This slides shows vocational training which i've done at ammonia-4 plant at GSFC LTD.
There are some tasks that given by our university that we have done here.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
I am damn sure you will be getting everything here searching for.
its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
I am damn sure you will be getting everything here searching for.
its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The high temperature shift duty introduction and theory
HTS catalyst characteristics
developments over time
Typical HTS operational problems
Improved catalysts
VULCAN Series VSG-F101 Series
Summary
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process
Can address all these with an air blown secondary
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
High level introduction
Mainstream syngas = steam reforming processes
Ammonia; methanol; hydrogen/HyCO
Town gas
Steam reforming; low pressure cyclic
Direct reduction iron (DRI)
HYL type processes; Midrex type processes
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
VULCAN Series VSG-Z101 Primary Reforming
Initial Catalyst Reduction
Activating (reducing) the catalyst involves changing the nickel oxide to nickel, represented by:
NiO + H2 <==========> Ni + H2O
Natural gas is typically used as the hydrogen source. When it is, the catalyst reduction and putting the reformer on-line are accompanied in the same step.
The Benefits and Disadvantages of Potash in Steam ReformingGerard B. Hawkins
Why do we include potash ?
What are the benefits ?
What are the disadvantages ?
Catalyst Deactivation
Carbon Deposition : Thermodynamics & Kinetics
Carbon formation margin
Reaction chemistry (Tube inlet)
Hydrocarbons undergo cracking reactions on hot surfaces at the tube inlet
Products of catalytic cracking reactions can form polymeric carbon
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The high temperature shift duty introduction and theory
HTS catalyst characteristics
developments over time
Typical HTS operational problems
Improved catalysts
VULCAN Series VSG-F101 Series
Summary
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process
Can address all these with an air blown secondary
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
High level introduction
Mainstream syngas = steam reforming processes
Ammonia; methanol; hydrogen/HyCO
Town gas
Steam reforming; low pressure cyclic
Direct reduction iron (DRI)
HYL type processes; Midrex type processes
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
VULCAN Series VSG-Z101 Primary Reforming
Initial Catalyst Reduction
Activating (reducing) the catalyst involves changing the nickel oxide to nickel, represented by:
NiO + H2 <==========> Ni + H2O
Natural gas is typically used as the hydrogen source. When it is, the catalyst reduction and putting the reformer on-line are accompanied in the same step.
The Benefits and Disadvantages of Potash in Steam ReformingGerard B. Hawkins
Why do we include potash ?
What are the benefits ?
What are the disadvantages ?
Catalyst Deactivation
Carbon Deposition : Thermodynamics & Kinetics
Carbon formation margin
Reaction chemistry (Tube inlet)
Hydrocarbons undergo cracking reactions on hot surfaces at the tube inlet
Products of catalytic cracking reactions can form polymeric carbon
Delhi Cryogenics Products Pvt. Ltd. is a leading Manufacturer and Supplier of Oxygen plant, Oxygen Gas Plants, Liquid Nitrogen plants Machinery in India as well as overseas.
Presentation of our Inert Fire Suppression Systems available at 200 bar and 300 bar.
All 4 types of gases offered:
Argon (IG-01), Nitrogen (IG-100), IG-55 and IG-541
Australasian Lab managers Conference: Gas Generation Dr Nicole Pendini 2019Nicole Renee Pendini
This presentation focus on on-site Gas Generation for the laboratory space supplying a range of analytical and specialty applications within the lab environment. I will focus on keeping green by preventing weekly cylinder and bulk supply deliveries, that waste energy offsite to generate the gas and petrol to delivery to the laboratory. The overall cost savings vs other methods (ROI < 1.5 years including service) and of course how Laboratory managers can significantly reduce their OHS/E risk with onsite Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Zero Air gas generators.
Experimental Analysis of Refrigeration system using Microchannel condenser & ...AM Publications
Micro channel condenser now days can be effectively used due to its compact size in automobile sector. For
its performance, refrigeration set up designed to detect experimental performance of microchannel condenser. In this
paper performance analysis of microchannel condenser compared with round tube and coil tube. In analysis of
microchannel condensers it can be found more effective at various loads and operating conditions. For review same size of
microchannel and round tube condenser are considered. From the previous experiments the micro-channel condenser was
made to have nearly an identical face area, depth and fin density as the round-tube condenser which was the baseline. Also
varying the refrigerants, C.O.P & Efficiency of micro channel the various reviews of reviewer micro channel condenser
can be efficient and also refrigerator system requires less power.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
3. • The hydrogenated natural gas is fed
to the sulphur absorbers.
• Zinc oxide catalyst is in the form of
4 mm cylindrical extrudes.
• Operating temperature is approx.
395˚C.
ZnO + H₂S ↔ ZnS + H₂O
ZnO + COS ↔ ZnS + CO₂
• Sulphur content in the natural gas is
less than 0.1 ppm by weight.
4. • Desulphurized gas is converted into
synthesis gas by catalytic reforming
of the hydrocarbon mixture with
steam and the addition of air.
CnH2n+2 + 2H₂O ↔ Cn-1H2n + CO₂ + 3H₂ - heat
CH4 + 2H₂O ↔ CO₂ + 4H₂ - heat
CO₂ + H₂ ↔ CO + H₂O – heat
• Reactions take place in two steps.
1. Primary reforming
2. Secondary reforming
5. • Exothermic reaction which occurs in
this section is:
CO + H2O ↔ H2 + CO2 + heat
• Shift reaction takes place in the two
CO converters:
1. HT CO-Converter.
2. LT CO- converter with process
gas cooling after each converter.
