This document discusses human reproductive anatomy and physiology. It describes the primary and secondary sexual characteristics present at birth and during puberty in males and females. It then explains the processes of gametogenesis, including spermatogenesis and oogenesis, which produce sperm and eggs through meiosis. The roles of hormones in human reproduction are also summarized, such as the hypothalamus secreting GNRH to stimulate FSH and LH production in the pituitary gland, while the gonads secrete sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen. Finally, the hormonal control of the male and female reproductive cycles is outlined.
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the internal and external organs of both systems, including the testes, ovaries, uterus, and other structures. It explains sperm and egg production, hormone regulation of the menstrual cycle, and fertilization. Key differences between the systems are the much larger number of gametes produced by males compared to females.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the internal organs including the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate glands. It also describes the external organs of the penis and scrotum. It explains spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm are produced in the testes over 74 days. Key hormones such as FSH, LH and testosterone regulate and stimulate spermatogenesis. Semen is the fluid that contains sperm and secretions from glands that help nourish and transport sperm.
The female reproductive system undergoes a monthly cycle to prepare for potential pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the thickened uterine lining sloughs off during menstruation. The cycle consists of three phases - the follicular phase where an egg is selected and matured, ovulation of the egg, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum secretes hormones in preparation for potential implantation. This cycle is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries and uterus.
The document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis in males and females. It describes that gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (sperm in males and eggs in females) from primordial germ cells in the gonads. This involves mitosis to produce more germ cells, followed by meiosis which reduces the chromosome number to produce haploid gametes. The document also outlines the structures involved in male and female reproduction such as testes/ovaries, accessory ducts and glands, and hormones important for gamete production and the reproductive cycles.
Reproductive system of man
this presentation contains the content of reproductive system of male and female with picture description and sexually transmitted diseases.
prepared by - S.lavesan and s.subangan, the students of Jaffna National college of education.
Human reproduction involves the joining of an ovum and spermatozoid through fertilization to form a zygote. The female reproductive system includes ovaries that produce ova and a uterus that supports embryo development. The male reproductive system includes testes that produce spermatozoa and accessory glands. During puberty, secondary sex characteristics like breast development and facial hair emerge due to hormonal changes. Fertilization is a multi-step process where a sperm penetrates an ovum in the fallopian tube, their genetic material combines, and an embryo is formed. The embryo implants in the uterus and develops over nine months of gestation into a fetus, preparing for birth.
Human reproduction involves sexual reproduction and viviparity. The male reproductive system includes testes that produce sperm and testosterone. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The female reproductive system includes ovaries that produce eggs and release them during ovulation, and other structures like the uterus that support gestation. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries and involves the formation of eggs. Fertilization happens when sperm fuse with an egg, forming a zygote. If implantation occurs, gestation and birth will follow.
The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperms; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce egg cells, and to protect egg cells, and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth.
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the internal and external organs of both systems, including the testes, ovaries, uterus, and other structures. It explains sperm and egg production, hormone regulation of the menstrual cycle, and fertilization. Key differences between the systems are the much larger number of gametes produced by males compared to females.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the internal organs including the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate glands. It also describes the external organs of the penis and scrotum. It explains spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm are produced in the testes over 74 days. Key hormones such as FSH, LH and testosterone regulate and stimulate spermatogenesis. Semen is the fluid that contains sperm and secretions from glands that help nourish and transport sperm.
The female reproductive system undergoes a monthly cycle to prepare for potential pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the thickened uterine lining sloughs off during menstruation. The cycle consists of three phases - the follicular phase where an egg is selected and matured, ovulation of the egg, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum secretes hormones in preparation for potential implantation. This cycle is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries and uterus.
The document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis in males and females. It describes that gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (sperm in males and eggs in females) from primordial germ cells in the gonads. This involves mitosis to produce more germ cells, followed by meiosis which reduces the chromosome number to produce haploid gametes. The document also outlines the structures involved in male and female reproduction such as testes/ovaries, accessory ducts and glands, and hormones important for gamete production and the reproductive cycles.
Reproductive system of man
this presentation contains the content of reproductive system of male and female with picture description and sexually transmitted diseases.
prepared by - S.lavesan and s.subangan, the students of Jaffna National college of education.
Human reproduction involves the joining of an ovum and spermatozoid through fertilization to form a zygote. The female reproductive system includes ovaries that produce ova and a uterus that supports embryo development. The male reproductive system includes testes that produce spermatozoa and accessory glands. During puberty, secondary sex characteristics like breast development and facial hair emerge due to hormonal changes. Fertilization is a multi-step process where a sperm penetrates an ovum in the fallopian tube, their genetic material combines, and an embryo is formed. The embryo implants in the uterus and develops over nine months of gestation into a fetus, preparing for birth.
Human reproduction involves sexual reproduction and viviparity. The male reproductive system includes testes that produce sperm and testosterone. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The female reproductive system includes ovaries that produce eggs and release them during ovulation, and other structures like the uterus that support gestation. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries and involves the formation of eggs. Fertilization happens when sperm fuse with an egg, forming a zygote. If implantation occurs, gestation and birth will follow.
The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperms; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce egg cells, and to protect egg cells, and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth.
The document summarizes key aspects of human female physiology related to the reproductive system. It describes the anatomy of the female reproductive organs including ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. It explains the ovarian cycle, including follicle development and hormone regulation. The uterine cycle is also summarized, along with the hormonal control of both cycles during a normal menstrual period. Fertilization effects on hormone production and pregnancy maintenance are outlined. Finally, it briefly discusses female sexual behavior, fertility, pregnancy, and common contraception methods.
1) Between weeks 1-6 of development, the reproductive systems of female and male embryos are indistinguishable, even though the genotype is established at fertilization. By week 12, some sex characteristics emerge and by week 20 differentiation is complete.
2) The indifferent gonads develop from an elevation in the intermediate mesoderm called the urogenital ridge. Primordial germ cells migrate into the indifferent gonad, with male cells colonizing the medulla and female cells the cortex.
