This is entirely based on "REPRODUCTION", What is its process, How does it takes place..why does it takes place.. Topics Included are: 1.Reproduction 2.Human Male Reproductive System 3.Human Female Reproductive System In part II-Other topics are covered in short ~Share ~ ~follow on TWITTER @zebaraval ~♥ Thanks :)

1. HUMAN REPRODUCTION
-RAVAL ZEBA

2. •Have you ever Wondered how are we Born?
•How are other Animals Born?
•Why do PUPPIES Look like PUPPIES and not KITTENS or
KITTENS don’t Look like PUPPIES?
Do You have any Idea Where do they COME FROM? Or How
Birth Takes Place?
This is due to Phenomenon known as “REPRODUCTION”

3. REPRODUCTION Is The Process of Formation of life from
PRE-EXISTING Life, like,
YOU CAME FROM YOUR MOM AND DAD
REPRODUCTION Is Necessary :
•Help in continuation of species
•Makes up the loss due to death of and ORGANISM

4. REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
There are two Patterns of Reproduction:
GEMMULE FORMATION
FRAGMENTATION
BINARY FISSION
BUDDING
FUSION OF GAMETES
REGENERATION

5. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND ITS TYPES
Characteristics of Asexual Reproduction:
1. Individual Divides Form Daughter Cells
2. Offsprings are “CLONES” of Parents
3. This phenomenon of Production of offspring by
SINGLE PARENT is called ”Agamogenesis
/Agamogeny/Somatogenetic Reproduction.
4. There is no FUSION OF GAMETES
5. Offspring don’t show VARIATION.

6. GEMMULE FORMATION
•Takes place due to
AGGREGATION Of
“ARCHAEOCYTES”
•“ARCHAEOCYTES” formed due
to secretion from AMOEBOCYTES
•They Actually Hide when there
are UNFAVOURABLE
CONDITION.
•They form into new INDIVIDUALS
when FAVOURABLE CONDITION
reappear.
BUDDING
PARENT
DETACHES
BUD
DAUGHTER
BUD
•Takes place in Few Organisms
like COELENTERATES and
ASCIDIANS
•In HYDRA, (as you can see)
Bud Detaches from Parent body
and New Organism is formed.
Bud
Detaching

7. REGENERATION
•REGENERTION is Seen
in PLANARIANS
•Anterior Part gets Pulled
over.
•Due to such, Middle Part
Constricts and Finally
breaks.
•Anterior Part generates a
Tail.
•Posterior Part generates
a Head.

8. SEXUAL
REPROD
UCTION
Formation Of
Gametes
Fertilization
Unity of
Both
Gametes

9. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Primary Sexual Organs are the “GONADS”GONA
DS
MALE
S
FEMA
LES
Produces Male Sex
Cells/Sperms/Sperma
tozoa
Produce
Female
Gametes/Egg

10. 2.SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS and SEX ORGANS are
different in MALES and FEMALES.
MALES FEMALES
1. Mammary
Glands are
RUDIMENTARY
2. They develop
BEARD and
MOUSTACHE
1. Mammary Glands are
FUNCTIONAL (After
Parturition)
2. Voice is High Pitched
than in MALES.
• GONADS undergo GAMETOGENESIS (Formation
of Gametes) + SEX HORMONES are Produced.
• Growth and Functioning of Gonads is under control
of Specific HORMONES,

11. HUMAN REPRODUCTION takes place by
Sexual Method and show VIVIPARITY,
Following are steps involved :
GAMETOGENE
SIS (Formation
of Gametes)
Changes in
FEMALE body for
Supporting Entry of
SPERMS
Fusion of Gametes
(FERTILIZATION)
Development of
Zygote
Production of Milk
for young one.
Hormonal Co-
ordination of
Pituitary Gland

12. HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM: (Refer diagram)
1.TYPE: Two, For production of Gametes and
Copulation
2.POSITION: Below pubic Symphysis, in front
of upper part of thigh.
PARTS:
PENIS TESTE
S
GUBERNACULU
M
SCROT
UM
SCROTA
L SACS
EXTE
RNAL
GENIT
ALIA

13. SIDE AND FRONTAL VIEW
OF MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

14. SCROT
UM
•:Two Pouches in which Testes are enclosed.
•Made up of, Smooth muscles “Dartos Tunic
Muscles”
•Testes are Suspended by “Spermatic Cord” in
SCROTAL SACS
•Are Thermo-Regulators.
•Provide Protection to Testes.
SCROTA
L SACS
• Hold SCROTUM at the right place by
Spermatic Cord
•Possess fibromuscular band on SCROTUM
called “Gubernaculum”
•During 7th month of development, Testes
descend in scrotal sacs through Inguinal
Canal, alongwith many blood vessels,
lymph vesseles, nerves ,etc
(Refer Slide 16 -
17 )

15. TESTE
S
•Is a Primary Sex Organ
in Males.
•“Tunica Vaginalis” cover
Testes
•“Tunica Albuginea” is
the next layer.
•Consist of many
Seminiferous tubules,
together called ”Rete
Testis”
•Perform function of
Producing Sperms and
Semen during
Climax/Copulation.
•Failure of testes to
descend from Abdomen
in Scrotum is called

16. HISTOLOGY OF TESTIS:
Consist of Following Parts:
1.SEMINIFEROUS
TUBULES
2.VASA EFFERENTIA
4.VASA DIFFERENTIA
5.EJACULATORY
DUCT
3.EPIDIDYMIS
6. URETHRA
7.PENIS

17. T
.
S
.
O
F
T
E
S
T
I
S

18. 1. “Tunica Albuginea” : fibrous connective tissue
over Testis.
2. “Tunica Vaginalis” :second incomplete
peritoneal covering.
3. “Tunica Vascularis” :formed by network of
capillaries (vascular)
4. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES:
• Show different stages of Spermatogenesis
(Spermatogonia Primary and secondary
spermatocytes spermatids Sperms)
• “Sertoli Cells” : bases at which sperms attach.
• “Leydig Cells” :Nourishment centre for sperms.
• Also, secrete Testosterone.
(Refer T.S. Slide 20 Diagram)
HISTOLOGY OF TESTIS :

19. 5. VASA EFFERENTIA :
•Rete Testis 15-20 convulated ductules
Vasa efferentia
Tunica Albuginea
6.ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS:
1.Seminal Vesicles:
•Are Fibro-Muscular.
•Present on Posterior side(Upper part) of urinary
Bladder.
•Seminal duct + Vas Deferens= “Ejaculatory Duct”
•They secrete viscous fluid (60% of semen)
•Fluid =Prostaglandins (Stimulate contraction of female
tract for fertilization) + Fructose (Provide energy to
sperms ) + Fibrinogen (coagulating agent after
ejaculation of semen )
From it That
arePierce
(Refer T.S. Slide 20
Diagram)

20. T.S. OF TESTIS

22. REFER Diagram:
1.EPIDIDYMIS:
•C-shaped , supercoiled
•As a Cap for Testis.
•3 regions, 1. Caput
Epididymis (house for
Maturation for Sperms)
2.Corpus
Epididymis (middle body)
3.Cauda
Epididymis (tail) [Sperms
stored temporarily, released
in Vas Deferens then]

23. •2.VASA
DEFERENTIA :
•Arise from Cauda
Epididymis
•Ascends in form of
Spermatic Cord
•Meets Seminal Vesicle to
form “Ejaculatory Duct”

