32. SOMATOTYPE AND SPORTS
TRIATHLETE
• Triathletes are more muscular than runners but with less leg
development than cyclists and less upper body development
than swimmers.
• Low body weight improves the power-to-weight ratio.
HOCKEY
• Short legs boost balance and stability, allowing players to
pivot.
• They also can prevent back injuries.
• Speed and aerobic endurance are musts.
33. SWIMMERS
• Long arms and legs act as levers, allowing swimmers to
produce greater force in the water.
• Big hands and feet propel the swimmer faster.
DISTANCE RUNNER
• Low body fat levels conserve energy because the runner
carries less weight.
• Muscles will ideally be slow twitch (or fatigue resistant),
aiding endurance.
SPRINTER
• All over muscle and lower body fat levels give sprinters their
explosive powers
• Muscles must be fast twitch(they contract quickly).
• Height does not matter, so long as stride length is efficient.
34. NETBALLER
• For mid court players, powerful legs enable leaps to intercept
high passes and sprint speed to chase the ball.
• End court players are usually with long arms for shooting and
defending.
WEIGHT LIFTER
• Short legs lower the weight lifters centre of gravity (CoG),
improving stability.
• Short arms reduce the arc through which the weight must be
lifted.
35. GYMNAST
• Long limbs in relation to the body boost the gymnasts powerto-ratio.
• Low body fat results in better muscle definition.
• Broad shoulders and narrow hips promote maximum upper
body strength.
36. REFERENCES
•
Body Composition and Physical Performance, Marriott, Bernadette
M.
• The Heath-carter Anthropometric Somatotype, J.E.L. Carter
• Measuring body composition, C K Wells, M S Fewtrell, Arch Dis
Child 2006;91:612–617.
• Methods for the assessment of human body composition:
traditional and new, Henry C Lukaski, Am J Clin Nutrition
1987;46:537-56
• Body organization and composition.