Forests are vital for biodiversity and life on Earth. Deforestation, the permanent destruction of forests, is a major threat. Humans clear forest lands for many reasons like logging, farming, ranching, mining, and urban development. The main drivers of deforestation are economic needs of communities and industries. Crops like soy and palm oil are major contributors and destroy habitats. High demand for wood and paper also fuels deforestation. Animal grazing and infrastructure development like roads and settlements increase deforestation. Deforestation has negative economic and environmental impacts through increased greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and loss of species.
this presentation is about deforestation which means removal of forest for surface of land. in this presentation we will discuss about the deforestation, its causes and effects etc. on environment.
this presentation is about deforestation which means removal of forest for surface of land. in this presentation we will discuss about the deforestation, its causes and effects etc. on environment.
"Reversing Deforestation is complicated, planting a tree is simple."
Do you know about Deforestation?
Deforestation refers to the decrease in forest areas across the world that are lost for other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization or mining activities. It has been negatively affecting natural ecosystems, biodiversity and the climate.
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
Agriculture
Commercial or industrial agriculture cause around 40% of forest loss – in the search for space to grow food, fibers or biofuel (such as palm oil, maize, cotton, sugar cane and many more)
Forest fires
We lose large number of trees each year due to fires in the forest. These Fires, whether causes by man or nature results in huge loss of forest cover.
Urbanization
With the expansion of cities and also due to population growth, more land is needed to establish housing and settlements. Therefore forest land is reclaimed.
Effects of Deforestation
Increase in Global Warming
Trees play a major role in controlling global warming. The trees utilize greenhouse gases, restoring the balance in the atmosphere. With constant deforestation, the ratio of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased.
Floods
When it rains, trees absorb and store a large amount of water with the help of their roots. When they are cut down, the flow of water is disrupted, and the soil loses its ability to retain water. It leads to floods in some areas and droughts in others.
Wildlife Extinction
Due to the massive felling down of trees, various animal species are lost. They lose their habitat and also forced to move to a new location. Many of them are even pushed to extinction.
How to Reduce and Prevent Deforestation?
Plant a Tree where you can
The most straightforward personal strategy to fight against deforestation is to plant a tree. Planting a tree could be considered a lifelong investment into the environment and your good mental health.
Educate Others
Still, many are entirely unaware of the global warming problem we’re facing. Educate your friends, family, and community by sharing the deforestation facts, and its causes and effects. You can make an impact!
Use less paper
Since the industry has such a high need for wood, it should come as no surprise that some part of the timber originates from illegal logging.
Recycle paper and cardboard
Imagine how many trees you can save and how much good they perform for the quality of our lives by recycling all your paper.
If we can understand what forests can do for us,
We can stop deforestation.
"Green is not just a greenery,
green is life"
by Ilma Siddiqui
Info graphic on Understanding the Amazon Rain forest Fire 2019Shwetha Nair
This info graphic explains and provides statistics on why the Amazon Rain forest is on fire, how bad it is, who is responsible and how can we help in this crisis.
Deforestation introduction causes effects & controlAriful Islam
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest.
• Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.
By,
Ariful Islam (arif)
5th semester Botany department
Goalpara College,Goalpara
University of Tokyo CCWG's study session.
Here are links to our website. Please check it.
http://www.facebook.com/CCWG.COP17
http://ccwgcop17.tumblr.com/
Causes, Effect And Consequences Of DeforestationZainab Arshad
Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for use such as arable land, pasture, urban use, logged area, or wasteland. Generally, the removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.
Since the existence of humans, precious trees have been destroyed to provide shelter, food, heat and supplies for economic growth and development. Consistent and an increasing demand for products for human comfort, endangers large forests and the environment. Continuous deforestation is disrupting the natural balance of ecosystems. Populations fail to realize that their daily habits and patterns of energy and paper consumption is damaging in the long-run. As deforestation becomes more and more widespread, little is being done to preserve nature
"Reversing Deforestation is complicated, planting a tree is simple."
Do you know about Deforestation?
Deforestation refers to the decrease in forest areas across the world that are lost for other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization or mining activities. It has been negatively affecting natural ecosystems, biodiversity and the climate.
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
Agriculture
Commercial or industrial agriculture cause around 40% of forest loss – in the search for space to grow food, fibers or biofuel (such as palm oil, maize, cotton, sugar cane and many more)
Forest fires
We lose large number of trees each year due to fires in the forest. These Fires, whether causes by man or nature results in huge loss of forest cover.
Urbanization
With the expansion of cities and also due to population growth, more land is needed to establish housing and settlements. Therefore forest land is reclaimed.
Effects of Deforestation
Increase in Global Warming
Trees play a major role in controlling global warming. The trees utilize greenhouse gases, restoring the balance in the atmosphere. With constant deforestation, the ratio of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased.
