Jon Smoyer P.G., PA Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), “Hydrogen Peroxide- Review of its Role as Part of a Mine Drainage Treatment Strategy”
Hydrogen Peroxide has been used to oxidize and remove ferrous iron from mine drainage for decades. It is a relatively inexpensive and effective oxidant that can be used to achieve rapid ferrous iron oxidation in many active and semi-passive mine drainage treatment systems. This presentation outlines the physical properties, concentrations, and available delivery options for hydrogen peroxide.
The manufacturing process of Hydrogen Peroxide. This slide will give u all information about the manufacturing process of hydrogen peroxide. First it will describe u about the raw material used for the manufacturing of hydrogen peroxide and then the manufacturing process of hydrogen peroxide and then the utilities and uses of hydrogen peroxide.
Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: Preparation, Thermal Pretreatment and Behavior Du...Gerard B. Hawkins
Fischer-Tropsch Process
Themes
Competitive Dissociative Adsorption
Reducibility of Metal Oxides
Feed Stock ofthe Fischer-Tropsch Process
Catalytic Partial Oxidation
Heats of Reaction
Direct vs Indirect Catalytic Partial Oxida.....
B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric AcidAniket Mali
A method is disclosed for the manufacture of phosphoric acid directly from phosphate rock slurry in a reaction vessel with additional sulphuric acid to produce dehydrate calcium sulphate (gypsum). The gypsum is separated from the recovery solution via filtration and removed as a by-product. Design of equipments like reactor, sedimentation tank and evaporator is done.
Application Description
The Impact Of Poor Quality Olefin Feedstocks
The Importance Of Alky Unit Pre-treatment
Typical Process Conditions
VULCAN VIG Catalyst Morphology
Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylenes and Alkenes
Alkylation Reaction Chemistry
ALKYLATION CHEMISTRY AND PROCESS VARIABLES
What Are VULCAN Processes
FIXED BED PROCESSES
Advantages
Dis-Advantages
VULCAN UltraPurification Guards
VULCAN UltraPurification Impurities
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Guards - Prediction Of Sulfur In Feed
Basic HDS Reactions
Mechanisms for DBT desulfurization
Relative Reactivities of Three benzothiophene molecules
The manufacturing process of Hydrogen Peroxide. This slide will give u all information about the manufacturing process of hydrogen peroxide. First it will describe u about the raw material used for the manufacturing of hydrogen peroxide and then the manufacturing process of hydrogen peroxide and then the utilities and uses of hydrogen peroxide.
Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: Preparation, Thermal Pretreatment and Behavior Du...Gerard B. Hawkins
Fischer-Tropsch Process
Themes
Competitive Dissociative Adsorption
Reducibility of Metal Oxides
Feed Stock ofthe Fischer-Tropsch Process
Catalytic Partial Oxidation
Heats of Reaction
Direct vs Indirect Catalytic Partial Oxida.....
B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric AcidAniket Mali
A method is disclosed for the manufacture of phosphoric acid directly from phosphate rock slurry in a reaction vessel with additional sulphuric acid to produce dehydrate calcium sulphate (gypsum). The gypsum is separated from the recovery solution via filtration and removed as a by-product. Design of equipments like reactor, sedimentation tank and evaporator is done.
Application Description
The Impact Of Poor Quality Olefin Feedstocks
The Importance Of Alky Unit Pre-treatment
Typical Process Conditions
VULCAN VIG Catalyst Morphology
Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylenes and Alkenes
Alkylation Reaction Chemistry
ALKYLATION CHEMISTRY AND PROCESS VARIABLES
What Are VULCAN Processes
FIXED BED PROCESSES
Advantages
Dis-Advantages
VULCAN UltraPurification Guards
VULCAN UltraPurification Impurities
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Guards - Prediction Of Sulfur In Feed
Basic HDS Reactions
Mechanisms for DBT desulfurization
Relative Reactivities of Three benzothiophene molecules
Environmental Technology for Cleaner ProductionSSA KPI
AACIMP 2010 Summer School lecture by Mårten Ericson. "Sustainable Development" stream. "Environmental Technology" course. Part 1.
More info at http://summerschool.ssa.org.ua
Catalytic Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Reactions
Sulfur Related Problems
Effects of Sulfur in Catalytic Reforming
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Effect of Sulfur on Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Catalytic Reformer Efficiency
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Sulfur Guards for Catalytic Reformers
VULCAN Guard Installation Protects Isomerization Catalysts
Liquid Phase vs Gas Phase: Relative Advantages
Liquid Phase Treating
Which active metal is best?
