- The document is a summer training report on the Chloro-Methane Superior (CMS) plant of SRF Chemicals in Bhiwadi, India. - It provides an overview of the CMS plant's production process, which involves reacting methanol and chlorine to produce methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. - Key sections of the plant include the photochlorination reactor where the reactions occur, distillation columns for separating the products, and utilities like chlorine storage and power.

1. Prepared by-
Ankush Jindal
Summer Trainee
B.Tech (3rd year )
Chemical Engg.Dept.
National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur
Guided by
Mr. Manoj Mishra, VP (production)
Mr. S.C. Joshi, DGM (CMS plant)
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
ON
CHLORO-METHANE SUPERIOR PLANT
SRF – CHEMICAL BUSINESS Pvt.Ltd.

2. Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude towards the SRF Ltd,
Bhiwadi, Alwar for giving an opportunity to get the knowledge of process control
of CMS plant and Industrial, safety knowledge. The experimental works and
technical operations carried out in the program will be useful in future as an
engineer.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Manoj Mishra, vice president
(FCB) and Mr. S.C. Joshi, DGM (CMS plant) without their valuable support and
guidance throughout, it was not possible to complete my training successfully.
Throughout this training period I have been supported by esteemed employees
and I was made to feel like a member of SRF family.

3. Introduction
SRF Limited was established in 1970 with the manufacturing facility at the
Chennai for nylon tyre cord. Its roots go back to the parent company DCM,
founded in 1889 by late Lala Shri Ram. SRF has different manufacturing
units spread across the country and Abroad.
All division of SRF are ISO 9001 or ISO 9002 or ISO 1400 certified. Fluoro
specialist Division came into being in 1989 with the production of
refrigerant gases. Halon Plant was commissioned in 1994. Chloromethane
plant was setup and commissioned in 1995 as a backward integration for
refrigerant gases plant. HFC-134a plant was setup in 2006 with the
production of the refrigerant gases.

4. The various plants in SRF, Bhiwadi are by sophisticated automatic control system
including computerized control system. The all Plant is fully automated and is
controlled by “ABB” Distributed Control System (DCS),like Chloromethane,
,p6,p10,p8,p9,p2 and the HFC-134a plant is fully automated and is controlled by
“Delta-V” type Distributive control system (DCS). A well-equipped laboratory and
extensive quality control provides essential backup.
SRF exports its products to over forty five countries across the world. SRF has
received a number of export performance awards from Rajasthan government.

5. The list of various plants in SRF, Bhiwadi are below:
1) Fluoro specialist plant (FSP)
2) Refrigerant gases/Hydrogen fluoride (RG/HF) plant
3) Thermal oxidation (TO) Plant
4) Hydro fluorocarbon plant (HFC-134a)
5) Captive power plant (CPP)
6) Chloromethane plant (CMS)

6. INTRODUCTION OF PLANT
Chloromethane(CMS) plant in SRF limited was installed in year
1995 with the capacity of 15000 TPD which was later modified to
40000 TPD. It has a technical collaboration with Elf-Auto chem of
France. It produces methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon
tetrachloride.
Plant had the flexibility to vary the composition of product
according to market requirement.
Main raw materials required for CMS are Methanol and Chlorine.
Methanol is first reacted with HCl to produce Methyl chloride and
then this Methyl chloride is reacted with Chlorine to produce
mixture of Chloromethanes.

7. Plant capacity was increased by making the following
modifications:
1)A new column for chloroform distillation was installed in year
1997.
2)An additional decanter was provided in wash section.
3)Both the chlorine pumps started running parallel in year 2001.
Maximum distillation capacity achieved till date was 107 TPD in
October 2002.
Product mix is changed by varying the feed ratio. (Methyl chloride to
Chlorine)
Higher is the Methyl chloride in feed more will be Methylene chloride
generation.

