The female reproductive system has several important functions including producing egg cells for reproduction and sex hormones. It consists of both external and internal organs working together. The internal organs include ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. During puberty, girls experience physical changes in these organs and their development. The menstrual cycle and pregnancy occur through the coordinated efforts of the reproductive system. Diseases can also affect the system's normal physiology.

1. HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEM
ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY ( WORKING) OF THE SYSTEM
NORMAL VALUES
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES
CONCULUSION
REFRENCES

3. IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEM:
 The primary function of the female reproductive system is to produce the female egg
cells which are essential for reproduction.
It is important to know that the entire system is designed for transporting the ova to
the exact fertilization site.
The female reproductive system is responsible for producing female sex hormones
which maintain the reproductive cycle.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Sexual life in females
• FIRST PERIOD
• It Extends From Birth To Puberty
• SECOUND PERIOD
• From Menarche To Menopause
• THIRD PERIOD
• From Menopause To Rest Of The Life

5. PUBERTY
• Puberty is the period of the time when secondary sexual characters begin to devolop
• In females puberty starts at the age of 12
• when First menses appears that is considered to be puberty
• Changes occurred are
• Development of pubic hair
• Development of axillary hair
• Development of breast
• Development of sexual organs
• Change in voice
• Increased levels of hormones

6. ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEM
 Female Reproductive system in the
EXTERNAL
GENITALIA
INTERNAL
GENITALLIA
MAMMARY GLAND

7. EXTERNAL
GENITALIA
 VULVA CONSISTS OF
 MONS PUBIS
LABIA MAJORA
LABIA MINORA
CLITORIS
VESTIBULE
BULB OF VESTIBULE
THE GREATER VESTIBULAR GLAND
Organs involved in the system

8. INTERNAL GENITALIA
THE INTERNAL ORGANS INVOLVES
OVARIES(2)
UTERINETUBES(2)
UTERUS
VAGINA

9. ORGANS INVOVED IN THE SYSTEM
• MONS PUBIS:
• It is a round eminence present in front of the
pubic symphysis
• It is formed by the accumulation of the sub
cutaneous fat
• It is covered by the skin and the pubic hair
• Labia majora:
• The two longitudinal folds of the skin
enclosing fat which are extending from the
mons pubis
• They are covered by pubic hair externally
and internally they contain sebaceous glands

10. • Labia minora
• Medial to the labia majora there are two
small folds of the skin called as labia
minora
• Labia minora is devoid of the pubic hair
and fat.
• There are having numerous of the
sebaceous glands
• Clitoris:
• It is the small cylindrical mass of the
erectile tissues and the nerves located in
the anterior junction of the labia majora
• It corresponds to the penis of the males

11. • VESTIBULE
• The cleft between the labia majora is
called as the vestibule
• It mainly contains the
• Hymen
• Vaginal orifice
• external urethral orifice
• Openings of the several ducts
• Hymen :
• Thin mucous layer which partially
occludes the vaginal opening.
• Vaginal orifice :
• It is the opening of vagina from the exterior

12. INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS

13. • OVARIES :
• These are female gonads
• These are paired present in the upper pelvic
cavity
• These are flattened ovarian bodies with
dimension of the 4cm( Length), 2cm ( width),
1cm ( thickness)
• Each ovary are attached at hilum by the
ligaments called ovarian ligaments, broad
ligaments , mesovarium ligaments
• Mesovarium gives rise to the germinal
epithelium
• Each ovary shows
• (1) medulla
• (2) cortex

14. • Each ovary consists of the :
• Germinal epithelium
• Tunica albuginea
• Stroma
• Ovarian follicles
• Graafian follicle
• Corpus luteum
• Interstitial cells

15. FUNCTIONS OF THE OVARIES:
Ovaries produces ova the female gamete by the
OOGENESIS
Ovaries produces the hormones like
ESTROGEN
PROGESTROGEN
RELAXIN
INHIBIN