Thiophenes and Nickel Sulfur Guards
Sulfiding mechanisms with reduced metals
Thiophene adsorption on nickel
Advantages of Cu/Zn Over Nickel Sulfur Guards
Copper oxide vs Nickel
Nickel Sulfur Guards
Manganese Sulfur Guards
Effluent Testing: Testing of BOD, COD, TOC and interpretation of results ,What is DO (dissolved oxygen)?,can we use my cod results to predict my bod?,BOD Test Procedures
Oleochemicals - What are they?
fatty acids
fatty alcohols
fatty methyl esters
fatty amines
glycerine
Oleochemical pathways
What are they used for?
Where do they come from?
Review of Organic Functional Groups
Fatty Acids
- Uses
- Process
- Splitting
- Hydrogenation
Ni Catalyst for FA hydrogenation
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Comparison pore size & TG/FA molecules
Effect of pore dimensions in fatty acid hardening
Effect of premixing timeon catalyst activity
Effects of catalyst dissolution summarized:
Reducing Ni soaps
Issues
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (i)
Precious metal catalyst cycle
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (ii)
Fatty Alcohols
- Uses
- Process
Fatty Ester Hydrogenolysis
Fixed Bed Hydrogenolysis
Slurry Phase Hydrogenolysis
Fatty OH polishing
Fatty Methyl Esters
- Uses
Advantages of ME vs FA as a feedstock
FME - Biodiesel
Fatty Amines
Glycerin
- Uses
- The Future
REFERENCE:
Some graphs and photographs, in particular the photo of "The nickel deposits in the tube section", were extracted from Johnson Matthey contributions to International conferences.
Hydrogenation Process Overview
Filtration
Dissolved Nickel
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Formation of Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State of Dissolved Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State
Brush Hydrogenation
To lower Ni soap formation
Reduce FFA in oil
Prevent water or soap stock getting into reactor
Minimize t1
Minimize t3
Find optimum filtration temperature
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
Geochemical and Hydrologic Controls on Abandoned Coal Mine DischargeMichael Hewitt, GISP
Jill Burrows Ph.D. Candidate, Lehigh University, “Geochemical and Hydrologic Controls on Abandoned Coal Mine Discharge”
Water samples were collected from 23 Coal Mine Discharges (CMDs) in the summer and fall of 2012 in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania to evaluate the changes in geochemistry and hydrology over time by comparing the results to studies conducted on the same discharges in 1975, 1991, and 1999 by the U.S. Geological Survey. Geochemical modeling was used to establish a timeline for inorganic pyrite dissolution.
Environmental Technology for Cleaner ProductionSSA KPI
AACIMP 2010 Summer School lecture by Mårten Ericson. "Sustainable Development" stream. "Environmental Technology" course. Part 1.
More info at http://summerschool.ssa.org.ua
Catalytic Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Reactions
Sulfur Related Problems
Effects of Sulfur in Catalytic Reforming
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Effect of Sulfur on Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Catalytic Reformer Efficiency
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Sulfur Guards for Catalytic Reformers
VULCAN Guard Installation Protects Isomerization Catalysts
Liquid Phase vs Gas Phase: Relative Advantages
Liquid Phase Treating
Which active metal is best?
Thiophenes and Nickel Sulfur Guards
Sulfiding mechanisms with reduced metals
Thiophene adsorption on nickel
Advantages of Cu/Zn Over Nickel Sulfur Guards
Copper oxide vs Nickel
Nickel Sulfur Guards
Manganese Sulfur Guards
Effluent Testing: Testing of BOD, COD, TOC and interpretation of results ,What is DO (dissolved oxygen)?,can we use my cod results to predict my bod?,BOD Test Procedures
Oleochemicals - What are they?
fatty acids
fatty alcohols
fatty methyl esters
fatty amines
glycerine
Oleochemical pathways
What are they used for?
Where do they come from?
Review of Organic Functional Groups
Fatty Acids
- Uses
- Process
- Splitting
- Hydrogenation
Ni Catalyst for FA hydrogenation
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Comparison pore size & TG/FA molecules
Effect of pore dimensions in fatty acid hardening
Effect of premixing timeon catalyst activity
Effects of catalyst dissolution summarized:
Reducing Ni soaps
Issues
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (i)
Precious metal catalyst cycle
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (ii)
Fatty Alcohols
- Uses
- Process
Fatty Ester Hydrogenolysis
Fixed Bed Hydrogenolysis
Slurry Phase Hydrogenolysis
Fatty OH polishing
Fatty Methyl Esters
- Uses
Advantages of ME vs FA as a feedstock
FME - Biodiesel
Fatty Amines
Glycerin
- Uses
- The Future
REFERENCE:
Some graphs and photographs, in particular the photo of "The nickel deposits in the tube section", were extracted from Johnson Matthey contributions to International conferences.
