Male reproductive system

Male reproductive system
• Presented By –
• Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• (M.D in Ayurvdic Medicine & M.D. in
Ayurvedic Physiology)
• www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• professordeshpande@gmail.com
3/24/2018 1Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande

Contents of PPT
• 1) Introduction – Slides -5 & 6
• 2) Penis – Slide – 7 ,8
• 3) Scrotum –Slide – 9,10
• 4) Testis – Slide – 11,12
• 5) Spermatogenesis – Slide – 13,14
• 6) Spermatozoon –Slide – 15
• 7) Epididymis – Slide – 17,18
• 8) Vas deferance –Slide – 19
3/24/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 2

Contents of PPT
• 9) Accessory Glands – 20
• 10) Seminal Vesicle – Slide – 21,22
• 11) Prostate Gland –Slide – 20 to 26
• 12) Bulbourethral Glans – Slide – 27
• 13) Spermatozoa –Slide – 29 to 32
• 14) Spermatogenesis – Slide – 33 to 36
• 15) Seminiferous tubules – Slide – 37,38

Contents of PPT
• 16) Control of Spermatogenesis –Slide- 39 to
41
• 17) Fate of Spermatozoa –Slide – 42 & 43
• 18) Metabolism of Spermatozoa – Slide – 44
• 19) Fertilization of Ovum – Slide – 45 to 49
• 20) Semen – Slide - 50 to 54

• The human male reproductive system consists
of a number of sex organs that form a part of
the human reproductive process
• Sex organs are located outside the body,
around the pelvic region

• The main male sex organs are the penis & the
testes (which produce semen & sperm)
• After sexual intercourse, sperm fertilises an
ovum
• The fertilised ovum (zygote) develops into a
fetus, which is later born as a child

Penis
• The penis is the male copulatory organ.
• It has a long shaft & an enlarged bulbous-
shaped tip called the glans penis, which
supports & is protected by the foreskin.
• When the male becomes sexually aroused, the
penis becomes erect & ready for sexual
activity

Penis
• Erection occurs because sinuses within the
erectile tissue of the penis become filled with
blood.
• The arteries of the penis are dilated while the
veins are passively compressed so that blood
flows into the erectile cartilage under
pressure.

Scrotum
• The scrotum is a pouch-like structure
that hangs behind the penis.
• It holds & protects the testes
• It also contains numerous nerves &
blood vessels.

Scrotum
• During times of lower temperatures, the Cremaster
muscle contracts & pulls the scrotum closer to the
body, while the Dartos muscle gives it a wrinkled
appearance;
• when the temperature increases, the Cremaster &
Dartos muscles relaxes to bring down the scrotum
away from the body & remove the wrinkles
respectively

Testis
• Weight - 15 grams
• Dimensions - Oval in shape, 5/3/2 cm
• Covering - Tunica albuginea
• Septa divides testis into lobules.
• It contains seminiferous tubules, cells of
sertoli, Leydig cells (interstitial cells)

Testis
• 1. Seminiferous tubules -
spermatogenesis
• 2. Sertoli cells- nutrition to sperms
• 3. Leydig cells- secrete testosterone

Spermatogenesis
• Stages
• Spermatogonia (46 chromosomes) → (by
mitosis) primary spermatocyte (46
chromosomes) →
• (by meiosis) secondary spermatocyte (23
chromosomes) →
• (by mitosis) spermatids (23 chromosomes) →
spermatozoa (23 chromosomes)

Hormonal control on spermatogenesis
• 1. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) –
• a) Promotes spermatogenesis.
• b) Stimulates sertoli cells.
• 2. LH (Luteinizing Hormone) –
• Growth of Leydig cells at puberty.

