Synthetic ammonia is produced through a six step process: (1) natural gas desulfurization, (2) catalytic steam reforming of natural gas to produce hydrogen, (3) carbon monoxide shift reaction, (4) carbon dioxide removal, (5) methanation, and (6) ammonia synthesis from the hydrogen and nitrogen. Approximately 75% of synthetic ammonia is used as fertilizer and the remainder is used to make other chemicals and products. Emissions occur during regeneration of the desulfurization bed, heating of the catalytic steam, regeneration of the carbon dioxide scrubbing solution, and steam stripping of process condensate. Control techniques include injecting emissions into the reformer stack to reduce emissions
Methanol most flexible chemical commodities and energy sources produced from convert the feedstock natural gas into a synthesis gas and also by catalytic synthesis of methanol
A detailed Powerpoint presentation on the steps in the manufacturing of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber process (including the production of the starting materials and manufacturing conditions and applying the principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics), the uses of ammonia and the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment.
Propylene Production by Propane Dehydrogenation (PDH)Amir Razmi
In this article a description about different processes which are commercialized to produce propylene via Propane dehydrogenation were presented.
To receive more reports about cost estimation analysis and other reports (about the propylene and PDH ) contact the author.
The explosion hazard in urea process (1)Prem Baboo
In Urea plant passivation air is used in reactor, stripper and downstream of the all equipments. The reactor liner material used Titanium, Zirconium, SS 316L (urea grade), 2RE-69 and duplex material .except Titanium and Zirconium all stainless steel required more passivation air. In CO2 some quantity of Hydrogen is present about 0.14% to 0.2% . The passivation oxygen and Hydrogen makes explosive mixture. To avoid a fire or explosion in a process vessel is to introduce inert (noncombustible) gases in such a way that there is never a mixture with a combustible concentration in exit of MP vent. Mixtures of fuel, oxygen, and inert gases are not combustible over the entire range of composition. In CO2 stripping process the HP scrubber is the risky vessel and this vessel consisting blanketing sphere, Heat exchanger part and a scrubbing part. With help of triangular diagram that shows the shape of the combustible/noncombustible regions for a typical gaseous mixture of fuel, oxygen, and inert at specified temperature and pressure. Present article how to avoid that combustible rang and how to tackle that gases in CO2 & ammonia stripping process.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the
ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such
as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the
hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is
the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The
present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the
possible material balance of some section
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
Methanol most flexible chemical commodities and energy sources produced from convert the feedstock natural gas into a synthesis gas and also by catalytic synthesis of methanol
A detailed Powerpoint presentation on the steps in the manufacturing of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber process (including the production of the starting materials and manufacturing conditions and applying the principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics), the uses of ammonia and the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment.
Propylene Production by Propane Dehydrogenation (PDH)Amir Razmi
In this article a description about different processes which are commercialized to produce propylene via Propane dehydrogenation were presented.
To receive more reports about cost estimation analysis and other reports (about the propylene and PDH ) contact the author.
The explosion hazard in urea process (1)Prem Baboo
In Urea plant passivation air is used in reactor, stripper and downstream of the all equipments. The reactor liner material used Titanium, Zirconium, SS 316L (urea grade), 2RE-69 and duplex material .except Titanium and Zirconium all stainless steel required more passivation air. In CO2 some quantity of Hydrogen is present about 0.14% to 0.2% . The passivation oxygen and Hydrogen makes explosive mixture. To avoid a fire or explosion in a process vessel is to introduce inert (noncombustible) gases in such a way that there is never a mixture with a combustible concentration in exit of MP vent. Mixtures of fuel, oxygen, and inert gases are not combustible over the entire range of composition. In CO2 stripping process the HP scrubber is the risky vessel and this vessel consisting blanketing sphere, Heat exchanger part and a scrubbing part. With help of triangular diagram that shows the shape of the combustible/noncombustible regions for a typical gaseous mixture of fuel, oxygen, and inert at specified temperature and pressure. Present article how to avoid that combustible rang and how to tackle that gases in CO2 & ammonia stripping process.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the
ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such
as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the
hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is
the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The
present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the
possible material balance of some section
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
I am damn sure you will be getting everything here searching for.
