The document discusses proper animal restraint techniques to minimize stress. It provides guidelines for safely restraining and handling various species such as dogs, cats, rabbits, mice and more. Restraint should be gentle, avoid pain and stress, and use techniques appropriate for each species to ensure safety for both the animal and handler. Chemical, physical and verbal cues can help calm animals before and during restraint.
History taking
In veterinary medicine, history taking is most important from a clinical point of view because animals are unable to describe their pain and problems (symptoms).
www.petsgroomingtips.com is one of the front-runners in providing complete digital information to the pet owners, which would guide theme through various process of grooming their beloved kids. A shabby puppy or kitten not only appears dirty but soon infested with disease if not treated properly. Our various tutorials and free PDF guides cover every aspect of the grooming process.
Common laboratory animals, Classification of Experimental Animals, Handling and application of different species and strains of animals,Different strains of laboratory animals, application and common diseases.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
History taking
In veterinary medicine, history taking is most important from a clinical point of view because animals are unable to describe their pain and problems (symptoms).
www.petsgroomingtips.com is one of the front-runners in providing complete digital information to the pet owners, which would guide theme through various process of grooming their beloved kids. A shabby puppy or kitten not only appears dirty but soon infested with disease if not treated properly. Our various tutorials and free PDF guides cover every aspect of the grooming process.
Common laboratory animals, Classification of Experimental Animals, Handling and application of different species and strains of animals,Different strains of laboratory animals, application and common diseases.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Proper desensitization and training techniques are presented for using muzzle work as a component technique to help make a police K9 ready for a real street encounter. Proper techniques are presented for both desensitization and decoying muzzle encounters, as well as problem solving.
Training PowerPoint on reading cat behavior and improving cat care to reduce cat stress in the animal shelter, and also reduce cat bite occurences in shelter staff and volunteers.
Verbal Out, Out and Return and Tactical Removal Part 3Tarheel Canine
Part 3 of this series discusses proper training of a tactical release for a police K9. The proper use of the technique and training steps are discussed as well as handler and collar neutrality as a prerequisite.
Training PowerPoint on reading dog behavior and improving dog care to reduce dog stress in the animal shelter and also reduce dog bite occurences in shelter staff and volunteers.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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2. Animals can inflict serious
injuries to humans and to
themselves as a result of
improper handling.
3. The use of proper restraint and handling
techniques reduces stress to animals and
also to the researcher.
Handling stress represents an
experimental variable and should
be minimized whenever possible.
General Principles
4. Four Types of Restraint
Non-contact: Voice, eye contact, gesture.
Manual or physical: Using body or devices.
Chemical: Using tranquilizers or anesthetics.
Combination methods: Using two or more of
the previous methods.
5. Approaching an
Unknown Animal
Safety first
Watch animal’s body language
-Cues to demeanor of animals
Approach from the side
Avoid cornering the animal
Avoid direct eye contact
Expect the unexpected
6. Dog Body Language:
Playful and Attentive
Just In Time Training 2013 Animal Behavior and Restraint: Companion Animals
Playful
Alert and Attentive
Graphic illustrations from FEMA CERT Animal Response Module I and II
7. Dog Body Language:
Fearful or Aggressive
Just In Time Training 2013
Graphic illustrations from FEMA CERT Animal Response Module I and II
Animal Behavior and Restraint: Companion
Animals
Fearful – Defensive Threat
Aggressive - Offensive
Threat
8. Cat Body Language
Aggressive
Rear elevated
Ears out to side
Direct eye contact
Hair raised on back
Relaxed
Calm posture, relaxed tail
Ears pointing up and out
9. Safe Animal Handling:
Be aware of the special stressors for animals in the clinic
setting.
Never put your face directly into the face of a dog or cat.
Concentrate on the animal you are handling without
being distracted by other activities.
NEVER sit on the floor while handling/examining a
dog. If the animal becomes aggressive or aroused you
will be unable to move away or protect yourself and risk
serious facial bites.
Always be prepared to protect yourself or move away
quickly in the event an animal becomes aggressive
unexpectedly.
10. Safe and effective animal handling requires a
thorough understanding of the normal behavior and
responses of each species.