8. Plant layout
Raw material & products
Utilities and products
Photo chlorination section
HCl separation from crude CMS
CH3Cl separation from crude CMS
33% HCl system
Caustic wash of wet CMS
Water wash of wet CMS
Azeodrying of wet CMS
PROCESS OVERVIEW

9. Methylene chloride separation unit
Chloroform separation unit
Carbon tetra chloride separation unit
Hydro chlorination reactor and reactions
Water wash section
Caustic wash
Azeodrying of crude CH3Cl
Demethanolization columns
Storage tanks and Hypo section
Products specification and uses
Height and diameter of the distillation column

11. Raw materials and byproducts
Raw materials
Methanol – CH3OH
Chlorine – Cl2
Caustic soda - NaOH
Conc. Sulphuric acid (98 %) – H2SO4
Nitrogen – N2
Ammonium Hydroxide - NH3OH
Products
Methylene Chloride – CH2Cl2
Chloroform – CHCl3
Carbon tetra chloride – CCl4
Byproducts
Hydrochloric acid – HCl ( used in process and
sell )
Spent sulphuric acid (90 %) -H2SO4
Sodium hypo chloride – NaOCl
Chloromethane – CH3Cl (used in process)
UHB material

12. PRODUCTION UTILITIES
C1 110.85MT/D Cl2 110.6MT/D
C2 59.88MT/D CH3OH 37.13MT/D
C3 40.649MT/D Electricity 45950 unit/D
C4 4.44MT/D Steam 133.5MT/D
H2SO4 7.5MT/D
NaOH 5.76MT/D
crude cms 108.169MT/D
Spent H2SO4 7.3MT/D
NaOCl 9 MT/D RQ feed Ratio 1.42
33%HCl 38 MT/D

13. Chlorine Unloading
Cl2 comes from GRCD Nagda, LCAL Alwar, GRASIM Renukoat, SVCL Kota,
GRASIM BCCL Jharkhand.
Chlorine tonner made up of carbon steel (CS) with Capacity 990 Kg.
Tonner are unloaded by giving pressure (17 bar) of N2 that is unreactive gas.
In the transportation line of Cl2 or any other hazardous gas the lines are
jacketed with a positive pressure ( 1.5 bar – greater than atmospheric pressure)
so unfortunately there is any leakage of gas then pressure of jacketed line
would increase that is easily predictable.
If the line pressure is decreasing that means jacketed line it self leak.

14. Chlorine Storage
Chlorine storage tanks are made of carbon steel that are called bullets .
Each bullet have capacity of 90 MT but we fill only max 70 MT for safety
purpose. Presently we have 3 bullets in which 2 are used and 1 is kept for
emergency system.
Bullets have special shape like capsule because of high pressure storage tanks
otherwise high pressure will tear the tank.
In chlorine storage area we use low & high level alarm system for indication of
Cl2 amount in surrounding.
1 ppm = low level alarm(yellow) & 2 ppm = high level alarm(Red).
NH4OH solution is used to pinpoint the location of leakage of Cl2 gas in pipeline
& storage tanks that makes the white turbidity after contact with Cl2.

15. Photo Chlorination Reaction
In this reactor (RQ-500) chlorine and methyl chloride are reacted in presence
of UV light to form a mixture of chloromethane.
PRODUCT
CH2Cl2 - Methylene Chloride (C-2 )/ R30.
CHCl3 - Chloroform (C-3)/ R20.
CCl4 - Carbon tetra chloride (C-4) / CTC/ R10.
HCl is also formed in the reaction as by product that is used in Hydro-section
and rest HCl is sold in market making it 33% diluted ( byproduct).
In this reactor some amount of unreacted amount of methyl chloride and Cl2
also present.

16. Reaction Involved in RQ-500
3CH3Cl + 3Cl2 3CH2Cl2 + 3HCl H = 23.7 kcal/mol
2CH2Cl2 + 2Cl2 2CHCl3 + 2HCl H = 46.7 kcal/mol
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl H = 76.3kcal/mol
All these three reactions are exothermic and release a huge amount of energy.
By maintaining the feed ratio of the reactant we get the max amount of
marketing product.