Floods
When it rains, trees absorb and store a large amount of water with the help of their roots. When they are cut down, the flow of water is disrupted, and the soil loses its ability to retain water. It leads to floods in some areas and droughts in others.
Wildlife Extinction
Due to the massive felling down of trees, various animal species are lost. They lose their habitat and also forced to move to a new location. Many of them are even pushed to extinction.
How to Reduce and Prevent Deforestation?
Plant a Tree where you can
The most straightforward personal strategy to fight against deforestation is to plant a tree. Planting a tree could be considered a lifelong investment into the environment and your good mental health.
Educate Others
Still, many are entirely unaware of the global warming problem we’re facing. Educate your friends, family, and community by sharing the deforestation facts, and its causes and effects. You can make an impact!
Use less paper
Since the industry has such a high need for wood, it should come as no surprise that some part of the timber originates from illegal logging.
Recycle paper and cardboard
Imagine how many trees you can save and how much good they perform for the quality of our lives by recycling all your paper.
If we can understand what forests can do for us,
We can stop deforestation.
"Green is not just a greenery,
green is life"
by Ilma Siddiqui
Info graphic on Understanding the Amazon Rain forest Fire 2019Shwetha Nair
This info graphic explains and provides statistics on why the Amazon Rain forest is on fire, how bad it is, who is responsible and how can we help in this crisis.
Deforestation introduction causes effects & controlAriful Islam
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest.
• Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.
By,
Ariful Islam (arif)
5th semester Botany department
Goalpara College,Goalpara
University of Tokyo CCWG's study session.
Here are links to our website. Please check it.
http://www.facebook.com/CCWG.COP17
http://ccwgcop17.tumblr.com/
Causes, Effect And Consequences Of DeforestationZainab Arshad
Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for use such as arable land, pasture, urban use, logged area, or wasteland. Generally, the removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.
Since the existence of humans, precious trees have been destroyed to provide shelter, food, heat and supplies for economic growth and development. Consistent and an increasing demand for products for human comfort, endangers large forests and the environment. Continuous deforestation is disrupting the natural balance of ecosystems. Populations fail to realize that their daily habits and patterns of energy and paper consumption is damaging in the long-run. As deforestation becomes more and more widespread, little is being done to preserve nature
This is a Power Point to teach students about deforestation and details about its history, current state and what we can do to preserve trees and our environment.
a descriptive ppt on deforestation,link gives solution on deforestation:- http://youtu.be/7MJZmzOh4Po deforestaion affects,deforestation causes, deforestation solution,factors causing deforestation ,Indian statistics on deforestation ,global affect of deforestation,informative ppt on deforestation,overall deforestation,ppt on deforestation by mandar gadkari
Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, gender and REDD+: a case of ...IIED
A presentation by Rahul Karki, Naya S Paudel and Dil B Khatri at a workshop held in Paris from Thursday, 3 December to Friday, 4 December during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21).
The event organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development aimed to share the findings of its research to inform a wider debate on how REDD+ is contributing to addressing the drivers of land use and land use change.
More details: http://www.iied.org/redd-paris-what-could-be-it-for-people-forests
Forest and its uses, Deforestation, Causes of deforestation, Harmful effects of deforestation, Solutions, Historical Movements in India, Conclusion, References.
Moreover, Deforestation is causing ecological imbalance. Yet, some selfish people have to fill their pockets. Therefore they do not even think about it once. So .... It has been discovered that the major and primary deforestation cause is agriculture. Studies have shown that about 48 percent of all deforestation is as a .... Deforestation Essay 6 (400 words) ... Deforestation is the permanent destruction of the forests in order to enhance sources for life and use of woods. Cutting .... The primary reason for deforestation is agricultural. According to FAQ, agriculture leads to around 80% of deforest. For the survival of the livelihood, the .... Essay on Deforestation ... Deforestation is cutting down a large number of trees and clearing out forest areas. The various reasons behind these human activities .... 29 Jul 2021 ... Once the tree and plant are cut down, essential nutrients separate easily and are washed out by rainfall. Thus, we would lose the nutrients for .... 25 Nov 2022 ... Deforestation occurs when people destroy forestry to change the land into farms, palm oil plantation or new settlement. People use the wood from .... Deforestation has caused huge soil erosion across the world especially in the past few decades. Soil erosion results in numerous problems. When heavy rain falls .... 11 Jun 2022 ... Cutting down a large number of trees over an extensive area is known as deforestation. Trees are cut down on a large scale for several reasons:.. Free Essays from Bartleby | disappear.” It's time for the government to take action on deforestation. Rainforests are an important location for indigenous.
What is deforestation? Details on historical background, areas of concern,effects on the environment and ecological community, ongoing conservation efforts, possible solutions, and much more, with pictures.
Consequences Of Deforestation On Rural Household Income.docxResearchWap
Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stands of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on the biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up 5% of deforestation.