Communication
Any animal exhibiting potentially aggressive behavior should
have a kennel sign (CAUTION) posted to alert others who may
be handling the animal. Specific alerts or recommendations
should be written on the sign and in the medical record to
provide staff and other volunteers with as much information as
possible when handling the animal.
11. Handling
Before handling the animal get his/her attention.
Call the pet by name and encourage him/her to
come to you. If the pet doesn't come, slowly
approach from the front. Never surprise the animal
by approaching from behind. Extend your hand,
palm down. You may want to curl your fingers into
a fist to prevent nipping or biting of your digits. Let
the animal sniff your hand, then slowly move your
hand to touch the side of the face then stroke the
top of the head.
12. If the owner is holding the pet, don’t
take the pet from their arms. Instead
have the owner place the animal on
the exam table. Animals may be
protective to their owners and may
bite if they feel you are threatening
their owner.
13. Before attempting to restrain an animal
you should take a moment to allow the
animal to become comfortable with
you:
Crouch down so that you are on their level. Do not
sit on the ground as you will be unable to move
away or protect yourself if necessary.
Avoid direct eye contact but maintain safe visual
contact with the animal
Talk in soothing tones. Avoid high-pitched,
excited talk.
14. MICE
Tail restraint, as described below is adequate transferring
them to cage to cage.
Tail Restraint
Mice may be picked up by grasping the base of
the tail.
Do not grasp the tip of the tail, as this may
cause the skin to be stripped off.
This method is only used for brief restraint;
for example transferring animals from cage to
cage.
Never suspend the mouse for prolonged
periods of time by its tail.
15. Forceps Restraint
Mice may also be picked up with rubber-
tipped forceps by gently grasping the animal
by the scruff of the neck or the base of the
tail.
The forceps should be dipped in disinfectant
between cages.
This method of restraint should only be
used for short-term procedures such as
transferring animals to a new cage.
Never suspend the animal for a prolonged
period of time with the forceps.
16. Two-Handed Method
Place the mouse on a rough surface
while holding the tail firmly
Note:
Smooth surface will frighten the
mouse because it cannot get a
foothold. This may cause it to turn
around and bite in its attempt to
escape.
Grasp the nape gently and firmly
with your free hand and lift the
mouse
MICE
This restraint is adequate for examining mice.
17. One Handed Method
Place the mouse’s tail between
the last two fingers of the
hand that is holding the nape
These methods may be used to perform minor, non-painful procedures such as
injections or ear tagging.
18. This method should be used to restrain a rat for
injections and other minor procedures.
RATS may be handled by the tail,
with precautions similar to those
used for mice, with emphasis on
only grasping the tail base.
Holding the tail distal to the base can result
in a de-gloving injury to the tail that will
require surgical repair or euthanasia.
19.
20. HAMSTERS
Because hamsters do not have tails, they must be grasped firmly
by the loose skin of its back, or handled in a manner similar to the rat.
21.
22. RABBITS are very susceptible to lumbar spinal luxation, resulting
in paralysis. It is necessary to support the animal's hindquarter at all
times. Although rabbits seldom bite, they can inflict painful scratches
with their hind legs. One way of lifting a rabbit is by grasping the skin
over the shoulder with one hand and gently lifting it with the other arm
cradling the body, the head nestled in the crook of your arm. Rabbits
must never by lifted by the ears.
23. Rabbits
Grasp the scruff of the neck
Lift quickly
Always support the
hindquarters
Never grab by ear or tail
Carry a rabbit with feet
pointing away
from your body
A light towel or blanket
covering the rabbit with a towel or blanket
can help to calm the animal
24. CATS are often cooperative enough to be restrained on a table by the loose skin
at the back of the neck and hips, or with one hand restraining the body and the
other restraining the head. A fractious cat may have to be wrapped in a heavy
towel for restraint with any needed limbs carefully withdrawn for treatment.
Throw a towel over the head of
cats and small dogs, then grasp
the scruff of the neck through
the towel, lifting the rear end
with a hand or arm behind the
rear legs to "scoop" them out of
the cage.
Turn the blanket to uncover the
cat. Then pick up the animal in
the usual manner.
25. HOW TO REMOVE A CAT FROM A CAGE
When you approach cat’s cage, all movements should slow and deliberate.
Cats are high- strung animals, and sudden movements might frighten
them.