3) The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the indifferent gonad to develop into testes. Testes produce testosterone and MIF, directing phenotypic male development, while lack of these hormones results in female
The document provides an overview of the reproductive systems of vertebrates. It describes the general structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. Key points include: 1) The female system produces eggs and houses the embryo, while the male system produces sperm. 2) Structures such as ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and vagina are present across vertebrate classes with some variations. 3) Testes, ducts and accessory glands are the main male structures. 4) Fertilization and copulation methods vary between external in frogs to internal in mammals. 5) The cloaca is modified in different groups, remaining primitive in some and separating functions in others like mammals.
The document discusses the human reproductive system. It describes the key parts and functions of both the male and female reproductive systems. The male system produces sperm and its parts include the testes, vas deferens, penis, and others. The female system supports pregnancy and childbirth, and its parts are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina. The document also explains the menstrual cycle and how it occurs over a typical 28 day period in females.
The document summarizes human reproduction and development from gamete production through conception, embryonic development, fetal development, childbirth, and the hormonal control of reproductive cycles. The male and female reproductive systems are described, including the structures involved in gamete production and transport. Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis are explained as the key stages of early embryonic development.
The document summarizes human reproduction. It describes that human reproduction involves sexual reproduction through the formation and fusion of male and female gametes in the testes and ovaries. It then provides details on the male reproductive system including the testes, accessory ducts, glands, and external genitalia. Spermatogenesis and sperm structure are explained. The female reproductive system including ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and external genitalia are outlined. The menstrual cycle and mammary glands are also summarized.
The female reproductive system undergoes maturation during adolescence through puberty. The ovaries and uterus develop and begin producing hormones and eggs. At menarche, a girl's first menstrual period occurs. The reproductive system's main functions are to produce hormones, eggs, and support an embryo. If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining is shed each month through menstruation.
The document discusses reproduction in organisms including both sexual and asexual reproduction. It then focuses on the human reproductive systems, describing the main parts and functions of both the male and female systems. Key topics covered include gamete production, fertilization, menstrual and estrous cycles, and common reproductive issues.
The document summarizes the female reproductive cycle and mammary glands. It describes the menstrual cycle which occurs over approximately 28 days and involves the ovarian and uterine cycles controlled by hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The uterine cycle includes the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases where the endometrium is prepared for potential fertilization and pregnancy. If no fertilization occurs, menstruation begins. The document also describes menopause and the role of the mammary glands in producing milk during lactation under hormonal control.
This document summarizes the key aspects of human reproduction. It describes sexual reproduction and the male and female reproductive systems. It explains the role of hormones in development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. The female menstrual cycle and process of fertilization are outlined. Different methods of birth control like condoms, pills and IUDs are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. Common sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and AIDS are also summarized, including how they are transmitted and can be prevented.
The reproductive system ensures continuation of species through reproduction. The male reproductive system contains primary sex organs (testes) that produce sperm and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra) that aid in ejaculation. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes through four stages - proliferation, growth, maturation and transformation - to produce mature sperm from germ cells over 74 days, aided by hormones like FSH, testosterone and estrogen. Testosterone is responsible for masculine development and functions in fetal life like sex differentiation and in adulthood like maintenance of spermatogenesis.
The male and female reproductive systems both produce gametes and sex hormones, and work to transport gametes and support embryo development. The male system includes testes, ducts and glands that produce and transport sperm. The female system includes ovaries, ducts and uterus which house and nourish an embryo. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes, and the placenta later forms to support embryo growth in the uterus. Puberty initiates the ability to reproduce, while menopause ends fertility in females.
The document summarizes the key components of the female reproductive system. It describes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. It explains the menstrual cycle in three phases: the follicular phase where a follicle develops and estrogen levels rise, the LH surge causes ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, menstruation begins, starting a new cycle.
The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external and internal structures of both systems in detail over multiple pages. Key points include:
- The male external structures are the scrotum, testes, and penis. The internal structures include the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and urethra.
- The female external structures are parts of the vulva like the mons pubis, labia minora and majora, clitoris, and perineum. Internally it describes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
- Both
The document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems. It discusses the external and internal structures of both systems and common disorders and conditions that can affect them. It emphasizes the importance of self-exams for early detection and treatment of issues like testicular cancer and breast cancer. Interactive elements like a testicular self-exam instructions and a reproductive system bingo game are also included to help engage students.
There are two main types of reproduction - asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring through processes like budding or fragmentation. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through internal or external fertilization, producing offspring with unique combinations of genes. In humans, sexual reproduction occurs through complex female and male reproductive systems and a monthly ovarian and uterine cycle that can lead to pregnancy and childbirth if fertilization is successful.
Overview of reproductive physiology and anatomymukemilawol
The male reproductive system produces sperm and sex hormones. Sperm are produced in the testes through spermatogenesis and stored in the epididymis. Hormones like FSH, LH and testosterone regulate sperm production and male characteristics. During sexual activity, erection occurs when blood flow increases to the penis. Ejaculation involves the contraction of muscles to expel semen containing sperm from the penis.
The female reproductive system functions to produce egg cells, transport them to the site of fertilization, provide nourishment and shelter for a developing fetus, and produce hormones. It consists of internal organs like the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina as well as external genitalia. Together, these organs support processes like menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, birth, and lactation.
The document summarizes key aspects of human female physiology related to the reproductive system. It describes the anatomy of the female reproductive organs including ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. It explains the ovarian cycle, including follicle development and hormone regulation. The uterine cycle is also summarized, along with the hormonal control of both cycles during a normal menstrual period. Fertilization effects on hormone production and pregnancy maintenance are outlined. Finally, it briefly discusses female sexual behavior, fertility, pregnancy, and common contraception methods.
1) Between weeks 1-6 of development, the reproductive systems of female and male embryos are indistinguishable, even though the genotype is established at fertilization. By week 12, some sex characteristics emerge and by week 20 differentiation is complete.