6. • Outlet gas from CO converter
contain 18.32 mole% CO2
• The solvent used for CO2
absorption is aMDEA(40%)
• Consists of a two stage CO2
absorber, a CO2 stripper and two
flesh vessels.
R3N + CO2 + H2O ↔ R3NH+ + HCO3
-
2R2NH + CO2 ↔ R2NH2
+ + R2N-COO-
7. 1. Main trip (local) any major abnormality will observe immediately it will trip the plant.
2. Inlet feed trip which maintain the feed quantity at 10,000kg N.G and 30,000 stream.
3. Flue gas fan (logic: 2 out of 2) where two switch is provided for the control rpm of the I.D fan
and F.D fan. Tripping will only if both switches gets tripped. I.D fan maintained at 525 rpm
and F.D fan at 400 rpm.
4. Outlet temperature of reformer. (logic 2 out of 3) Here 3 number of switches is provided for
the tripping of reformer. It maintain the temperature of the reformer at 880OC (max). It 2
switches get trip of 3 switches tripping will occurs.
5. REF box pressure (logic 2 out of 3). The inside pressure of the reformer box is maintain to at
its maximum value of -50 mmWC and lowest at the 0 mmWC. currently maintained at -14
mmWC.
6. S/C (stream to carbon ratio) as per the process effectiveness the S/C is maintained to
approx. 2.1KG/KG. if any how the ratio get disturb the tripping occurs
7. High pressure stream drum. The level tripping is placed over the drum for the maintenance
of the D.M water level which is at 33%.
8. Medium pressure stream drum leveled at 23%.
9. I.S.R drum level trip switch which level maintained at 20% DM water.
8. System Actual value Trip value
Reformer outlet process gas temp 8250
C 8800
C (2 of 3)
Reformer box pressure for ID-FD -15 mmWC 0 mmWC (max) &
-150 mmWC (min)
HP system drum level 75 % 33 % (2 of 3)
MP system drum level 75 % 20 % (2 of 3)
S/c ratio 3.05 2.1
Boiler free water circulation flow 265 m3
/ hr 80 m3
/ hr
9. Process safety -
1. Safety valves : Safety relief valves
2. For pressured lines –
( i ) Primary : (a) Pressure relief valve
(b) Rupture disc
(c) Stand pipe
3. Hydrocarbon & Chlorine gas detector is placed all over the plant
4. Fire related safety –
I. Smoke detector is placed all over the control room, electric substations & instrument
PLC room.
II. MCP (manual call point) is place at critical place for the certain emergency conditions.
III. Fire extinguisher are placed (dry chemical powder & CO2 cylinders)
IV. Header down stream
Fire hydrants
Wet risers & dry risers
( ii ) Secondary : (a) Check valve
(b) Restriction orifice
(c) Control valve
10. 1. Respiratory –
• Skin Protection :- sunburn cream, long sleeved clothes, PVC suit
• Inhalation/Ingestion :- canister gasmask, chemical cartridge
dust mask, BA set
2. Non-Respiratory –
• Head Protection :- helmets, caps
• Eye Protection :- spectacles/goggles, shields, visors
• Hand Protection :- gloves and barrier creams
• Ear Protection :- ear muffs and plugs
• Working at Height :- harness and safety belt, safety net
• Foot Protection :- safety shoes/boots
11.
12. 1.Property damage incident (fire/explosion)
DATE – 01/01/2018
PLACE – Control room opposite side garden area
CAUSE – minor synthesis gas leakage from underground synthesis header, indentified due to
minor fire of grinding spark.
ACTION – part of leaky header will be carried out.
2. Equipment damage incident due to toxic release
DATE – 20/06/2018
PLACE – E0506 inlet flange joint leakage
CAUSE – As such there are no chances to leakage might be due to start up after long shut down
period.
ACTION – Ammonia synthesis loop pressure decrease to reduce the leakage.
14. NO. NAME UNIT ACTUAL VALUE
1 AMMONIA PRODUCTION MTPD 1370
SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION
1 NG,FEED+FUEL SM3
/MT 864
2 MPS IMPORT MT/MT 0
3 MPS+LPS EXPORT MT/MT -1.35
4 POWER IMPORT KWH 377.953
5 DM WATER M3
/MT 2.845
6 RAW WATER M3
/MT 1.967
UNIT COST
1 NG Rs/SM3 34.637
2 STEAM IMPORT Rs/MT 0
3 STEAM EXPORT(MP+LP) Rs/MT -1942.79
4 POWER Rs/KWH 4.21
5 DM WATER RS/M3 99.93
6 RAW WATER RS/M3 29.46
TOTAL OPERATING COST RS/MT 29179.08448
15. Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)
• SYSTEM is the subject of a risk assessment and generally includes a process, product, activity,
facility or logical system
• Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) is a structured and systematic technique for system
examination and risk management.
• In particular, HAZOP is often used as a technique for identifying potential hazards in a system
and identifying operability problems likely to lead to nonconforming products.
• HAZOP is based on a theory that assumes risk events are caused by deviations from design or
operating intentions.
16. Man power No. of shift Extra Total number of
persons
Shift incharge
engineer
2 3 1 7
DCS 3 3 2 11
Hydrogen cabin
operator
4 3 1 13
Nitrogen cabin
operator
4 3 2 14
Lab 2 3 1 7
workman 3 3 2 11