24. 2. PROSTATE GLAND :
•Prostatic Fluid =whitish liquid ( 30% of semen)
•This fluid, I ) Neutralizes acidity of vaginal secretion
II) Provide optimum pH ( 6-6.5) For
fertilization.
3.COWPER’s GLANDS:
•Also , called “Bulbo-urethral glands”
•Pea-sized
•Present on either side of Urethra
•Secrete alkaline viscous fluid :I)Lubricates female tract
• II)Neutrlize acids due to
previous urination.
•Fructose: Is produced here not anywhere else in body
(Used in identifying rape-victims)
(Refer Slide 20)

25. SEMEN :
•Ejaculated during sexual intercourse, is called
“Coitus”
•Is a whitish fluid :Spermatozoa + mixture of
secretions.
•Single ejaculation =3-4 ml semen = ~300 million
sperms
•Only one of million fertilizes the ovum.
•Being in millions, ensure Fertilization.

26. 3.EJACULATORY DUCT :
•Ejaculatory Duct =Vas Deferens +Seminal
Vesicle.
•Both Ducts open in Urethra.
•Function : Carry Sperm.
4.URETHRA :
•Is a common Pathway for Urine and Semen.
• 3 Parts “Prostatic Urethra
(Carry Urine only)
Membranous
Urethra ( Carry Urine
and Semen)
Penile Urethra (
Carry both )
(Refer Slide 20)

27. 5. PENIS :
•Cylindrical, erect , Pendulous .
•Found in Pubic Region
•Is a Copulatory Organ .
•Urethra passess throughout The
length.
•Consist “erectile Tissues”
•On Arousal, Blood Circulation
increases, makes Penis Erect.
•Possess two type of Tissues :
•1)Corpora Cavernosa
•2) Corpora Spongiosum : Found on
tip of Penis , covered by “Foreskin “

28. EXTER
NAL
GENITA
LIA
LABIA MAJORA
LABIA MINORA
GREATER
VESTIBULAR
GLANDS
HYMEN
VESTIBULE
CLITORIS
MONS PUBIS
BREASTS
2. HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM :

29. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

30. LABIA MAJORA
•Homologous to SCROTUM.
•They are two Large folds on both sides of Vestibule.
•Form boundary of Vulva.
LABIA MINORA
•Located medially ( in mid-of) Labia Majora.
•Are two thin folds.
MONS PUBIS
•Is a fleshy Elevation above Labia Majora
(Refer Diagram at
Slide 32)

31. CLITORIS
•Is an Erectile Organ.
•Homologous (similar) to PENIS of Males ( in
function)
•Have many erectile tissues
VESTIBULE
•Median ( in mid) Vertical ( in up-down
direction )
•Depression encloses Vagina and Urethral
Opening.
HYMEN
•Thin layer of mucous membrane.
•Lie on opening of Vagina
(Refer Diagram at
Slide 32)

32. •Called as “Bartholin’s Glands “
•Occur on each sides of Vaginal
opening.
•Homologous to “COWPER’s
GLANDS” in Males.
•Secrete a Lubricating Fluid.
VESTIBULE
BREASTS
•Rounded structure on Pectoral
Region.
•Has erectile nipple.
•They are modified sweat glands.
•Possess lactiferous glands( milk
producers)
•Areola: Dark brown area at base of
nipple.
(Refer Diagram at
Slide 32)

34. INTERNAL
GENTALIA
Include,
1. Ovaries
2. Fallopian Tubes
3. Uterus
4. Vagina

35. PRIMARY
FOLLICLE
GERMINAL
EPITHELIUM
GRAAFIAN
FOLLICLE
ATRIAL
FLUID
MEDULL
A
RUPTURED
FOLLICLE
CORPUS
LUTEUM
CORPUS
ALBICANS
T.S OF OVARY

36. T
.
S
O
F
O
V
A
R
Y

37. I a ] OVARIES:
•Primary Sex Organs in Females.
•Almond-shaped, situated in abdomen.
•Suspended (hanged by) from Dorsal body-wall by
“Mesovarium” (A fold of Peritoneum)
•Are connected to Uterus by “Ovarian Ligament”
•FUNCTION: 1. Produce Progesterone and Oestrogen
• 2. These hormones control Menses and
Secondary Sexual Characters (Femaleness)