its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
C08s01
1. 8.1 Synthetic Ammonia
8.1.1 General1-2
Synthetic ammonia (NH3) refers to ammonia that has been synthesized (Standard Industrial
Classification 2873) from natural gas. Natural gas molecules are reduced to carbon and hydrogen. The
hydrogen is then purified and reacted with nitrogen to produce ammonia. Approximately 75 percent of
the ammonia produced is used as fertilizer, either directly as ammonia or indirectly after synthesis as urea,
ammonium nitrate, and monoammonium or diammonium phosphates. The remainder is used as raw
material in the manufacture of polymeric resins, explosives, nitric acid, and other products.
Synthetic ammonia plants are located throughout the U. S. and Canada. Synthetic ammonia is
produced in 25 states by 60 plants which have an estimated combined annual production capacity of 15.9
million megagrams (Mg) (17.5 million tons) in 1991. Ammonia plants are concentrated in areas with
abundant supplies of natural gas. Seventy percent of U. S. capacity is located in Louisiana, Texas,
Oklahoma, Iowa, and Nebraska.
8.1.2 Process Description1,3-4
Anhydrous ammonia is synthesized by reacting hydrogen with nitrogen at a molar ratio of
3 to 1, then compressing the gas and cooling it to -33°C (-27°F). Nitrogen is obtained from the air, while
hydrogen is obtained from either the catalytic steam reforming of natural gas (methane [CH4]) or naphtha,
or the electrolysis of brine at chlorine plants. In the U. S., about 98 percent of synthetic ammonia is
produced by catalytic steam reforming of natural gas. Figure 8.1-1 shows a general process flow diagram
of a typical ammonia plant.
Six process steps are required to produce synthetic ammonia using the catalytic steam reforming
method: (1) natural gas desulfurization, (2) catalytic steam reforming, (3) carbon monoxide (CO) shift,
(4) carbon dioxide (CO2) removal, (5) methanation, and (6) ammonia synthesis. The first, third, fourth,
and fifth steps remove impurities such as sulfur, CO, CO2 and water (H2O) from the feedstock, hydrogen,
and synthesis gas streams. In the second step, hydrogen is manufactured and nitrogen (air) is introduced
into this 2-stage process. The sixth step produces anhydrous ammonia from the synthetic gas. While all
ammonia plants use this basic process, details such as operating pressures, temperatures, and quantities of
feedstock vary from plant to plant.
8.1.2.1 Natural Gas Desulfurization -
In this step, the sulfur content (as hydrogen sulfide [H2S]) in natural gas is reduced to below 280
micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3
) (122 grams per cubic feet) to prevent poisoning of the nickel catalyst
in the primary reformer. Desulfurization can be accomplished by using either activated carbon or zinc
oxide. Over 95 percent of the ammonia plants in the U. S. use activated carbon fortified with metallic
oxide additives for feedstock desulfurization. The remaining plants use a tank filled with zinc oxide for
desulfurization. Heavy hydrocarbons can decrease the effectiveness of an activated carbon bed. This
carbon bed also has another disadvantage in that it cannot remove carbonyl sulfide. Regeneration of
carbon is accomplished by passing superheated steam through the carbon bed. A zinc oxide bed offers
several advantages over the activated carbon bed. Steam regeneration to use as energy is not required
when using a zinc oxide bed. No air emissions are created by the zinc oxide bed, and
7/93 (Reformatted 1/95) Inorganic Chemical Industry 8.1-1
2. Figure 8.1-1. General flow diagram of a typical ammonia plant.
(Source Classification Codes in parentheses.)
8.1-2 EMISSION FACTORS (Reformatted 1/95) 7/93
3. the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons are not removed. Therefore, the heating value of the natural
gas is not reduced.
8.1.2.2 Catalytic Steam Reforming -
Natural gas leaving the desulfurization tank is mixed with process steam and preheated to 540°C
(1004°F). The mixture of steam and gas enters the primary reformer (natural gas fired primary reformer)
and oil fired primary reformer tubes, which are filled with a nickel-based reforming catalyst.