17. Material balance on photo reactor
Basis = 5400 kg/ hr CMS
It contains CH2Cl2 = 2808 kg/r, CHCl3 = 2268 kg/hr, CCl4 = 324 kg/hr
Amount of HCl formed
= [ 36.5 * 2808 / 85 ] + [ 36.5 * 2 * 2268 / 1195 ] + [ 36.5 * 3 * 324 / 154 ]
= 2821.7655 kg/ hr
Amount of CH3Cl required
=[ 50.5 * 2808 / 85 ] + [ 50.5 * 2268 / 119.5 ] + [ 50.5 * 324 / 154 ]
= 2732.97 kg/hr
Amount of Cl2 required
= [ 71 * 2808 / 85 ] + [ 71 * 2 * 2268 / 119.5 ] + [ 71 * 3 * 324 / 154 ]
5488.63 kg/hr

18. RQ 500
CH3Cl
D482
R 510 Dump tank
UV lamps
UV lamps
Reactor RQ- 500
Cooling Water 230 Kg/hr
R524
Gas
liquid
T 7°C
Emergency system
Cl2
Emergency system

19. Characteristics of the reactor RQ 500
Material – Monel ( 67% nickel & copper prominently) its very costly and highly
resistive with acids and base.
Hexagonal shape of the reactor and it is thermally insulated.
14 UV lamps ( 7 at top & 7 at bottom) are used to start the reaction that is
chain mechanism.
An inbuilt Heat Exchanger is used in upper part of Reactor for proper
thermosiphoning.
We feed the input from the bottom In liquid phase and by the concept of
thermo siphoning these vapor mixture goes upper part of column and through
the heat exchanger goes down and remain circulating.

20. D-521 ( HCl separation unit )
Column is made up of Monel since it is handling HCl which is highly corrosive in
presence of moisture.
HCl is generated in RQ-500 in gaseous form enters in this column through
R524 ( Flash Drum) which works as a knock out pot.
HCl is removed from the top which is condensed by condenser E-522 up to
(-33oC) using CHF2Cl (R 22) as refrigerant and it is sent to column as reflux and
also sent in another condenser ( Economizer) to condense the HCl vapor
coming from the flash drum.
Our first priority is to use in RQ-603 then after excess HCl is used in making 33%
HCl as byproduct of the process and sold in market after the testing the sample
in lab.
And bottom of D-521 ( crude CMS and unreacted CH3Cl )goes to D-541 where
methyl chloride is removed.

21. D
521
E 520
R
524
RQ 500
steam
53OC
-27.49
DEGC
86oC
E522
D541`
R22
E524
coolant
HCl 33%
RQ603
D481HCl separation unit
reflux
Gas
Flash Drum

22. D-541 (Methyl chloride separation)
Column D-541 takes the input from the bottom of D-521 which have mainly
crude CMS, unreacted C1, traces of moisture, acidity and free chlorine. This
column is attached with an inbuilt heat exchanger in upper part of the column
D-541 which maintained the column pressure by flowing the coolant liquid
water in heat exchanger. This heat exchanger is made up of Monel.
In any case bottom temperature should not go beyond the 110oC otherwise it
will lead to decomposition of CMS that leads to fouling of reboiler tubes.
Unreacted C1, free chlorine, acidity, and moisture are removed from the top of
the column into hydro section. Top and bottom temperature are maintained
such that acidity as HCl doesn’t escape to next column.

23. D 541
E 540
D 521
R 552
D 551
E 550
E541
R 564
Reflux drum
CH3Cl separation unit
Wet crude CMS
E552A
CH3Cl storage tank
Brine
cw
E552B

24. 33 % HCl system
HCl is byproduct formed during the photo chlorination process. That HCl is
separated from CMS in D 521 column from the top.
Major of the HCl gas is used in hydro chlorination process to provide methyl
chloride as required.
Excess HCl gas is sent to 33% HCl generation unit through D 521 column.
HCl gas get absorbed in E-701 liberating a lot of heat.
This block is made of Graphite in separate blocks.
HCl coming from other vents firstly go through the column D-701 then then
passes through absorption column.
Finally we store it in R-701 storage tank and sold in market.