38. 1 b) HISTOLOGY OF OVARY :
•Tunica Albuginea : Second Layer after Germinal
Epithelium.
• Changes while Menstrual Cycle.
•Cortical Region : Show Different stages of
Follicles.
• Mature Follicle is known as “Graafian Follicle” ,
it secretes OESTROGEN .
•Primordial Follicle /Primary Oocyte : Single layer of
Oocyte surrounded by single layer of follicular cells.
•Secondary Oocyte : surrpunded by 6-7 layers of
Granulosa Cells.

39. 1.c) A SECTION OF HUMAN OVARY :
•Germinal Epithelium : Layer covering
Ovum.
•Tunica Albuginea : 2 nd Layer, thick ,
white encapsulated.
•Secondary Oocyte : Mature Follicle
•Mature Follicle is covered by few layers of
cells,
Cumulus Oophoricus/ Cumulus
Ovaricus,
also called, Discus Oophorus,
Discus Ovigerous, Discus Proligerus.
•Vitelline Membrane : External layer of
Ovum.
•Zona Pellucida : Non-cellular, thick ,
transparent Glycoprotein layer.
•Corona Radiata : Cellular layer of Ovum.
•Basically Ovum has 3 distinct layers,
• I )Theca Externa (Epithelial cells +
Connective Tissues)

40. Increase in
number of
Follicles
Secretes PG
For maintaining
Pregnancy
OVUM
Mature Follicle
Ruptures
“OVULATION”
Corpus
Albicans
No Fetilization
Corpus Luteum
(Temporary
Endocrine
Glands)
Stages an Ovary goes through
.

41. 2. FALLOPIAN TUBES :
•Two horizontally placed tubes,
Near the Ovary.
•FUNCTION : Carry egg to Uterus
•Is lined by Ciliated Epithelium.
•“Mesosalpinx” :Support
Fallopian Tubes
•“Ampulla” Site of Fertilization. .
Fallop
ian
Tubes
FunnelFimbraeInfundibulu
m
Ovary is
Received

42. •3. UTERUS:
•Also Called “Womb”
•Muscular, attached to body wall by Mesometrium.
• Uterus : (3 parts) :- a) Fundus (Roof ), b) Corpus Cavernosa
(upper part ) ,
c) Cervix.
•Undergoes thickness during Menses.
•FUNCTION: 1. Receives Ovum, 2.Forms Placenta , 3 .Expels
young one during Birth

43. 4.VAGINA :
•Highly Collapsible ( folded ), Distensible( stretchable)
•Ovum is present inside Vluva.
•Lined By Glycogen.
•Lactobacilli (Good bacteria) + Glycogen Form
Mucous acidic which prevent Fungal infection .
•Hymen (As explained above)
•FUNCTION: 1. Couplatory passage, allow mesntrual flow, serve
as a Birth canal.
Vagina lined by
Lactobacilli $
Protein

44. *PUBERTY :
Q. When is puberty triggered?
A. When reproductive Organs mature.
• Menarche :
Ovary showered with
Gonadotropins
•Age of Puberty : 10-14 (varies)
•Menopause : 45- 50 years
No!!Come! Let us shower
you Therefore,
Menses
stops

45. MENSTRUAL CYCLE/ OVARIAN CYCLE/
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
•Onset of Menses : “ Menarche”
•Stopping of Menses : “Menopause”
•Lasts for 28 days (numbering done from day 1 of bleeding )
•Series of Events takes place throughout child-bearing
period
(26-30 yrs)
Some of them are,
•Changes in Ovaries and Uterine wall ( endometrium)
•Changes are due to LH and FSH
•FSH: 1.Leads to maturation of ovarian follicles ,
2. secretion of Oestrogen
•LH: 1.Stimulate development of Corpus luteum
2. secretion of Progesterone
P
G