Approximately 70 percent of the CH4 is converted to hydrogen and CO2. An additional amount of CH4
is converted to CO. This process gas is then sent to the secondary reformer, where it is mixed with
compressed air that has been preheated to about 540°C (1004°F). Sufficient air is added to produce a
final synthesis gas having a hydrogen-to-nitrogen mole ratio of 3 to 1. The gas leaving the secondary
reformer is then cooled to 360°C (680°F) in a waste heat boiler.
8.1.2.3 Carbon Monoxide Shift -
After cooling, the secondary reformer effluent gas enters a high temperature CO shift converter
which is filled with chromium oxide initiator and iron oxide catalyst. The following reaction takes place
in the carbon monoxide converter:
(1)
CO H2O → CO2 H2
The exit gas is then cooled in a heat exchanger. In some plants, the gas is passed through a bed of zinc
oxide to remove any residual sulfur contaminants that would poison the low-temperature shift catalyst. In
other plants, excess low-temperature shift catalyst is added to ensure that the unit will operate as
expected. The low-temperature shift converter is filled with a copper oxide/zinc oxide catalyst. Final
shift gas from this converter is cooled from 210 to 110°C (410 to 230°F) and enters the bottom of the
carbon dioxide absorption system. Unreacted steam is condensed and separated from the gas in a
knockout drum. This condensed steam (process condensate) contains ammonium carbonate
([(NH4)2 CO3 · H2O]) from the high-temperature shift converter, methanol (CH3OH) from the low-
temperature shift converter, and small amounts of sodium, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum and calcium.
Process condensate is sent to the stripper to remove volatile gases such as ammonia, methanol,
and carbon dioxide. Trace metals remaining in the process condensate are removed by the ion exchange
unit.
8.1.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Removal -
In this step, CO2 in the final shift gas is removed. CO2 removal can be done by using 2 methods:
monoethanolamine (C2H4NH2OH) scrubbing and hot potassium scrubbing. Approximately 80 percent of
the ammonia plants use monoethanolamine (MEA) to aid in removing CO2. The CO2 gas is passed
upward through an adsorption tower countercurrent to a 15 to 30 percent solution of MEA in water
fortified with effective corrosion inhibitors. After absorbing the CO2, the amine solution is preheated and
regenerated (carbon dioxide regenerator) in a reactivating tower. This reacting tower removes CO2 by
steam stripping and then by heating. The CO2 gas (98.5 percent CO2) is either vented to the atmosphere
or used for chemical feedstock in other parts of the plant complex. The regenerated MEA is pumped back
to the absorber tower after being cooled in a heat exchanger and solution cooler.
8.1.2.5 Methanation -
Residual CO2 in the synthesis gas is removed by catalytic methanation which is conducted over a
nickel catalyst at temperatures of 400 to 600°C (752 to 1112°F) and pressures up to 3,000 kilopascals
(kPa) (435 pounds per square inch absolute [psia]) according to the following reactions:
7/93 (Reformatted 1/95) Inorganic Chemical Industry 8.1-3
4. (2)
CO 3H2 → CH4 H2O
(3)
CO2 H2 → CO H2O
(4)
CO2 4H2 → CH4 2H2O
Exit gas from the methanator, which has a 3:1 mole ratio of hydrogen and nitrogen, is then cooled to
38°C (100°F).
8.1.2.6 Ammonia Synthesis -
In the synthesis step, the synthesis gas from the methanator is compressed at pressures ranging
from 13,800 to 34,500 kPa (2000 to 5000 psia), mixed with recycled synthesis gas, and cooled to 0°C
(32°F). Condensed ammonia is separated from the unconverted synthesis gas in a liquid-vapor separator
and sent to a let-down separator. The unconverted synthesis is compressed and preheated to 180°C
(356°F) before entering the synthesis converter which contains iron oxide catalyst. Ammonia from the
exit gas is condensed and separated, then sent to the let-down separator. A small portion of the overhead
gas is purged to prevent the buildup of inert gases such as argon in the circulating gas system.