Caution: Look for warning signs that indicate a cat is on the
defensive. They might include hissing or growling, flattering
the ears against the head and arching the back
26.
27. This method in which the animal's rear
quarters are cradled in the handler's arm
and the front legs are loosely griped with
the same hand. The other hand is free to
pet and stroke the cat's head but can also
quickly grab the zygomatic arches to
control the head if the animal attempts to
escape.
Cat's will try to hide when frightened. You
can carry a cat with one hand under the hind
quarters and the other holding the scruff of
the neck, letting the cat hide it's head.
28. Use of a cat restraint bag
Restraint bags can be used to restrain cats and small dogs. The bags are
made of canvas or nylon, with a hook or other type of fastener at the
neck opening and one or more zippers (or strips of Velcro) to allow
selective exposure of a body part. Instead of a restraint bag, a heavy
towel can be used to wrap the cats body, leaving the head exposed but
use of a towel is not nearly as effective as a bag.
The open bag is draped over the cats back
and the neck closure is fastened. The neck
fastener should be tight enough that the cat
cannot insert a front foot through the neck
opening.
The cat is either flipped into dorsal
decumbency or held off the table so the
longest zipper can be zipped. As you close
the zipper, take care not to catch the cat's fur
in the zipper.
30. Dog Restraint Devices
Slip leashes
Only if non-aggressive
Loop around neck,
slip to tighten
Do not attach leash
to the collar
Do not drag dog on leash
Do not leave dog in
slip leash unattended or tied to any object
31. Dog Restraint Devices
Muzzles
Cloth, leather
Gauze, rope, twine
To prevent bites
Do not restrict
open-mouth breathing
Especially in hot weather
Do not leave muzzled
dog unattended
Should not be on for
long periods of time
32.
33. Lifting and Carrying Dogs
Support chest and hindquarters
If bite potential,
muzzle prior to lifting
Small dogs
Lift under abdomen
Hand between front legs
Medium dogs
-Cradle arms around
chest and haunches
Large dogs
-Two people
34. A large dog may require 2 people
to lift. One person lifts behind
the front legs and the other
under the abdomen.
Decide BEFORE picking up the
animal if it will be placed in sternal
or or lateral recumbancy and if
lateral, if the legs will be directed
toward or away from the holders.
35. Lateral Restraint for Dogs
Gently lay dog on its side
Stand against dog’s back
Place arms across
the dog’s neck
and hindquarter
Grasp bottom
legs
36. Standing Restraint for Dogs
Place one arm under the dog’s neck
Other arm behind the rear legs or under dog’s
abdomen
Pull dog’s head snug against shoulder
37. Different Methods in giving pill
:FoodPill, CrushPill ,PushDrop on the FloorP,ill Hidden in a Hot
Dog/Wiener
1
Hide the pill in a meatball. Hide it in the
dog food.
2
Roll the pill into a thin strip of sliced
lunch meat.
3
Sometimes simply rubbing the pill with
butter will work.
38. 1
Crush the pill. The easiest way to do this is
with a mortar and pestle.
2
Thoroughly mix the pill powder that you
created with a teaspoon of a soft, creamy
treat your dog loves: a spoon-full of
canned dog food, peanut butter, or yogurt.
3
Let your dog lick the spoon-full of
food/pill mixture.
Pill Crush Method
39. Pills are given for several reasons, for instance, to rid them of worms or to
experiment with new drugs
Step 1
Have some one restrain the dog in
sitting position. Face the dog. Place one
hand over the upper jaw, with thumb
and fingers applying pressure to fold the
lips inside the mouth. This will force the
dog’s mouth open part away.
Step 2
Pick up the pill between your index
finger and thumb. Place the middle
finger of free hand on the lower
incisors. These are short teeth in the
front end of the lower jaw. Press
down, forcing the dog to open its
mouth wider.
How to Get Your Dog to Swallow a Pill
40. Step 3
Push the head back, so that its muzzle
points up. This will give you a clear
view down its throat. Drop the pill on
the back of the tounge
Step 4
Close the dog’s mouth and hold
it shut. Stoke the throat until the
dog swallow the pill. You will be
able to feel the throat move in
swallowing
41.
42. Remember
You have an ethical and legal responsibility to treat all
animals in a humane manner.
All personnel must be appropriately trained.
Always consult your veterinarian if you need
assistance.