2) The indifferent gonads develop from an elevation in the intermediate mesoderm called the urogenital ridge. Primordial germ cells migrate into the indifferent gonad, with male cells colonizing the medulla and female cells the cortex.
3) The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the indifferent gonad to develop into testes. Testes produce testosterone and MIF, directing phenotypic male development, while lack of these hormones results in female
The document provides an overview of the reproductive systems of vertebrates. It describes the general structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. Key points include: 1) The female system produces eggs and houses the embryo, while the male system produces sperm. 2) Structures such as ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and vagina are present across vertebrate classes with some variations. 3) Testes, ducts and accessory glands are the main male structures. 4) Fertilization and copulation methods vary between external in frogs to internal in mammals. 5) The cloaca is modified in different groups, remaining primitive in some and separating functions in others like mammals.
The document discusses the human reproductive system. It describes the key parts and functions of both the male and female reproductive systems. The male system produces sperm and its parts include the testes, vas deferens, penis, and others. The female system supports pregnancy and childbirth, and its parts are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina. The document also explains the menstrual cycle and how it occurs over a typical 28 day period in females.
The document summarizes human reproduction and development from gamete production through conception, embryonic development, fetal development, childbirth, and the hormonal control of reproductive cycles. The male and female reproductive systems are described, including the structures involved in gamete production and transport. Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis are explained as the key stages of early embryonic development.
The document summarizes human reproduction. It describes that human reproduction involves sexual reproduction through the formation and fusion of male and female gametes in the testes and ovaries. It then provides details on the male reproductive system including the testes, accessory ducts, glands, and external genitalia. Spermatogenesis and sperm structure are explained. The female reproductive system including ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and external genitalia are outlined. The menstrual cycle and mammary glands are also summarized.
The female reproductive system undergoes maturation during adolescence through puberty. The ovaries and uterus develop and begin producing hormones and eggs. At menarche, a girl's first menstrual period occurs. The reproductive system's main functions are to produce hormones, eggs, and support an embryo. If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining is shed each month through menstruation.
The document discusses reproduction in organisms including both sexual and asexual reproduction. It then focuses on the human reproductive systems, describing the main parts and functions of both the male and female systems. Key topics covered include gamete production, fertilization, menstrual and estrous cycles, and common reproductive issues.
The document summarizes the female reproductive cycle and mammary glands. It describes the menstrual cycle which occurs over approximately 28 days and involves the ovarian and uterine cycles controlled by hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The uterine cycle includes the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases where the endometrium is prepared for potential fertilization and pregnancy. If no fertilization occurs, menstruation begins. The document also describes menopause and the role of the mammary glands in producing milk during lactation under hormonal control.
This document summarizes the key aspects of human reproduction. It describes sexual reproduction and the male and female reproductive systems. It explains the role of hormones in development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. The female menstrual cycle and process of fertilization are outlined. Different methods of birth control like condoms, pills and IUDs are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. Common sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and AIDS are also summarized, including how they are transmitted and can be prevented.
The reproductive system ensures continuation of species through reproduction. The male reproductive system contains primary sex organs (testes) that produce sperm and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra) that aid in ejaculation. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes through four stages - proliferation, growth, maturation and transformation - to produce mature sperm from germ cells over 74 days, aided by hormones like FSH, testosterone and estrogen. Testosterone is responsible for masculine development and functions in fetal life like sex differentiation and in adulthood like maintenance of spermatogenesis.
The male and female reproductive systems both produce gametes and sex hormones, and work to transport gametes and support embryo development. The male system includes testes, ducts and glands that produce and transport sperm. The female system includes ovaries, ducts and uterus which house and nourish an embryo. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes, and the placenta later forms to support embryo growth in the uterus. Puberty initiates the ability to reproduce, while menopause ends fertility in females.
The document summarizes the key components of the female reproductive system. It describes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. It explains the menstrual cycle in three phases: the follicular phase where a follicle develops and estrogen levels rise, the LH surge causes ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, menstruation begins, starting a new cycle.
The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external and internal structures of both systems in detail over multiple pages. Key points include:
- The male external structures are the scrotum, testes, and penis. The internal structures include the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and urethra.
- The female external structures are parts of the vulva like the mons pubis, labia minora and majora, clitoris, and perineum. Internally it describes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
- Both
The document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems. It discusses the external and internal structures of both systems and common disorders and conditions that can affect them. It emphasizes the importance of self-exams for early detection and treatment of issues like testicular cancer and breast cancer. Interactive elements like a testicular self-exam instructions and a reproductive system bingo game are also included to help engage students.
There are two main types of reproduction - asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring through processes like budding or fragmentation. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through internal or external fertilization, producing offspring with unique combinations of genes. In humans, sexual reproduction occurs through complex female and male reproductive systems and a monthly ovarian and uterine cycle that can lead to pregnancy and childbirth if fertilization is successful.
Overview of reproductive physiology and anatomymukemilawol
The male reproductive system produces sperm and sex hormones. Sperm are produced in the testes through spermatogenesis and stored in the epididymis. Hormones like FSH, LH and testosterone regulate sperm production and male characteristics. During sexual activity, erection occurs when blood flow increases to the penis. Ejaculation involves the contraction of muscles to expel semen containing sperm from the penis.
The female reproductive system functions to produce egg cells, transport them to the site of fertilization, provide nourishment and shelter for a developing fetus, and produce hormones. It consists of internal organs like the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina as well as external genitalia. Together, these organs support processes like menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, birth, and lactation.
The document is a photo of a sunrise taken in Umkomaas, South Africa. It shows the sky glowing orange and pink with the sun peeking over the horizon. The photo was taken by www.hark.co.za.