Ammonia in the let-down separator is flashed to 100 kPa (14.5 psia) at -33°C (-27°F) to remove
impurities from the liquid. The flash vapor is condensed in the let-down chiller where anhydrous
ammonia is drawn off and stored at low temperature.
8.1.3 Emissions And Controls1,3
Pollutants from the manufacture of synthetic anhydrous ammonia are emitted from 4 process
steps: (1) regeneration of the desulfurization bed, (2) heating of the catalytic steam, (3) regeneration of
carbon dioxide scrubbing solution, and (4) steam stripping of process condensate.
More than 95 percent of the ammonia plants in the U. S. use activated carbon fortified with
metallic oxide additives for feedstock desulfurization. The desulfurization bed must be regenerated about
once every 30 days for an average period of 8 to 10 hours. Vented regeneration steam contains sulfur
oxides (SOx) and H2S, depending on the amount of oxygen in the steam. Regeneration also emits
hydrocarbons and CO. The reformer, heated with natural gas or fuel oil, emits combustion products such
as oxides of nitrogen, CO, CO2, SOx, hydrocarbons, and particulates. Emission factors for the reformer
may be estimated using factors presented in the appropriate section in Chapter 1, "External Combustion
Source". Table 8.1-1 presents uncontrolled emission factors for a typical ammonia plant.
CO2 is removed from the synthesis gas by scrubbing with MEA or hot potassium carbonate
solution. Regeneration of this CO2 scrubbing solution with steam produces emission of water, NH3, CO,
CO2, and MEA.
Cooling the synthesis gas after low temperature shift conversion forms a condensate containing
NH3, CO2, CH3OH, and trace metals. Condensate steam strippers are used to remove NH3 and methanol
from the water, and steam from this is vented to the atmosphere, emitting NH3, CO2, and CH3OH.
Some processes have been modified to reduce emissions and to improve utility of raw materials
and energy. One such technique is the injection of the overheads into the reformer stack along with the
combustion gases to eliminate emissions from the condensate steam stripper.
8.1-4 EMISSION FACTORS (Reformatted 1/95) 7/93
5. Table 8.1-1 (Metric And English Units). UNCONTROLLED EMISSION FACTORS FOR A TYPICAL AMMONIA PLANTa
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: E
CO SO2
Total Organic
Compounds NH3 CO2
Emission Point kg/Mg lb/ton kg/Mg lb/ton kg/Mg lb/ton kg/Mg lb/ton kg/Mg lb/ton
Desulfurization unit regenerationb
(SCC 3-01-003-05)
6.9 13.8 0.0288c,d
0.0576c,d
3.6 7.2 NA NA ND ND
Carbon dioxide regenerator
(SCC 3-01-003-008)
1.0e
2.0e
NA NA 0.52f
1.04 1.0 2.0 1220 2440
Condensate steam stripper
(SCC 3-01-003-09)
NA NA NA NA 0.6g
1.2 1.1 2.2 3.4h
6.8h
a
References 1,3. SCC = Source Classification Code. NA = not applicable. ND = no data.
b
Intermittent emissions. Desulfurization tank is regenerated for a 10-hour period on average once every 30 days.
c
c
Assumed worst case, that all sulfur entering tank is emitted during regeneration.
d
d
Normalized to a 24-hour emission factor. Total sulfur is 0.0096 kg/Mg (0.019 lb/ton).
e
Mostly CO.
f
0.05 kg/Mg (0.1 lb/ton) is monoethanolamine.
g
Mostly methanol, which is classified as Non Methane Organic Compound and a hazardous air pollutant.
h
±60%.
7/93
(Reformatted
1/95)
Inorganic
Chemical
Industry
8.1-5
6. References For Section 8.1
1. Source Category Survey: Ammonia Manufacturing Industry, EPA-450/3-80-014,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1980.
2. North American Fertilizer Capacity Data, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL,
December 1991.
3. G. D. Rawlings and R. B. Reznik, Source Assessment: Synthetic Ammonia Production,
EPA-600/2-77-107m, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, November 1977.
4. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes And Emission Factor Listing For Criteria
Pollutants, EPA-450/4-90-003, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC, March 1990.
8.1-6 EMISSION FACTORS (Reformatted 1/95) 7/93