16. OOGENESIS
• At the 7th or 8th month
of the intrauterine life
about 6 primordial
follicles are found in
the ovary
• But the time of the
birth there are only 1
million are seen
• At the time of the
puberty there are
3,00,000 to 4,00,000

17. OVARIAN HORMONES
• ESTROGEN :
• It is secreted by the theca interna cells of the ovarian
follicles
• The secretions of estrogen is predominant in the later
stage of follicular phase before ovulation.
• Function:
• promote cellular development
• Growth of ovarian follicles
• Increase in the spontaneous activity of uterine
muscles and sensitivity to oxytocin
• Increase the activity of cilia
• Reduces the PH of the vagina causing more acidity
• Development of breast
• Estrogen increases osteoblastic activity

18. PROGESTERONE
• It is secreted by the ovaries during the follicular stage
FUNCTIONS:
Promotes secretory activities of the uterine endometrium
Promotes secretory activities of the mucosal lining of the fallopian tubes
Promotes the development of the lobules and alveoli of the breast
Increases the reabsorption of the sodium and water

19. UTERINE TUBES
• Also called fallopian tubes
• They are two in number attached on either
side of the uterus
• Uterine tubes extend laterally from uterus to
ovaries
• Each uterine tube has been divided into
• Infundibulu
m
• Ampulla
• Isthmus

20. HISTOLOGY:
• MUCOSA
• MUSCULARIS
• SEROSA
• Mucosa is the innermost layer contains of ciliated
columnar epithelium
• Helps to move the secondary oocyte along tube
• Muscularis helps in the peristaltic movement
• Serosa lines the outer most layer

21. FALLOPIAN TUBES

22. UTERUS:
• It is pear shaped hallow muscular organ
• It is situated in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and
rectum
• It is 3” length, 2” width,1” thickness and 30-40 mgs weight
• Uterus is having
• FUNDUS
• BODY
• CERVIX
• Fundus is dome shaped present above the level of the
openings of the fallopian tube in uterus
• Body is middle portion of the uterus

23. • CERVIX :
• Inferior narrow portions of the
uterus
• It has two openings on either
sides
• Opens into uterus by internal os
• Opens into vagina by means of
external os
• Narrow canal is called as cervical
canal

24. WALL OF UTERUS:
• The wall of uterus is composed of
• Perimetrium
• Myometrium
• Endometrium
• Perimetrium is the outer most layer of the uterus
• Myometrium is middle layer made up of the smooth
muscle
• Endometrium is the inner most layer which is
highly vascular
• Stratum functionalis
• Stratum basalis

25. FUNCTIONS
• Serves as the pathway for the sperms to
reach the fallopian tube
• Uterus is site of menstruation
• Site of implantation of the fertilised egg
• Site of development of foetus during
pregnancy
• to provide blood supply to the ovaries

26. VAGINA
• Vagina is a fibromuscular canal lined by
the mucous membrane
• It is the female copulatory organ
• The diameter of the vagina increases2.5
cm to 5 cm
• It is situated posterior to the urinary
bladder and urethra
• At the lower end it is having hymen
• These acids create a low ph which retards
the microorganisms

27. FUNCTIONS
• It receives semen from the penis
during sexual intercourse
• Serves as a passage way for the
menstrual flow
• Serves as a passage way for baby
during child birth
• It secretes mucous for the lubrication

28. MAMMARY GLAND
• These are the modified sweet glands produces the milk
• These are present in both sexes but developed in females
• These are 2 in number present in pectoral regions
• These contain lobules alveoli
alveoli secondary tubules
secondary tubules mammary
glands
Mammary glands lactiferous
sinus
lactiferous sinus lactiferous
ducts
lactiferous ducts nipple

29. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs
in the female reproductive system
• The menstrual cycle starts with the first day of the period and
ends when the next period begins
• Hormone signals are sent back and forth between the brain and
the ovaries, causing changes to the sacs in the ovaries that
contain eggs (follicles) and the uterus
• The first part of the cycle prepares an egg to be released from
the ovary and builds the lining of the uterus
• The second part of the cycle prepares the uterus and body to
accept a fertilized egg, or to start the next cycle if pregnancy
doesn’t happen

30. • There are three phases
• Menstrual PHASE– first 5 days
• PRE OVULATORY PHASE 6th to 13th
day
• OVULATION – 14TH day
• POST OVULATORY PHASE

31. PREGNANCY
• It is sequence of events
• Fertilisation
• Implantation
• Growth of
embryo
• Fatal growth
• Delivery

32. • Fertilisation
• The process of union of male and
female gametes
• Out of million of sperms only
few i..e 1% reach the egg
• Sperm under goes capacitation
and penetrates in to the ova

33. IMPLANTATION
• In humans, implantation is the stage of
pregnancy at which the embryo adheres to
the wall of the uterus.
• At this stage of prenatal development, the
conceptus is called a blastocyst. It is by this
adhesion that the
• Embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from
the mother to be able to grow

34. EMBRYONICAL DEVOLOPMENT
• First two months of the development is called as embryonic devolpment
• During this period it is called as fetal period

35. • Pregnancy
• It is diagnosed by GRAVINDEX
TEST
• It is having three trimesters
• First trimester
• Second trimester
• Third trimester

36. • Amenorrhoea
• Morning sickness
• Salivation and changes in
disposition
• Irritability of bladder

37. SECOND TRIMESTER
• Pigmentation
• Changes in the shape and size of the uterus
• Intermittent uterine contractions
• Active fetal growth
• Palpation of fetal parts

38. THIRD TRIMESTER
• Pain less uterine contractions
• Fetal movements are easily known
• Uterine cavity enlarges

40. LABOUR
• STAGE OF DILATION
• STAGE OF EXPULSION
• STAGE OF PLACENTA

42. PATHO PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Polycystic ovary syndrome, widely known as PCOS, is an endocrine system disorder that
affects women in their reproductive years. Small fluid-filled sacs develop on the ovaries. It
is also known as or Stein-Leventhal syndrome
• symptoms
• irregular menses
• excess androgen levels
• sleep disturbances
• high stress levels
• high blood pressure
• skin tags
• infertility

43. • DIAGNOSIS:
• if women have at least two of three main symptoms — high androgen levels,
irregular periods, and cysts in the ovaries. A pelvic exam, blood tests, and
ultrasound can confirm the diagnosis.
• TREATMENT:
• Maintain a healthy weight. Weight loss can reduce insulin and androgen
levels and may restore ovulation.
• Limit carbohydrates. Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets might increase
insulin levels.

44. SOME OF THE CANCERS
• Cervical cancer :A malignant tumour of the cervix , the lowermost part of the uterus.
• Ovarian cancer :A cancer that begins in the female organs that produces eggs.
• Uterine cancer :A type of cancer that begins in the uterus.
• Vaginal cancer :It occurs in the cells that line the surface of vagina.
• Vulva cancer :A type of cancer thar occurs on the outer surface area of female.
• Breast cancer : A cancer that forms in the cells of the breast

45. Cervical cancer
Ovarian cancer Uterine cancer Vaginal cancer

46. Vulva cancer
BREAST CANCER

48. DISEASE ORGANISM
HIV HUMAN DEFICENCY VIRUS
CHLAMYDIA CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS
CRABS/PUBLIC LICE PUBIC LOUSE
GENTIAL HERPES HERPS SIMPLEX VIRUS
GENTIAL WARTS HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
GONORRHOEA NEISSERIA GONORRHOEA
HEPATITIS A,B,C. HEPATITIS A,B,C VIRUS
SCABIES SARCOPTES SCABIEI
SYPHILIS TREPONEMA

50. REFERENCES
• From hand book of anatomy by A. CHANDHRA SEKHAR
• From text book of anatomy by sembulingam