Pre-Departure Orientation for Taiwanese Students習生 實
This presentation is intended to help Taiwanese students who are planning to travel to the U.S. to begin a program of study. It contains Information regarding academic, cultural, immigration and logistical issues.
male reproductive system, spermatogensis, sperm.pptxAnju Kumawat
The document describes the male reproductive system. It discusses the testes, which produce sperm and hormones. Sperm are formed through spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. From there, sperm pass through the rete testis into the epididymis for storage and maturation. The epididymis leads to the vas deferens, which joins the seminal vesicles and prostate to form the ejaculatory ducts. During ejaculation, secretions from the accessory glands mix with sperm to form semen, which is then expelled through the urethra.
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
The document discusses the male reproductive system, including its organs and functions. It identifies the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands as the internal organs that produce, store, and transport sperm. It describes sperm production through spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and storage in the epididymis, and it traces the pathway of sperm from the testes through the vas deferens and urethra during ejaculation.
This is entirely based on "REPRODUCTION", What is its process, How does it takes place..why does it takes place..
Topics Included are:
1.Reproduction
2.Human Male Reproductive System
3.Human Female Reproductive System
In part II-Other topics are covered in short
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The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs —in both males and females —that work together for the purpose of procreating.
Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists feel that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The human body’s major systems, the reproductive system is the one that differs most between sexes, and the only system that does not function until puberty.
Lecture 1 Anatomy & physiology of male reproductive tract of domestic animals...faroozlone1
The male reproductive tract consists of the testes and scrotum, epididymis and ductus deferens, and accessory glands. The testes and scrotum are located outside the abdomen in a pouch called the scrotum. The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes which must be lower than core body temperature for spermatogenesis. Within each testis are seminiferous tubules containing Sertoli cells and germ cells that develop into sperm. Sertoli cells provide structural and nutritional support during spermatogenesis and establish the blood-testis barrier.
The document summarizes the major components of the male reproductive system:
(1) The testes, which contain seminiferous tubules that produce sperm and Leydig cells that produce testosterone.
(2) The epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate, which store and transport sperm and secrete fluids that form semen.
(3) The urethra, which is the conduit for both urine and semen to exit the body during urination and ejaculation, respectively.
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)martinshaji
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
please comment
thank u
The document provides information about human reproductive physiology and reproductive cycles. It discusses the anatomy and functions of ovaries and testes. In females, the ovaries produce eggs and release them during ovulation in response to hormones like FSH and LH. If an egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degrades and menstruation occurs. The testes in males produce sperm and testosterone, which stimulate development of male sex characteristics. Sperm travel through the epididymis, ductus deferens, and urethra, and are ejaculated in response to sympathetic stimulation. Reproductive cycles in both sexes are regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads.
This document summarizes key aspects of human reproductive physiology covered in a lecture on human anatomy and physiology. It describes the location and functions of ovaries and testes, as well as sperm and egg production. It also outlines the hormonal regulation of the female menstrual cycle, including the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries and corpus luteum. Pregnancy is discussed, noting how the placenta secretes hCG to maintain the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.
This document summarizes key aspects of human reproductive physiology covered in a lecture on human anatomy and physiology. It describes the location and functions of ovaries and testes, as well as sperm and egg production. It also outlines the hormonal regulation of the female menstrual cycle, including the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries and corpus luteum. Pregnancy is discussed, noting how the placenta secretes hCG to maintain the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.
The male reproductive system consists of both internal and external organs that work together to produce, store, and deliver sperm for reproduction. The internal organs include the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, and the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands, which help store and nourish sperm. The external organs are the penis and scrotum. Sperm are produced in the testes through the process of spermatogenesis, where germ cells undergo mitosis and meiosis over 74 days to develop into mature sperm.
ndejje reproductive system anatomy-1.pptxisingoma anatomies studyTimothyIsingoma
The document discusses the human reproductive system. It begins by defining reproduction and explaining that the ability to reproduce distinguishes living from non-living things. It then describes the determination of sex and the main parts and functions of both the male and female reproductive systems. For females, it outlines the external genitalia, internal reproductive organs, their locations, structures, and roles in the menstrual cycle and reproduction.
This document provides an overview of the male reproductive system. It defines the primary and accessory sex organs, including the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra. The external genitalia of the penis and scrotum are described. Sperm production (spermatogenesis) occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and involves the maturation of sperm in the epididymis. Hormones such as FSH, LH and testosterone control sperm production. The accessory glands, including the seminal vesicles and prostate, secrete fluids that nourish and transport sperm.
The male and female reproductive systems ensure the continuation of species through the production of gametes. The testes produce sperm in males through spermatogenesis, while the ovaries produce eggs in females. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules and involves the transformation of spermatogonia into mature sperm through meiosis. Hormones such as FSH, testosterone, and estrogen regulate spermatogenesis. In females, the ovaries and accessory organs such as the uterus and vagina comprise the reproductive system, which undergoes cyclical changes regulated by hormones to facilitate fertilization and pregnancy.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the external organs including the scrotum and penis. It then details the internal organs such as the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands including the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. It explains spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm are produced in the testes. Finally, it provides an overview of sperm structure and function, including fertilization.
The document discusses sex cell differentiation and gamete formation in humans and other animals. It covers the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, including the migration of primordial germ cells and proliferation of eggs and sperm. It also describes fertilization, including the structures and stages of egg and sperm cells, their fusion during conception, and the early cleavage and differentiation stages of embryonic development.
The document provides information about the male reproductive system, including:
1. It describes the anatomy of the male reproductive organs including the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra.
2. It explains spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production and maturation. Key steps include spermatogenesis in the testes and maturation in the epididymis.
3. It outlines the stages of the male sexual act including penile erection, lubrication, emission of sperm from the vas deferens, and ejaculation through contractions of internal organs and muscles.
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
5. REPRODUCTIVE EVENTS
HUMANS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CONSIST OF: VIVIPAROUS, UNISEXUAL.
EACH SEX HAS PAIR OF GONADS, REPRODUCTIVE DUCT AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES.