25. E 701
E 524
Excess HCl
R 701
33 % HCl
To gas scrubber
R 702
D 701
For dilution HCl
From vents
HCl – 33 % Section

26. Drying process of crude CMS
Crude CMS from D551 bottom is collected in crude storage tank R564.
Positive pressure of 0.05 kg/cm2 is maintained in the tank to avoid corrosion of
tank due to moisture entry from atmosphere.
Crude CMS storage tank also receives off spec product from the distillation
section.
These tanks are made up of carbon steel.
Crude CMS contains acidic metallic chloride (mainly FeCl3) and high boiling
compounds as organic impurities.

27. Caustic Wash of Crude CMS
Crude CMS is firstly washed with caustic soda solution. Acidity is neutralized
and ferric chloride gets transformed into hydroxide which get precipitated.
Emulsion of R-682 flow into R-683 decanter by gravity.
R564
R682
R 683
20% NaOH

28. Water wash of Crude CMS
In R-683, lighter aqueous phase, saturated with organic impurities makes a
layer at the top and overflows to a safety decanter. Purpose of the water wash
is to remove the caustic present in the crude at the caustic wash section.
R682
R683
R684
NaCl
Sample point
R685
R686
R-695
Organic stripper section Agitator
Decanter

29. Organic stripper section
R695
D461
R461
R462
organics
R684
Drain
NaOH
Hypo section
process

30. Azeodrying section of crude CMS
Here wet CMS is fed from R-689 to the to the distillation column D-691 by
pump P689 A/B.
In D-691 we use monel packing in upper section and pall rings in bottom
section. Bottom product of the D-691 goes to dry storage tank R693 but when
we get more moisture content in the suction stream then we recycled it into
the knock out drum R-689.
The top stream of the R-689 goes to vent to remove the acidity and top of D-
691 removes the water vapors.

31. R686
vent
E692
H2O vapors
Flow sheet Azeodrying section of crude CMS
R689 D691
P689A
P689B
E690
R693
Dry storage
tank of crude
CMS
Knock out
drum

32. Methylene chloride separation unit
Dry CMS is fed in D-581 from the storage tank R-693 via pump P693A/B/C.
Feed is prepared to 85-90 DEGC by steam in a shell and tube heat exchanger
before entering in the column.
Methylene chloride as final product is withdrawn as side stream from the
bottom of the top most section.
We don’t take product stream from the top of the column due to traces present
at top because of low boiling point. The top stream goes as reflux through
condenser.
The bottom product ( CHCl3, CCl4 ) of this column goes to next distillation
column D-571.

33. D581
R693
E580
Dry crude CMS
E583
E582
R582
D571
R595
Vent
C2
C3 / C4 /UHB
E533
Liquid as reflux
C2 Distillation Unit
C2 liquid

34. Chloroform separation unit
This unit is same as the methylene chloride separation unit. The bottom
product of the column D-581 is work as feed for the column D-571.
The top line of the column is recycled back to the column after passing the
condenser and knock out drums that separates the incondensable gases as
vent.
The bottom of the upper top most section of the column gives the product
stream that goes through the condenser in liquid storage tanks R585.
The bottom section of the column gives the chloroform and UHB( undesirable
high boiling) material.

35. E572
R572
D571
Reflux
E533
vent
E573
R585
E570
D591
C4 / UHB
C3
D581
C3/C4/UHB
C3 liquid
C3 Distillation unit

36. Carbon tetrachloride separation unit
This separation unit is also similar as C2 and C3 separation units.
Vent flow rate is adjusted so that no acidity is circulated in reflux drum
otherwise acidity will create corrosion problem.
Minimum vent flow rate is managed 60 Kg/hr.
From the bottom line of the top most section CCl4 is taken and bottom section
discharge contains max 20 % UHB (undesirable high boiling) material which
goes to heavies plant.
UHB amount should not go beyond this limit otherwise this would result
fouling the reboiler tubes and choke the piping & instrument fittngs.