Spermatozoon
• Head is consists of nucleus with 23
chromosomes
• Nucleus is covered with cup like structure
(acrosome)
• Acrosome has an enzyme, which enables
sperm to penetrate shell of ovum
• Tail helps in active motility due to presence of
ATPase

Important Structures
• The scrotum remains connected with the
abdomen or pelvic cavity by the inguinal canal.
• The spermatic cord, formed from spermatic
artery, vein & nerve bound together with
connective tissue passes into the testis
through inguinal canal

Epididymis
• The epididymis is a whitish mass of
tightly coiled tubes cupped against the
testicles
• It acts as a maturation & storage place
for sperm before they pass into the vas
deferens

Epididymis
• These tubes carry sperm to the ampullary
gland & prostatic ducts
• 400 to 600 cm, convoluted. It joins to form
Rete Testis & Vas deferens
• Due to maturity, motility of sperms-- power of
fertility increases

Vas deferens
• The vas deferens, also known as the
spermatic duct, is a thin tube
approximately 43.2 centimetres
• Extends from epididymis to ejaculatory
duct
• Joined by seminal duct & opens in
prostatic urethra

Accessory glands
• Three accessory glands provide fluids
that lubricate the duct system & nourish
the sperm cells
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate gland
• Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)

Seminal vesicles
• Seminal vesicles are sac-like structures
attached to the vas deferens at one side
of the bladder
• These are 2 receptacles, lying between
urinary bladder & rectum.

Seminal vesicles
• They produce a sticky, yellowish fluid
that contains fructose
• This fluid provides sperm cells energy &
aids in their motility
• Hence fructose test is important in
semen examination.
• 70% of the semen is its secretion

Prostate gland
• The prostate gland surrounds the ejaculatory
ducts at the base of the urethra, just below
the bladder
• The prostate gland is responsible for the
production of semen, a liquid mixture of
sperm cells, prostate fluid & seminal fluid

Prostate gland
• This gland is also responsible for making
the semen milky in appearance by
mixing calcium to the semen coming
from seminal vesicle
• Semen coming from the seminal vesicle is
transparent in colour ---- this process is
called profibrinolysin

Prostate gland
• Prostatic secretion is acidic
• It contains ionized citric acid which is
used by sperm for ATP production
• It also contains prostate specific antigen
(PSA) & other proteolytic enzymes,
which liquefy coagulated semen in 10
minutes

Prostate gland
• Prostate also contains Acid phosphotase
• 4 units is the maximum quantity of
Serum Acid Phosphotase
• But it increases in prostatic malignancy

Bulbourethral glands
• The bulbourethral glands, also called
Cowper glands, are 2 small glands
located on the sides of the urethra just
below the prostate gland
• These glands produce a clear, slippery
fluid that empties directly the urethra
• They secrete mucoid secretion into
penile urethra

Spermatozoa
• Spermatozoon is a special cell having
total length of about 60 mm
• The mature Spermatozoon is divided into
head & tail
• The tail is again subdivided into neck,
middle piece / body, main piece & end
piece

Spermatozoa

Head of Spermatozoon
• The head of human spermatozoon is oval
on surface view & pear shaped on side
view
• It is elastic & measures about 4 to 5 mm
in length, 2.5 to 3.5 mm in diameter

Middle piece or body
• It is cylindrical in form
• It has length of 5 to 7 mm & the
thickness is 1 mm
• It extends from a slender connecting
piece immediately behind the posterior
pole of the head to a ring - like structure
called as annulus or terminal ring

Main piece
• It is about 45 mm long & about 1 / 2 mm
thick at the base, gradually tapering
towards end piece
• End piece of the tail (Flagellum)
• It consists of terminal portion of axial
filament & is about 5 mm long

Spermatogenesis
• Process of formation of spermatozoa
• Including Spermato cytogenesis &
• Spermiogenesis

Stages of Spermatogenesis
• Spermatogonia → Primary spermatocyte →
secondary spermatocyte → Spermatid -
spermatozoon
• In man this process begins during adolescence
• On an average the maturation process takes
place about 74 days from a primitive germ cell
to a mature sperm

Vertical section of Testis

Site of Spermatogenesis
• Seminiferous tubules ----
•
• Long, convoluted structures
• 150 to 200 mm in diameter
• 30 to 70 cm in length
• Main bulk of the testis

Seminiferous Tubules
• There are several hundreds of them in
each testis
• Surrounded by a thin basement
membrane,
• Where lies a compound epithelium
composed of supporting cells &
spermatogenetic or germ cells