Hydrogenation Process Overview
Filtration
Dissolved Nickel
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Formation of Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State of Dissolved Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State
Brush Hydrogenation
To lower Ni soap formation
Reduce FFA in oil
Prevent water or soap stock getting into reactor
Minimize t1
Minimize t3
Find optimum filtration temperature
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
Geochemical and Hydrologic Controls on Abandoned Coal Mine DischargeMichael Hewitt, GISP
Jill Burrows Ph.D. Candidate, Lehigh University, “Geochemical and Hydrologic Controls on Abandoned Coal Mine Discharge”
Water samples were collected from 23 Coal Mine Discharges (CMDs) in the summer and fall of 2012 in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania to evaluate the changes in geochemistry and hydrology over time by comparing the results to studies conducted on the same discharges in 1975, 1991, and 1999 by the U.S. Geological Survey. Geochemical modeling was used to establish a timeline for inorganic pyrite dissolution.
DrilSmooth system is a unique, water-based drilling fluid .pptxWaelElEssawy2
DrilSmooth system is a unique, water-based drilling fluid developed for fractured and stabilizing mechanically weak or poorly consolidated formations and drilling high-angle or horizontal wells.
Ruslan Kh.Khamizov, Natalya S.Vlasovskikh, Lilya P.Moroshkina, Sultan Kh.Khamizov
Scientific and Technological Company “NewChem Technology” LLC
SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS AND PROSPECTS FOR CLOSED–CIRCUIT PROCESSING OF ALUMINA-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS WITH THE USE OF SALT-ACID METHOD
Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning watersacciona
Marina Arnaldos, responsable de desalación de desalación y nuevas tecnologías de ACCIONA Agua, presentó la ponencia “Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning waters for irrigation purposes” en la conferencia anual que la asociación europea de desalación ha celebrado en Roma entre los días 22-26 de mayo de 2016.
This presentation discusses hydraulic fracturing and potential environmental contamination issues. Possible solutions are presented, as well as problems associated with analysis of fracking solutions and production water. For more information, go to ssi.shimadzu.com.
2022 PA AMR Conference Domestic Production of Critical Minerals 9:30AM 6/22/22Michael Hewitt, GISP
Abandoned Coal Mine Drainage Cleanup Through Domestic Production of Critical Minerals for National Security – Sarma V. Pisupati, Mohammad Rezaee, and Dr. Barbara Arnold, Penn State University
Sullivan County Conservation District Watershed Specialist, Corey Richmond, gave this presentation to schools and involved them in testing on abandoned mines. He covered the history and location of old mines and the company towns.
Colin Lennox, Eco Islands LLC, “Metal Reclamation Units for AMD and Nutrient ...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Metal Reclamations Units (MRUs) are passive, modular, scalable, rapidly deployed wetland bioreactors. The biofilm which grows upon the support matrix inside the MRUs is self-selecting and determined by the introduced pollutants and how they are attenuated throughout the treatment process. Currently, our systems function as tertiary treatment at six sites removing Mn and Al, pH<7,><5.5> minimum, demonstrated rates up to 4kg/day of Fe captured using two MRUs Mk1.5s in series, residence 20-25 minutes, flow 280Lpm (5).
The Department of the Interior’s Office of Surface Coal Mining Reclamation and Enforcement presented Northampton Fuel Supply Company, Inc. (NFS) with the “Excellence in Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation” National Award in September 2016 for the land reclamation at the Loomis Bank Operation off of Middle Road in Luzerne County, Hanover Township, PA. The Loomis site was an abandoned culm bank that covered over 100 acres of land. NFS started operations at the site in the late nineties and processed over a million tons of the culm material converting it to a viable fuel for power generation at Northampton Generating Company, LP’s (NGC) power plant located in Northampton, PA.