37. C4 separation unit
E-590
D591
E592
R592
E533
venting
E593
R566A/B
Heavies plant
Reflux
CW
CW
D571

38. Hydro chlorination Reactor
Hydro chlorination reactor RQ 603 in which CH3Cl is manufactured. This is a
glass lined vessel having volume 17 cubic meter.
The feed for this reactor is HCl coming from E-524 of HCl separation unit and
crude CH3OH is taken from other companies.
Here Methanol is fed in gaseous form, chilled and normal liquid form.
The reaction take place in the reactor is such as
CH3OH + HCl CH3Cl + H2O
Here ZnCl2(50 %) is in liquid form that is behave as catalyst in the reaction.
ZnCl2

39. Material balance on Hydro-section
From the material balance of photo-section CH3Cl is required 2732.97kg/hr. by
using this data apply material balance on Hydro-section.
Methanol reacted
= [ 32 * 2732.967 / 50.5 ]
= 1731.78 kg/hr
HCl reacted
= [ 36.5 * 2732.97 / 50.5 ]
= 1975.32 kg/hr
H2O formed
= [ 18 * 2732.967 / 50.5 ]
= 974.13 kg/hr

40. RQ 603
Crude CH3OH
E 524
steam
R 603
E 603
HCl
E 623
Methanol Vapor Form
Economizer
ZnCl2 catalyst
E 625
E 624
R624
Disengaged ZnCl2
Vapor mixer
D601

41. we use steam circulation at top of reactor continuously to maintain the
temperature. In case temperature decreases it increases the level of the
column. So it is used to maintain the upper part of the column more than 100
DEGC
Reactor RQ-603 contains our desired product CH3Cl with water vapors and
unreacted methanol and HCl vapors.
The reactor is handling corrosive materials that’s why here we used glass lined
vessel and is economical also w.r.t. Monel.
Temperature of reactor bottom below 1590C methanol forms Di methyl ether
and above 161 oC ZnCl2 entrainment increases with gaseous product of reactor
RQ 603.
That’s why we have to maintain the temperature of reactor bottom very
preciously.

42. CH3
2CH3OH O + H2O
CH3
HCl is used in excess amount to reduce the concentration of side product Di-
Methyl Ether.
In case formed Di-methyl ether react with excess HCl to form methyl chloride
and water.
CH3
O + 2HCl 2CH3Cl + H2O
CH3

43. Reactor outlet gas containing crude methyl chloride, Excess HCl, Water and
Unreacted Methanol enter into a vessel R-624 through a installed pipe at a
temperature 160 oC.
R- 624 is entrainment separator which disengage ZnCl2 droplets carried over
along with gases and return it back into the reactor through the bottom drain
line.
The temperature of gases comes down to 135oC at R – 624 outlet.

44. Water Wash Section of Product of RQ-603
In this section gases passes through E-625 that condenses subazeotropic HCl
solution from crude methyl chloride to R-623 tank. E-625 condenser is set at
temperature at 40 oC by temperature controller to avoid any methyl hydrate
formation.
R-623 disengage liquid from methyl chloride vapor, which is sent to the water
wash column D-621.
D621 is a scrubbing column in which water scrubs the HCl and methanol vapor
from mixture of CH3Cl, CH3OH and HCl vapor mixture. D-621 also receives the
methyl chloride vapor from D541 column.
D621 is glass lined column and Polypropylene CMR packed column.