46. FOUR STAGES OF
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
1.
MENST
RUAL
PHASE
2.
PROLIFER
ATIVE
PHASE
3.OVULA
TORY
PHASE
4.LUTEAL
PHASE

47. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

48. 1.MENSTRUAL PHASE:
• Also called “Bleeding phase”
• DURATION : 1-4 th day
I am
Unfertilized
Brah ! What? I am
stoppin’ PG
production now !
Let Uterine
Lining
degenerate, I
don’t care
•Menstrual Flow = Cell debris + blood + Unfertilized Ovum
/Cleaning Process of the Body per Month.
•During Menstrual flow,
35-45 ml of Blood
Funeral of Ovum begins (Proliferation)

49. 2. PROLIFERATIVE
PHASE:
:DURATION: 5- 13th day
•Two types of changes noticed:
I) CHANGES IN OVARY
•Primordial follicle develops in
Graafian Follicle.
•Ovum becomes eccentric ( away
from centre)
•Many cells “germ hill” or
cumulus oophorus/ discus
oophorus.
•Granulosa cells line Antrum.
•Follicular cells lining Ovum :
“Corona radiata”
•Ovum increases in size
•Thick membrane is formed
around Ovum, “Zona Pellucida”
•Two layers are seen 1.Theca

50. II) CHANGES IN THE UTERUS :
Secretin’ Some
Oestrogen
ENDOMETRIUM , Yeah know we are
wid ya, Though you went through a
break-up, C’mon clean the mess,
repair yourself Yo!
Thankyo
u

51. III) OVULATORY PHASE:
•Finished Product (Ovum) Loaded In
Abdominal Cavity
•DURATION :14th day
•LH Level Increases, causing OVULATION (
Discharge of Ovum)
Ovum released in Abdominal Cavity.
Enters Fallopian Tube through “Fimbrae”
(finger-like projections)
CRITERIA: Ovum must be fertilized within 24
– 48 hrs/1-2 days
If Fertilized: Ovum pass through fallopian
tube and reach Uterus.
If not Fertilized: Ovum degenerates

52. IV) LUTEAL PHASE / SECRETORY PHASE:
DURATION : 15th – 28th DAY of Cycle
•1.CHANGES IN OVARY:
•After Ovulation, ruptured follicle turns into
“Corpus Luteum”
•Corpus Luteum: Yellow in colour, Formed by
many Graafian cells.
•Is a temporary endocrine gland, secretes PG
•PG + LH= Helps in maintaining thickness of
Endometrium
•Also called “Pregnancy Hormone”
•Corpus luteum turns in HCG :HUMAN Chorionic
Gonadotropin “ :In Pregnancy
•Abortion occurs when Corpus Luteum is
inactive.
This Hero
though!

53. 2.FATE OF CORPUS LUTEUM:
Oh Boy! What
would happen
of me Now?
I am of
No use..
I have to
change like a
Transformer
Same
Soul,
Different
Body
Corpus Luteum changes into Corpus Albicans
•Bleeding from Theca Interna occurs and forms a clot in centre
“Corpus Haemorrhagium”
•If Ovum fertilized, Corpus Luteum increases in size Maintains
PG level Help in thickening of ENDOMETRIUM (for holding
foetus)
•After 3-4 months, Placenta does its function and so Corpus Luteum
degenrates.
•That means there is no shedding of Endometrium, means no
Bleeding,
“Absence of Menstrual Period is first indication of Pregnancy”

54. 3. CHANGES IN UTERUS:
•Corpus Luteum Secrets PG.
•,Maintains thickness of ENDOMETRIUM
•Uterine Glands secrete “Uterine Fluid” for nourishment
of embryo.
•If Fertilization occurs, Embryo is implanted in thickened
Endometrium.
•PREGNANCY TEST: HCG present confirms Pregnancy
(refer back for its detail)