Matt MacConnell, Lehigh River Stocking Association, “Lausanne Tunnel Remediat...Michael Hewitt, GISP
The Lausanne Tunnel in Jim Thorpe was installed in 1906 to dewater the coal fields in this area. The tunnel discharges about 6000 gal/min of drainage that is relatively high in iron and manganese but fortunately, the pH is relatively high and aluminum content is low. The remediation installed in 2004 was a two part passive wetland system that has been the focus of the conservation efforts by a number of conservation organizations since that time. My involvement has been to engage the local Sierra Club as well, the local trout stocking clubs and other organizations to provide funding and manpower for upgrades at the site. In 2007, two 5ft rectangular weir flow monitors were installed, one in the wetland and the other in the bypass flow, which consists of 2/3rd of the tunnel discharge flow. Pressure transducers and solar powered data loggers were installed to record both flows so that further hydrological engineering could be applied to optimize the wetland treatment while also devising a treatment plan for the bypass flow. In 2011, artesian aerators were added to the feeder pipes to improve aeration of the water entering the wetland. The aerators, however, did consume some of the available head pressure and reduced wetland feed flow so in 2014 a 3rd 14” feeder pipe was excavated and installed bringing the wetland flow rate back to the 1800 gal/min design rate. In 2016, a solar powered compressor was installed with two aerator heads added to the wetland to further boost dissolved oxygen. Iron test kits and dissolved oxygen monitors have been used to evaluate the iron removal effectiveness of the wetland and the extent of oxygen saturation. The next steps at for further improvement are the installation of cascading settling basins in the bypass flow as well as optimization of the wetland flow distribution. This presentation will feature presentation of technical flow and composition data as well as drone video of the site.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Hydrogen Peroxide- Review of its Role as Part of a Mine Drainage Treatment Strategy
1. Hydrogen Peroxide- Review of its Role as
Part of a Mine Drainage Treatment
Strategy
Jon Smoyer, PG August 9, 2013
Bureau of Abandoned Mine Reclamation
2. • What is Hydrogen Peroxide?
• Chemically – H202 - only one atom of oxygen
different than water but….
• DO NOT BE FOOLED. HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE IS A VERY POWERFUL
OXIDANT AND IF NOT RESPECTED, CAN
BE A VERY DANGEROUS CHEMICAL TO
MOST LIVING ORGANISMS
3. Physical and chemical properties
Hydrogen peroxide is a clear, colorless, non-flammable liquid. It has a slightly
pungent odor. Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile chemical with a wide variety of
applications. It is commercially available as aqueous solution in various
concentrations and grades.
Parameter units H2O2 concentration
Content % by wt. 30 35 50 60 70 87
Content g H2O2 100%/kg 300 350 500 600 700 870
Content g H2O2 100%/l 333 396 598 745 902 1197
Content Mol % 18.5 22.2 34.6 44.3 55.3 78.0
Active oxygen
content
% by wt. 14.1 16.5 23.5 28.2 32.9 40.9
Density at
20 °C
g/cm³ 1.111 1.132 1.196 1.241 1.288 1.376
Freezing point2) °C -26 -33 (-27F) -52 (-62F) -56 -40 -16
Boiling point
(normal pressure)3) °C 106 108 114 119 125 139
4. • TYPICALLY AVAILABLE IN 35% OR 50% IN,
DRUMS, TOTES OR IN BULK DELIVERY.
• BULK DELIVERY PREFERRED FOR ANY TYPE OF
LONG TERM TREATMENT.
• 50% OBVIOUSLY MORE COST EFFECTIVE
5. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE WHEN REACTED BREAKS
DOWN INTO WATER AND OXYGEN. NO
BYPRODUCTS OR RESIDUES OTHER THAN THOSE
LEFT BY THE REACTANT THAT WAS OXIDIZED.
NO INCREASE IN TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS.
6. • AMD REACTION WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
• 2 Fe +2 + H2O2 + 4 OH-
2Fe (OH)3 (precip.)
Reaction consumes
alkalinity (or liberates
mineral acidity)
7. • Hydrogen Peroxide is a non-discriminant
oxidizer. It will oxidize anything that happens
to be in the AMD stream. However, in most
cases, the iron is the first available reactive
element that will precipitate in large
quantities.
• Iron will continue to precipitate until the
solubility point of the isotope of Fe is attained
by the pH and/or Eh of the solution.
10. • Why use hydrogen peroxide?…
• Much more efficient than atmospheric aeration.
Oxidation with atmosphere is limited by the fact that
air is only 20% oxygen and the exchange of this limited
oxygen into water is slow and relatively inefficient.
• Can be more cost effective than adding alkaline
material to AMD in order to adjust the solubility of the
solution. Oxidize as raw, rather than adjust pH to bring
the iron out of solution. This avoids the inefficiencies
of lime dissolution and therefore makes less sludge.