SEX ORGANS – TESTIS( PAIRED) MALE , OVARIES (PAIRED) GAMETE FORMATION, HORMONES ANDPUBERTY
1. GAMETOGENESIS - FORMATION OF GAMETES (SPERMS/ OVA)
2. INSEMINATION -- TRANSFER OF SPERMS INTO THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
3. FERTILISATION -- FUSION OF MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES LEADING TO
FORMATION OF ZYGOTE
4. IMPLANTATION -- DEVELOPMENT OF BLASTOCYST AND ITS ATTACHMENT TO
THE UTERINE WALL
5. GESTATION -- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT ( FROM CONCEPTION TO BIRTH )
6. PARTURITION-- DELIVERY OF THE BABY ( CHILD BIRTH )
6. VOCABULARY
• CLUSTER: A GROUP OF SIMILAR THINGS OR PEOPLE.
• WOMB: THE ORGAN IN THE LOWER BODY OF A WOMAN OR FEMALE MAMMAL WHERE
OFFSPRING ARE CONCEIVED AND IN WHICH THEY GESTATE.
• SYN: THE UTERUS.
• EMBED: TO INSERT ONE THING IN ANOTHER.
• EMBRYO: IT IS A MULTICELLULAR DIPLOID EUKARYOTE IN ITS EARLIEST STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT, FROM THE TIME OF FIRST CELL DIVISION UNTIL BIRTH, OR GERMINATION.
• FETUS: IT IS A DEVELOPING MAMMAL OR OTHER VIVIPAROUS VERTEBRATE AFTER THE
EMBRYONIC STAGE AND BEFORE BIRTH.
9. 2. MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ANATOMY
• THE MALE’S EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS ARE: THE SCROTUM AND
PENIS
• INTERNAL ORGANS ARE:
•
GONADS (TESTES), WHICH PRODUCE SPERM AND HORMONES,
• ACCESSORY GLANDS
10. • TESTIS – MALE GONADS
• EPIDIDYMIS - STRUCTURE IN THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN WHICH SPERM
FULLY MATURE AND ARE STORED – SPERM
IS PRODUCED IN THE SEMINIFEROUS
TUBULES
• VAS DEFERENS - TUBE THAT CARRIES
SPERM FROM THE EPIDIDYMIS TO THE
URETHRA
• PROSTATE GLAND – LARGE GLAND THAT
SECRETES SEMEN DIRECTLY INTO THE
URETHRA
• URETHRA - TUBE THROUGH WHICH URINE
AND SEMEN ARE RELEASED FROM THE
BODY
• PENIS - EXTERNAL MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGAN THAT CONNECTS THE URETHRA TO
11. A. MALE GONADS: TESTES
• TESTES, CONSIST OF:
• HIGHLY COILED SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (IN WHICH SPERM FORM)
• SURROUNDED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• LEYDIG CELLS PRODUCE HORMONES AND ARE SCATTERED BETWEEN THE TUBULES.
12. CONTINUED
• PRODUCTION OF NORMAL SPERM CANNOT OCCUR AT THE BODY
TEMPERATURES .
• THE TESTES ARE HELD OUTSIDE THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY IN THE SCROTUM,
WHERE THE TEMPERATURE IS 2ºC LOWER THAN IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
13. B. DUCTS
• FROM THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES OF A TESTIS, SPERM
PASS INTO THE COILED TUBULES OF THE EPIDIDYMIS
• DURING EJACULATION, SPERM ARE PROPELLED
THROUGH THE MUSCULAR VAS DEFERENS AND THE
EJACULATORY DUCT, AND THEN EXIT THE PENIS
THROUGH THE URETHRA.
14. C. ACCESSORY GLANDS
• SEMEN IS COMPOSED OF:
• SPERM PLUS
• SECRETIONS FROM THREE SETS OF ACCESSORY
GLANDS
• THE TWO SEMINAL VESICLES CONTRIBUTE ABOUT
60% OF THE TOTAL VOLUME OF SEMEN.
• THE PROSTATE GLAND SECRETES ITS PRODUCTS
DIRECTLY INTO THE URETHRA THROUGH SEVERAL
SMALL DUCTS.
15. C. ACCESSORY GLANDS
• THE BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS SECRETE A CLEAR
MUCUS BEFORE EJACULATION THAT NEUTRALIZES
ACIDIC URINE REMAINING IN THE URETHRA.
16. D. PENIS
• THE HUMAN PENIS IS COMPOSED OF THREE CYLINDERS OF
SPONGY ERECTILE TISSUE.
• DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL, THE ERECTILE TISSUE FILLS WITH
BLOOD FROM THE ARTERIES, CAUSING AN ERECTION.
• THE HEAD OF THE PENIS IS CALLED THE GLANS AND IS COVERED
WITH A PREPUCE.
• THE REST IS CALLED THE SHAFT.
20. ACCESSORY GLANDS
Seminal vesicles
Between urinary bladder and rectum
Alkaline mucoid fluid rich in fructose , ascorbic
acid
Prostate glands
Largest male gland, milky fluid 1/3 volume of semen
Helps in sperm motility, maintains pH – survival of
sperms
COWPER’S gLANDS/
Bulbourethral
glands
Fluid lubricating passage for sperms
Seminal plasma- secretion of all the accessory glands. Rich in fructose, calcium
and certain enzymes.
Semen – mixture of spermatozoa and seminal plasma.
Single ejaculation 200-300 million sperms, slightly alkaline, neutralize acidity in
vagina, sperms are protected.
22. 1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
ANATOMY
• THE FEMALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
INCLUDE
• THE CLITORIS AND
• TWO SETS OF LABIA
Animation: Female Reproductive Anatomy
23. • THE INTERNAL ORGANS ARE:
• A PAIR OF GONADS (OVARIES) AND
• A SYSTEM OF DUCTS (OVIDUCTS/ FALLOPIAN TUBES)
AND
• CHAMBERS (UTERUS,VAGINA, VULVA) THAT CARRY
GAMETES AND HOUSE THE EMBRYO AND FETUS
Animation: Female Reproductive Anatomy
24. A. FEMALE GONADS: OVARIES
• LIE IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
• EACH OVARY CONTAINS
• MANY FOLLICLES, WHICH CONSIST OF A PARTIALLY
DEVELOPED EGG, CALLED AN OOCYTE, SURROUNDED BY
SUPPORT CELLS.