45. E 624
E 625
R-62362 DEGC
D 541
D-621
125oC R-624
HCl liquid
E-621
30 oC
D-641
Water Wash
Column
HCl & methanol liquid
CH3Cl,CH3OH,HCl

46. Caustic wash column D 641 , D651
Crude methyl chloride vapor from D-621 contains traces of chlorine, HCl and
dimethyl ether.
Caustic wash is required to eliminate chlorine and HCl.
 Here caustic is mixed in D651 rather than n D641.
Reaction of caustic soda with acidic traces of HCl is exothermic reaction so
there is a lot of energy release in D641 so we make slight caustic medium in
D641 so no more load on any one column.
 level of caustic in column D641 is maintained by an interconnecting line with
D651.

47. D 621
D 641
D651
E641
Fresh Caustic 20 %
D 661
E651
P651A
Hypo Section

48. D641 & D651 are glass lined column, packed with polypropylene CMR rings.
There is counter current flow between gas and liquid with gas coming from the
bottom and liquid from the top.
Demister pad is fixed at the top of D651 prevents the caustic mists carry over to
H2SO4 system.
spent caustic from D641 is mixed with fresh caustic soda to make hypochlorite
and it should be free from methanol and organics.

49. H2SO4 Drying section of CH3Cl
Sulphuric acid removes moisture as well as Di methyl impurities.
D661 and D671 are glass lined columns and packed with PVDF pall rings.
98 % H2SO4 is adjusted in suction line of the column D671 and we get 90%
concentrated H2SO4 as spent acid from the bottom of the column D661.
Top of D661 goes as reflux in the column in the column D671 and the top of
D671 gives the Dry CMS.

50. D661 D671
E661
E671
P673A
D651
H2SO4
Fresh
Spent
H2SO4
Dry CH3Cl
LRC6610

51. Demethanolization columns
Knock out drum R-624 contains vapors of CH3OH and HCl which is sent to
distillation column D-631.
Top of the distillation column gives the methanol vapor which further
condensed and chilled with the help of heat exchanger E600 and column D601
which is used as the feed for the reactor RQ-603.
Bottom of the D631 gives the HCl liquid which is sent to R702 and used as the
reactant in photo-section and rest is sold in the market.

52. R624
D631
R632
E635
R702
CH3OH vapor
HCl liquid
CW
CW
E600
D601
RQ603
Chilled methanol

53. Storage tanks
Production of the plant are kept in the storage tanks that are made up of mild
steel and fed amylene to prevent the decomposition of C2,C3 & C4 products.
The tanks are kept under nitrogen pressure which is controlled by a split control
pressure transmitter. This nitrogen blanket serves the tanks from vacuum or
any moisture entry with air.
Hypo section
This section takes the venting of chlorine from the vent that are scrubbed with
caustic soda solution to make Sodium hypo chloride, which is sold as a
byproduct.

54. Products specification and uses
1) Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2) /R-30
APPEARANCE: Clear, colorless liquid
PHYSICAL STATE: Liquid
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 84.94 gm/mol
ODOR: Mild, sweet (similar to Chloroform)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (water = 1.0): 1.33
SOLUBILITY IN WATER (weight %): 1.32 gm/ 100gm @ 77°F
(25°C)
BOILING POINT: 40°C
MELTING POINT: -95°C
VAPOUR PRESSURE: 350 mm Hg at 68°F (20°C)
VAPOUR DENSITY (air = 1.0): 2.9

55. DCM is Irritating to skin. If liquid remains on skin, can cause skin burns. Skin
absorption may cause toxic effects. Causes headache, drowsiness or other effects
to the central nervous system. Do not allow product to contact skin, eyes and
clothing.
USES
Solvent- DCM has the ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds
makes it a useful solvent.
Paint stripper- Paint stripper is a product designed to remove paint and other
finishing products and also as a cleaning agent because it breaks the bonds of
paint materials.
Refrigerant – DCM is also a refrigerant gas also use in making CFCs.