11. • BENCH SCALE TESTS ON NEAR ALKALINE –
IRON TYPE AMD (MEANS AND BEAM, 2011)
• BUCKET/ BENCH SCALE TESTS WERE
PERFORMED ON DISCHARGES THAT WERE
NEAR ALKALINE CONDITIONS (SOME WERE
INFACT NET ACIDIC) THAT WERE OF LARGE
VOLUME AND LIMITED SPACE SUCH THAT
PURELY PASSIVE TREATMENT WOULD BE
UNLIKELY
12. • CRABTREE DISCHARGE (WESTMORELAND CO.)
Lab pH
Lab
Alkalinity TIC SC TSS Al - D Al - T Ca - D Ca - T Fe - D Fe - T
Raw 6.1 152.4 46.4 1482 8 0.459 1.108 154.3 149.6 59.62 58.89
H2O2 + 16 hrs 5.8 53.4 24 1453 5 0.2 0.2 142 148 0.02 1.26
13. • CRABTREE DISCHARGE (WESTMORELAND CO.)
CONT.
K - D K - T Mg - D Mg - T Mn - D Mn-T Na - D Na - T Si - D Si - T Zn - D Zn - T Nitrate SO4 Cl-
Hot
Acidity
Raw 3.723 3.8 49.9 53.3 2.23 2.26 106.7 106.5 23.88 23.84 0.084 0.088 0.06 681.0 71.0 -24.4
H2O2 +16
HRS 4.211 4.3 48.6 51.3 2.14 2.23 95.8 98.8 18.68 20.65 0.087 0.088 0.07 627.4 70.5 -34
14. • HOFFMAN RUN DISCHARGE (SOMSERSET CO.)
Lab
pH
Lab
Alk SC TSS Al - D Al - T Ca - DCa - T Fe - D Fe - T
Raw 5.9 66.2 910 6 0.2 0.2 92.6 93.6 47.5 48.5
H2O2 +
30 min 3.9 0 920 68 0.2 0.2 94.7 94.7 0.636 26.5
H2O2 +
16 hrs 3.9 0.6 876 5 0.2 0.2 88.6 91.3 0.288 1.93
15. • HOFFMAN RUN DISCHARGE (CONT.)
K -
D
K -
T
Mg -
D
Mg -
T
Mn
- D
Mn-
T
Na -
D
Na -
T
Si -
D Si - T Zn - DZn - T SO4 Cl-
Hot
Acidity
RAW 2.6 2.7 50.7 51.7 7.9 8.1 2.9 2.9 8.0 8.2 0.076 0.078 356.8 3 27
H2O2
+30
MIN 2.6 2.6 51.6 54.2 7.9 8.0 2.7 2.8 7.9 8.1 0.082 0.076 403.52.6 40.6
H2O2 +
16 HRS 2.4 2.6 50.5 52.4 7.6 8.1 2.5 2.7nd nd 0.077 0.086 447.63.3 18
16. • ST. MICHAEL DISCHARGE (CAMBRIA CO.)
Lab pH
Lab
Alk TIC SC
TDS @
105 TSS Al - D Al - T
Ca -
D Ca - T Fe - DFe - T
Raw 5.8 46.6 31.8 1631 1704 14 1.56 2.81 203 205 132 133
H2O2
+ 10
MIN 3.0 0 31 1934 1484 252 2.5 2.24 207 213 47.8 137
H2O2
+ 5HRS 3.0 0 24.6 1925 1540 32 2.24 2.29 204 207 30.8 41.2
17. • GLADDEN DISCHARGE (ALLEGHENY CO.)