Seminiferous Tubules
• Each supporting cell (cell of Sertoli)
extends from basement membrane to
the lumen
• Between the Sertoli lie spermatogenetic
cells in a series of development ie.-
Spermatogenesis

Control of Spermatogenesis
• 1) FSH & LH of anterior pituitary glands
• 2) Temperature - Process of Spermatogenesis
takes place at a temperature, which is
considerably lower than that of body
• Normal position of testes in scrotum help for
this lowered need of temperature

• 3) Vitamin E, A, ascorbic acid & several
members of vit. B complex
• 4) Thyroid gland
• 5) Adrenal cortex

• 6) Testosterone –
• Secreted from interstitial cells of testis
also has regulatory control on
Spermatogenesis
• 7) Spermatogenesis is inhibited by deep
X - Ray, radium & alcoholism.

Fate of spermatozoa
• After the entry of spermatozoon into the
vagina -----
• Travels at the rate of about 1 - 3 mm /
min
• Takes about 45 min --- to pass from
opening of cervix to the ovarian end of
fallopian tube

Fate of spermatozoa
• After travelling the body of uterus the
gametes enters into fallopian tubes --
• Where if the ovum is present
fertilization takes place
• If there is absence of ovum,
spermatozoa die, degenerated &
disappear generally after 72 hrs

Metabolism of spermatozoa
• When the spermatozoa are present inside the
epididymis, they are metabolically inactive
due to absence of O2 & sugar to be
metabolised
• After ejaculation they normally metabolise
• Fructose which helps in the regeneration of
the ATP . For maximum mobility of sperm,
both fructose & O2 are needed.

Fertilization of the ovum
• During the process of removal of the corona
radiata, a large number of spermatozoa die &
only the strongest reaches up to the ovum.
• This sperm enters the zona pellucida of the
ovum by side to side jerky movements.
• Then the sperm looses its head cap, which
contains an enzyme, which depolarises the
zona pellucida in a very restricted zone.

• As soon as the spermatozoon enters the
ovum ---
• A stiff membrane develops around the
ovum, preventing the entry of any other
spermatozoon
• The head & probably a part of the neck
of the sperm enter the ovum

• The rest of the gamete drops out &
degenerates
• Fusion of the male & the female
pronuclei takes place ---
• This acts as a powerful stimulus for
multiplication

• The fertilised ovum starts multiplying
with a tremendous speed
• So the mass of cells, thus formed
(morula) is carried slowly along the
fallopian tube by the ciliary movement
of it's epithelium

• Reaches the body of the uterus in about
8 days
• At this time it has a diameter of about 0.2
mm
• The fertilised ovum is embedded in the
already prepared decidua & pregnancy
starts

Semen (Seminal plasma or fluid)
• Semen is a suspension of spermatozoa in the
secretion of the epididymis, prostate, seminal
vesicles, Cowper's glands
• Volume of each emission = 2 to 4 ml
• Containing 80 to 120 million spermatozoa
• 80 % of which should remain actively motile
for 45 min. but not later than 3 hrs.

• Semen should not contain more than 20
% abnormal forms
• Normal count = 80 to 120 millions /cmm
• Oligozoospermia = lower than 20 million
/ ml.
• Azoospermia = Absence of sperm in the
semen

• Semen contains ---
• Fructose, sorbitol, spermine acid,
phosphatase, lipids & prostaglandins
• Specific gravity = 1.028
• PH = 7.35 to 7.50 ( Alkaline)

• Seminal buffers =
• Phosphate & bicarbonate ---- serve to
protect the sperms against low PH of the
vagina
• Colour = Opalescent Grayish white.

• Prostaglandins help --- in the movement of
spermatozoa to the fallopian tube through
uterus
• Human semen after ejaculation coagulates
immediately due to conversion of fibrinogen
into fibrin
• But after 15 to 20 min., there is liquifaction by
the enzyme fibrinolysin.

Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• Sharing of Knowledge
• FOR
• Propagating Ayurved

Male reproductive system

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