56. 2)Chloroform – CHCl3/R-20
APPEARANCE: Clear, colorless liquid
PHYSICAL STATE: Dense Liquid
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 119.38 gm/mol
ODOR: Mild, sweet
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (water = 1.0): 1.33
SOLUBILITY IN WATER (weight %): very less soluble but
more soluble in oil.
BOILING POINT: 61°C
MELTING POINT: -63.5°C
VAPOUR PRESSURE: 21.1 KPa at 68°F (20°C)
VAPOUR DENSITY (air = 1.0): 4.36

57. Chloroform is well absorbed, metabolized and eliminated rapidly by mammals after
oral inhalation or dermal exposure. It also shows the same effects to skin eyes and
respiratory system as DCM shows. Prolonged exposure of this gas may cause
carcinological and mutagenic effects.
USES
most widely used of chloroform in making chlorofluorocarbon gases that is a
precursor in the production of poly tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).The best known
brand of PTFE is Teflon.
CHCl3 + 2HF CHClF2 + 2HCl
CHClF2 is a popular refrigerant.
CHCl3 used as a solvents, rubber industry, alkaloids, waxes, resin, cleaning agent,
fire extinguishers, CDCl3 ( a common solvent in NMR spectroscopy ), anesthetic.

58. 3) Carbon tetra chloride- CCl4 / R-10
APPEARANCE: Clear, colorless liquid
PHYSICAL STATE: Dense Liquid
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 154 gm/mol
ODOR:
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (water = 1.0): 1.594
SOLUBILITY IN WATER (weight %): very less
BOILING POINT: 76.54°C
MELTING POINT: -23°C
VAPOUR PRESSURE: 91.3 mm of Hg at 20°C
VAPOUR DENSITY (air = 1.0): 5.3

59. CCl4 is very hazardous for central nervous system depressant which can also cause
respiratory and cardiac failure with sufficient exposure. It also hazardous for skin
and eyes as other DCM and chloroform gases.
USES
CCl4 has a high degree of liver toxicity that’s why it is not preferred as refrigerant in
market but used in industries a small scale. It is used as a fire suppression and a
cleaning agent, a good solvent.
Historically it was used in surgical anesthetic but the aforementioned toxicities led
to an unacceptably high fatality rate. Its use in medical application has been
discontinued.

60. Design of Distillation column D581 (CH2Cl2)
Feed rate 2100 Kg/hr
Bottom product 940 Kg/hr,
Xw = 0.001
Distilled product 1060 Kg/hr
XD = 0.99
Reflux 4000kg/hr
CH2Cl2 5060 Kg/hr

61. No of stages required in packed column
Np = ln [ Xd(1-Xw) / Xw(1-Xd) ] / ln α - 1
Np = no of the stages required
α = relative volatility = 1.5
Xd = mole fraction of solute in distillate
Xw = mole fraction of solute in residue
Np = ln [ 0.99(1-0.001)/0.001(1-0.99) ] / ln 1.5 - 1
Np = 27.367 ≈ 27
No of actual stages = No of theoretical stages / efficiency
27/0.50 = 54

62. Here we consider the plant efficiency is 50 ℅. In CMS plant packed distillation
column is used with random packing.
Height equivalent to the theoretical plates (HETP) for random packing is 0.45 in
general.
So height of the distillation column will be = 0.45 * 54
= 24.3 meter
Determination of the Diameter of the column
Dc = (4 Vv / ∏ dv Uv )0.5
Here
Dc = Diameter of the column
Vw = Mass flow rate of top product ( Kg/sec )

63. Uv = top product velocity ( meter / sec )
Uv = ( - 0.17 lt 2 + 0.27 lt – 0.047 ) * ( dl – dv / dv )0.5
Here
lt = 0.5 meter
dl = density of liquid C2 = 1326.6 kg/m3
dv = vapor density of C2 = 2.9 kg/m3
Uv = ( - 0.17* 0.52 + 0.27*0.5 - 0.047 ) * ( 1326.6 – 2.9 / 2.9 )0.5
= 0.97 meter / sec
Vw = 5060 kg/ hr
= 1.4055 kg/sec
Dc = ( 4*1.4055 / ∏* 2.9 *0.97 )0.5 = 0.8 meter

64. Thanks