• ONCE A MONTH, AN OOCYTE DEVELOPS INTO AN OVUM (EGG) BY
THE PROCESS OF OOGENESIS
25. •
CONTINUED
• OVULATION IS THE RELEASE OF AN EGG CELL FROM THE
FOLLICLE.
• THE REMAINING FOLLICULAR TISSUE GROWS WITHIN THE OVARY,
FORMING THE CORPUS LUTEUM.
• THE CORPUS LUTEUM SECRETES HORMONES E.G. THAT HELP
TO MAINTAIN PREGNANCY.
• IF THE EGG IS NOT FERTILIZED, THE CORPUS LUTEUM
DEGENERATES.
26. B. OVIDUCTS AND UTERUS
• AFTER OVULATION, THE EGG CELL TRAVELS FROM THE OVARY TO THE
UTERUS VIA AN OVIDUCT, OR FALLOPIAN TUBE.
• CILIA IN THE OVIDUCT CONVEY THE EGG TO THE UTERUS, ALSO CALLED
THE WOMB.
• THE UTERUS LINING, THE ENDOMETRIUM, HAS MANY BLOOD VESSELS
• THE UTERUS NARROWS AT THE CERVIX, THEN OPENS INTO THE VAGINA.
27. C.VAGINA AND VULVA
• THE VAGINA: IS A THIN-WALLED CHAMBER THAT IS THE
REPOSITORY FOR SPERM DURING COPULATION AND SERVES
AS THE BIRTH CANAL
• THE VAGINA OPENS TO THE OUTSIDE AT THE VULVA, WHICH
CONSISTS OF THE
• LABIA MAJORA,
• LABIA MINORA,
• HYMEN, AND
• CLITORIS
28. D. MAMMARY GLANDS
• THE MAMMARY GLANDS ARE NOT PART OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM BUT ARE IMPORTANT TO
MAMMALIAN REPRODUCTION.
• WITHIN THE GLANDS, SMALL SACS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
SECRETE MILK.
29. Reproductive anatomy of the
human female
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Cervix
Urethra
Shaft
Glans
Prepuce
Vagina
Vaginal opening
Clitoris
Labia minora
Labia majora
31. CHANGES DURING GROWTH
• PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS: PRESENT AT BIRTH.
• FEMALE GENITALIA
• MALE GENITALIA.
• SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS: APPEARS IN
THE MATURITY.
• THIS CHANGES OCCURS DURING A VERY SPECIFC AGE
WHICH IS KNOWN AS PUBERTY AND ARE THE RESULT OF
THE ACTION OF SEXUAL HORMONS.
32. CHANGES DURING PUBERTY
•IN THE FEMALE:
•PUBIC HAIR AND HAIR UNDER THE ARMS.
•DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FATS.
•DEVELOPMENT OS MAMMARY GLANDS.
•IN THE MALE:
•THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC HAIR.
•THE BEARD AND HAIR OVER A LARGE PART
OF THE BODY.
•AN INCREASE IN THE BONES AND MUSCLES,
CHANGE OF VOICE, ETC.
33.
34. 3. GAMETOGENESIS
• GAMETOGENESIS, THE PRODUCTION OF GAMETES BY MEIOSIS.
• SPERMATOGENESIS IS PRODUCTION OF MATURE SPERM
• OOGENESIS IS DEVELOPMENT OF MATURE OOCYTES (EGGS).
• SPERM ARE SMALL AND MOTILE AND ARE PRODUCED THROUGHOUT THE
LIFE OF A SEXUALLY MATURE MALE.
37. Primordial germ cell in embryo
SPERMATOGENESIS
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonial
stem cell
2n
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium
2n
Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte
2n
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocyte
n
n
Meiosis II
Early
spermatid
n
n
n
n
n
n
Differentiation (Sertoli
cells provide nutrients)
Sperm
n
n
39. B. Oogenesis
• OOGENESIS IS DEVELOPMENT OF MATURE OOCYTES (EGGS) AND
CAN TAKE MANY YEARS ,TAKES PLACE IN FEMALES
• EGGS CONTAIN STORED NUTRIENTS AND ARE MUCH LARGER.
41. Fig. 46-12g
In embryo
Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions
2n
OOGENISIS
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte
(present at birth), arrested
in prophase of meiosis I
2n
First
polar
body
Completion of meiosis I
and onset of meiosis II
n
n
Secondary oocyte,
arrested at metaphase of
meiosis II
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis II
Second
polar n
body
n
Fertilized egg
42. Difference between Spermatogenesis and oogenesis:
1.
IN OOGENESIS, ONE EGG FORMS FROM EACH CYCLE OF MEIOSIS; IN
SPERMATOGENESIS FOUR SPERM FORM FROM EACH CYCLE OF
MEIOSIS.
2. OOGENESIS STOPS LATER IN LIFE IN FEMALES; SPERMATOGENESIS
CONTINUES THROUGHOUT THE ADULT LIFE OF MALES
3. OOGENESIS HAS LONG INTERRUPTIONS; SPERMATOGENESIS PRODUCES
SPERM FROM PRECURSOR CELLS IN A CONTINUOUS SEQUENCE
43. 4. HORMONES INVOLVED IN HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
• HUMAN REPRODUCTION IS COORDINATED BY HORMONES FROM
THE:
• HYPOTHALAMUS (GNRH) ,
• ANTERIOR PITUITARY (FSH AND LH) , AND
• GONADS
44. HYPOTHALAMUS
• GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GNRH) IS SECRETED BY
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
• AND DIRECTS THE RELEASE OF FSH AND LH FROM THE ANTERIOR
PITUITARY GLAND.
• FSH AND LH REGULATE PROCESSES IN THE GONADS AND THE
PRODUCTION OF SEX HORMONES
45. ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
• RELEASE FSH AND LH.
• FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE) AND LH REGULATE
PROCESSES IN THE GONADS AND THE PRODUCTION OF SEX
HORMONES.
46. GONAD HORMONES
• GONADS PRODUCE AND RELEASE THE SEX
HORMONES.
• WHICH INCLUDE
• ANDROGENS,
• ESTROGENS, AND
• PROGESTERONE
47. • SEX HORMONES REGULATE:
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
DURING EMBRYOGENESIS.
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
AT PUBERTY
• SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND SEX DRIVE.
48. A.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• FSH PROMOTES THE ACTIVITY OF SERTOLI CELLS, WHICH
NOURISH DEVELOPING SPERM AND ARE LOCATED
WITHIN THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
• LH REGULATES LEYDIG CELLS, WHICH SECRETE
TESTOSTERONE AND OTHER ANDROGEN HORMONES,
WHICH IN TURN PROMOTE SPERMATOGENESIS.
Animation: Male Hormones
50. • TESTOSTERONE REGULATES THE
PRODUCTION OF GNRH, FSH, AND LH
THROUGH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS.
• SERTOLI CELLS SECRETE THE
HORMONE INHIBIN, WHICH REDUCES
FSH SECRETION FROM THE ANTERIOR
PITUITARY.
51. B. HORMONAL CONTROL IN
FEMALES AND
THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES OF
FEMALES
• PRIOR TO OVULATION, THE ENDOMETRIUM THICKENS WITH
BLOOD VESSELS IN PREPARATION FOR EMBRYO
IMPLANTATION
• IF AN EMBRYO DOES NOT IMPLANT IN THE ENDOMETRIUM,
THE ENDOMETRIUM IS SHED IN A PROCESS CALLED
MENSTRUATION.
52. • TWO CYCLES OF FEMALE
REPRODUCTION:
• CHANGES IN THE UTERUS DEFINE THE MENSTRUAL
CYCLE (ALSO CALLED THE UTERINE CYCLE)
• CHANGES IN THE OVARIES DEFINE THE OVARIAN
CYCLE
53. (a)
Control by hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
–
GnRH
+
Inhibited by combination of
estradiol and progesterone
Stimulated by high levels
of estradiol
–
Inhibited by low levels of
estradiol
Anterior pituitary
LH
FSH
Pituitary gonadotropins
in blood
(b)
LH
FSH
FSH and LH stimulate
follicle to grow
Ovarian cycle
(c)
Growing follicle
Days
LH surge triggers
ovulation
Corpus
luteum
Maturing
follicle
Follicular phase
|
|
|
0
5
10
Ovulation
|
|
14 15
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Luteal phase
|
20
|
25
|
28
55. I. THE OVARIAN CYCLE
• THE RELEASE OF GNRH THEN FSH AND LH STIMULATES FOLLICLE
GROWTH.
• FOLLICLE GROWTH AND AN INCREASE IN THE HORMONE
ESTRADIOL CHARACTERIZE THE FOLLICULAR PHASE OF THE
OVARIAN CYCLE.
• THE FOLLICULAR PHASE ENDS AT OVULATION, AND THE SECONDARY
OOCYTE IS RELEASED.
Animation: Ovulation
56. • THE FOLLICULAR TISSUE LEFT BEHIND FORMS THE
CORPUS LUTEUM; THIS IS THE LUTEAL PHASE
• THE CORPUS LUTEUM DISINTEGRATES, AND
OVARIAN LH AND FSH DECREASE.
Animation: Post Ovulation
57. II. THE UTERINE (MENSTRUAL)
CYCLE
• HORMONES COORDINATE THE UTERINE CYCLE WITH THE OVARIAN
CYCLE.
• A NEW CYCLE BEGINS IF NO EMBRYO IMPLANTS IN THE
ENDOMETRIUM.
• CELLS OF THE UTERINE LINING CAN SOMETIMES MIGRATE TO AN
ABNORMAL, OR ECTOPIC, LOCATION.
• SWELLING OF THESE CELLS IN RESPONSE TO HORMONE STIMULATION
RESULTS IN A DISORDER CALLED ENDOMETRIOSIS.
60. FERTILIZATION
• IT IS THE UNION OF A MALE GAMETE (SPERM) AND A FEMALE GAMETE (OVULE).
• IN HUMANS, THIS FERTILIZATION IS INTERNAL: IT TAKES PLACE INSIDE THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBES.
• THE UNION OF AN OVULE AND A SPERM IS WHAT WE CALL ZYGOTE.
61. FERTILISATION
Occurs when an ovum
and sperm join and
they create a cell
called zygote.
Return
It is implanted in the
wall of the uterus and
it become an embryo.
62. 6. CONCEPTION, EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT, AND BIRTH
• AN EGG DEVELOPS INTO AN EMBRYO IN A SERIES OF
PREDICTABLE EVENTS
1. CONCEPTION
• FERTILIZATION OF AN EGG BY A SPERM, OCCURS IN THE
OVIDUCT
• THE RESULTING ZYGOTE BEGINS TO DIVIDE BY MITOSIS IN A
PROCESS CALLED CLEAVAGE.
• THIS GIVES RISE TO A BLASTOCYST, A BALL OF CELLS WITH A
CAVITY.
64. •AFTER BLASTOCYST FORMATION, THE EMBRYO
IMPLANTS INTO THE ENDOMETRIUM.
•THE EMBRYO RELEASES HUMAN CHORIONIC
GONADOTROPIN (HCG), WHICH PREVENTS
MENSTRUATION.
•PREGNANCY, OR GESTATION, IS THE CONDITION
OF CARRYING ONE OR MORE EMBRYOS IN THE
UTERUS.
65. 7. GESTATION: FIRST TRIMESTER
• HUMAN GESTATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE
TRIMESTERS OF ABOUT THREE MONTHS EACH.