Lab pH
Lab
Alk TIC SC
TDS @
105 TSS Al - D Al - T Ca - DCa - T Fe - D Fe - T
Raw 6.2 151.8 79.5 1741 1348 5 0.2 0.243 86.3 89.5 86 89.5
H2O2 +
3MIN 5.1 24.8 63.5 1725 1280 184 0.2 0.262 86.3 89.8 0.488 91.9
H2O2 +
18 MIN 5.0 22 62 1722 1256 50 0.2 0.2 87.6 89.4 0.039 26.9
H2O2 +
2HRS
18MIN 5.1 21.6 42.5 1726 1258 14 0.2 0.2 85.4 88.8 0.02 6.425
18. • LTV Banning and Mon-View Mathies -Recent
financial market condition has affected trust
revenue generation
• PADEP (Beam et. al.) with the assistance of OSM
(Means) formed evaluation team to perform cost-
reduction evaluations
• Evaluation team focused on reducing annual
operation and chemical costs
LTV TREATMENT SYSTEM EVALUATIONS
19. • LTV TREATMENT COST EVALUATION
5-Step Approach
1. Determine current dosing rates;
2. Quantify consumption of alkali chemical;
3. Develop alternative treatment strategies;
4. Pilot test alternative strategies;
5. Perform cost and performance comparison
evaluation
20. Step 1: Quantify original Mon-View NaOH Costs
20% NaOH Dosing = 122 gal/day = $116/day = $42,340/yr
Sample Location
Flow
(gpm)
Field
pH
Field
Alkalinity
Ca - D Ca - T Fe - D Fe - T Na - D Na - T
Reaction tank Influent 396 6.86 400 96.5 100 34.8 46.3 448 468
Reaction tank Effluent 396 7.22 385 95.5 102 4.306 46.2 475 515
Final Effluent 396 7.48 375 94.3 97.2 1.1 1.09 454 502
All values in mg/L, Alkalinity = mg/L as CaCO3, D = Dissolved, T = Total
Mon-View: Results of Original 20% Sodium Hydroxide (w/w) Treatment Configuation
21. Step 1: Quantify Banning Hydrate Costs
Hydrated Lime Dosing = 3.77 tons/day = $603/day = $220,168/yr
Sample Location
Flow
(gpm)
Field
pH
Field
Alkalinity
Ca - D Ca - T Fe - D Fe - T Na - D Na - T
Reaction tank Influent 2310 6.89 394 114 112 18 18.0 434 432
Reaction tank Effluent 2310 8.28 310 87.5 256 0.026 16.9 440 444
Final Effluent 2310 8.25 306 71.5 92 <.020 1.0 390 462
All values in mg/L, Alkalinity = mg/L as CaCO3, D = Dissolved, T = Total
Banning : Results of Original Hydrated Lime Treatment Configuation
23. Mechanism for Hydrate Consumption
Hydroxylation - Reaction with OH- ion with aqueous
species to form H2O and other species
– Hydroxylation of anion
HCO3
- + OH- = CO3
2- + H2O
– Hydroxylation of cation
Mg2+ + OH- = MgOH+
– Hydroxylation of Aqueous complexes
CaHCO3
+ + OH- = CaCO3(aq) + H2O
24. Daily Consumption of NaOH at Mon-View
$53
$58
$5
Hydroxylation
Fe Removal
Calcite Formation
25. Using pH adjustment as a treatment strategy is costing $561/day
worth of nuisance consumption to treat 18 mg/L of Iron
Daily Consumption of Hydrated Lime at Banning
60%
$201
$42
$360
Hydroxylation
Fe Removal
Calcite Formation
26. H2O2
Lime
Step 3: Develop alternative Treatment Strategy
to reduce Cost
Pilot Test 50% H2O2
– No pH adjustment
33. • Portion of Safety Film on Stability, Reactivity,
and Decomposition of H2O2
http://h2o2.evonik.com/product/h2o2/en/pages/h2o2-safety-training-video.aspx
34. • ALL OF THE PA DEP’S USE OR EVALUATION OF
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ARE FOR ACTIVE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS WITH EXISTING, POWER
AND SOME TYPE OF SECURE FACILITIES.
35. Ideal for Net Alkaline discharges with space limitations
Low Capital Cost
No additional TDS to final effluent
Limits or eliminates calcite precipitation
Stable supply and price structure
Very low cost per gallon of water treated (typically $0.07
to $0.15 per thousand gals. Treated)
Available in bulk delivery 35% and 50% are the most
common grades
Low maintenance system (tank, pump and distribution line)
Pro’s (what’s great about H202)
36. Stainless steel or plastic storage facilities and delivery
systems only (some very specific grades of Al will work)
Containment and spill mitigation plan is absolutely
necessary.
Personal Protective Equipment and Safety Training a must
Not very effective for manganese removal
Solids settling may require the use of additional and/or
different polymers than are used with traditional pH
adjusting chemicals
VERY STRONG OXIDIZER must be respected at all times
Con’s (what’s not great about H202)
37. • Is Peroxide right for you?
Consider the site and staff availability. For most
watershed associations with strictly volunteer
labor and remote systems without power or safety
facilities, it is not a good idea.
If you need enhanced treatment, more control on
an effluent, or less sludge generation at an active
treatment plant, it may be a very useful component
to your treatment process.