• THE FIRST TRIMESTER IS THE TIME OF MOST RADICAL
CHANGE FOR BOTH THE MOTHER AND THE EMBRYO.
• DURING IMPLANTATION, THE ENDOMETRIUM GROWS OVER
THE BLASTOCYST.
66. • DURING ITS FIRST 2 TO 4 WEEKS, THE EMBRYO OBTAINS NUTRIENTS
DIRECTLY FROM THE ENDOMETRIUM.
• MEANWHILE, THE OUTER LAYER OF THE BLASTOCYST, CALLED THE
TROPHOBLAST, MINGLES WITH THE ENDOMETRIUM AND EVENTUALLY
FORMS THE PLACENTA
• BLOOD FROM THE EMBRYO TRAVELS TO THE PLACENTA THROUGH
ARTERIES OF THE UMBILICAL CORD AND RETURNS VIA THE
UMBILICAL VEIN
70. GESTATION: SECOND TRIMESTER
• DURING THE SECOND TRIMESTER:
• THE FETUS GROWS AND IS VERY ACTIVE
• THE MOTHER MAY FEEL FETAL MOVEMENTS
• THE UTERUS GROWS ENOUGH FOR THE PREGNANCY TO
BECOME OBVIOUS.
71. GESTATION: THIRD TRIMESTER
• DURING THE THIRD TRIMESTER, THE FETUS GROWS AND
FILLS THE SPACE WITHIN THE EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
• HORMONES E.G. OXYTOCIN INDUCES AND REGULATES
LABOUR, THE PROCESS BY WHICH CHILDBIRTH OCCURS
72. Fig. 46-18
from
ovaries
Oxytocin
+
from fetus
and mother’s
posterior pituitary
Positive feedback
Estradiol
Induces oxytocin
receptors on uterus
Stimulates uterus
to contract
Stimulates
placenta to make
Prostaglandins
A model for the induction of
labour
Stimulate more
contractions
of uterus
+
73. Fig. 46-19-1
The three stages of labour
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Uterus
Cervix
1
Dilation of the cervix
76. • BIRTH IS BROUGHT ABOUT BY A SERIES OF STRONG,
RHYTHMIC UTERINE CONTRACTIONS.
• FIRST THE BABY IS DELIVERED, AND THEN THE PLACENTA.
• LACTATION, THE PRODUCTION OF MILK, IS UNIQUE TO
MAMMALS.
77. 8. CONTRACEPTION AND
ABORTION
• CONTRACEPTION, THE DELIBERATE PREVENTION OF PREGNANCY.
• CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS FALL INTO THREE CATEGORIES:
1.
PREVENTING RELEASE OF EGGS AND SPERM
2.
KEEPING SPERM AND EGG APART
3.
PREVENTING IMPLANTATION OF AN EMBRYO
78. THE RHYTHM METHOD, OR NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING, IS TO
REFRAIN FROM INTERCOURSE WHEN CONCEPTION IS MOST LIKELY;
IT HAS A PREGNANCY RATE OF 10–20%.
I.
II. COITUS INTERRUPTUS, THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE PENIS BEFORE
EJACULATION, IS UNRELIABLE.
III. BARRIER METHODS BLOCK FERTILIZATION WITH A PREGNANCY
RATE OF LESS THAN 10%
I.
A CONDOM FITS OVER THE PENIS
II.
A DIAPHRAGM IS INSERTED INTO THE VAGINA BEFORE INTERCOURSE.
79. IVINTRAUTERINE DEVICES ARE INSERTED INTO THE
FERTILIZATION AND
UTERUS AND INTERFERE WITH
IMPLANTATION; THE PREGNANCY RATE IS LESS THAN 1%
V.
FEMALE BIRTH CONTROL PILLS ARE HORMONAL
PREGNANCY RATE OF LESS
THAN 1%
VI.
STERILIZATION IS PERMANENT AND PREVENTS THE RELEASE OF GAMETES:
• TUBAL LIGATION TIES OFF THE OVIDUCTS.
• VASECTOMY TIES OFF THE VAS DEFERENS.
VII. ABORTION IS THE TERMINATION OF A PREGNANCY.
CONTRACEPTIVES WITH A
80. 9.
MODERN REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
• WAYS OF DETECTING DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY:
a. AMNIOCENTESIS AND CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING ARE
INVASIVE TECHNIQUES IN WHICH AMNIOTIC FLUID OR FETAL CELLS
ARE OBTAINED FOR GENETIC ANALYSIS.
b. NONINVASIVE PROCEDURES USUALLY USE ULTRASOUND IMAGING
TO DETECT FETAL CONDITION
c. GENETIC TESTING OF THE FETUS POSES ETHICAL QUESTIONS AND
CAN PRESENT PARENTS WITH DIFFICULT DECISIONS.
81. 10. TREATING INFERTILITY
• MODERN TECHNOLOGY CAN PROVIDE INFERTILE COUPLES WITH
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES:
• IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) MIXES EGGS WITH SPERM IN
CULTURE DISHES AND RETURNS THE EMBRYO TO THE UTERUS AT THE
8 CELL STAGE
• SPERM ARE INJECTED DIRECTLY INTO AN EGG IN A TYPE OF IVF
CALLED INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION (ICSI)
82. REFERENCE LIST
•
ALEJITA0492 ON OCT 25, 201. HUMAN REPRODUCTION: HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/ALEJITA0492/HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-9866682
•
BONAVAL81 ON DEC 01, 2013. HUMAN REPRODUCTION: HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/BONAVAL81/HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-28781095
•
DAMARBE ON DEC 01, 201 .HUMAN REPRODUCTION : HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/DAMARBE/HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-28777697
•
PHILISILE ZANELE MAGAGULA, S .UNIT 6 HUMAN REPRODUCTION : HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/ZANELE200/UNIT-6-HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-22551733
•
PUTRI UNNARDI. HUMAN REPRODUCTION SYSTEM : HTTP://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/PUTRIMATTAU/2-HUMAN-REPRODUCTION-SYSTEM