Other causes of contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions, the inequitable distribution of wealth and power, population growth and overpopulation, and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new flows of labour, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Importance of Forests
Forests and biodiversity are key to all life forms. The richer the
diversity of life, the greater the opportunity for medical
discoveries, economic development and adaptive responses to
such new challenges as climate change.
3.
4. Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land
available for other uses.
Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest
lands and related ecosystems for non-forest use. These include
clearing for farming purposes, ranching and urban use. In these cases,
trees are never re-planted. The cutting down and removal of all or most of
the trees in a forested area.
5. Deforestationis the clearing of trees, transforming a
forest into cleared land.
Clear-cutting in Borneo. (Photo by R.
Butler)
6. NATURAL THREATS TO RAINFORESTS
Throughout their existence, tropical rainforests
have been affected by natural forces like fire,
volcanic eruption, drought, and storms.
7. Why do humans clear forest lands?
Trees are cut down (deforestation) for many reasons including
To be used, sold or exported as timber, wood or
fuel (charcoal). This is called logging.
To be used for farming purposes (grazing fields
for livestock, or large-scale farming activities)
To make room for human settlement and
urbanization (these include making space for
shelter, industries, and roads)
To make room for mining.
8. The driving forces of deforestation are very complex, but weigh heavily
towards economic needs of local communities, countries and large
multinational industries. Here are a few:
Soy, palm oil and other crop plantations
Palm oil, a very popular ingredient in many foods and now very common
for its use for biodiesel (fuel for transport industry), together with soya,
which is used in many foods and animal feed, are two major crops that
require a lot of space to cultivate. These two, together with banana and
others have contributed and still contribute to the loss of large forest
areas.
Deforestation for palm oil
production in Malaysian Borneo.
9. • Biofuels are produced from renewable resources such as: plants and
organic waste and can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels
• Palm oil plantations are posed as a major threat
• Destroying habitats of orangutans and other wildlife
• Orangutans spend about 80-90% of their time in the trees
• Demand for biofuels is on the rise
10. High demand for wood (logs or timber)
More need for pulp and paper, wood for furniture, real estate construction
fuel all mean that trees will be cut down. World population is growing and
more than ever before, our needs have increased too. —Increasing
demand was specifically cited as an underlying cause of
deforestation by the workshops in Bangladesh, Cameroon, Ecuador,
Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. El Salvador, for example
pointed to the sale of timber to sawmills, and Nepal noted an
increased number of furniture factories. Nepal and Kenya both listed
the use of timber for house-building as a key issue1
— Logging is the principal threat to the tropical rainforests of
Cameroon, Congo and Gabon. It is estimated that every year 137,000
hectares are logged in these three countries alone2
11. Animal grazing fields
n many places in the world, animal farms have contributed to large areas
of green space being converted to grazing fields. Classic cases can be
found in Brazil. Animal rearing in the Amazon has increased remarkable
over the past few decades, obviously because of the increase in demand
for meat products over the world. Since 2002 cattle rearing expansion
increased about 30%. It is known that 80% of brazils livestock population
can be found in the Amazon, specifically in the states of Mato, Grosso,
Pará, and Rondônia, which were also the states with the greatest
deforestation in 20023
12. Construction
New settlements, roads and industries springing up in many forest
places surely add to the problem we face with deforestation today.
As roads are constructed to access remote areas in these forests,
they act as a magnet for new settlements. Once people begin to
settle too close to forests areas, they begin to rely on the resources
from that forest to make a living
13. Others
Other factors include trade policies such as those that discourage
certain foods and rather encourage production of soy beans. Another
cause of deforestation may be the poorly implemented environmental
regulations that encourage land owners to covert forest lands to
plantations, without any regard for authority and laws.
Mining is the big issue ( Gina Lopez)
Mining in PH: What Gina Lopez, Duterte
have said
During their term, the Dutertes banned mining in
Davao City. Meanwhile, Lopez, a known anti-mining
advocate, has been involved in spats with big
mining companies because of her strong
statements against mining.
14.
15.
16.
17. The strong waves in Siargao Island has made the province
the Surfing Capital of the Philippines. ... There are six mining
companies operating in the province.
18.
19. Data according to the FAO. Note the
differences from the chart above. FAO's
data is based on self reporting from
forestry departments, while Harris and
colleagues used satellite imagery.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO), the leading
source for information on the status of the
world's forests, defines forests as land with
a tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent
and an area of more than half a hectare.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. Forest loss in the country is largely the result of
centuries of unrestrained colonial and industrial
logging practices. Logging and the export of
timber have been major sources of income for
the government, wood-based industries and
associated businesses, traders, entrepreneurs,
employees, workers and upland communities
throughout the Philippines (DENR-FMB and
CoDe REDD-plus Philippines 2010). The
country’s history of deforestation began during
the Spanish occupation, where the estimated
27 million ha in the 1500s would drop to a little
more than 7.2 million ha in 2003 (Philippine
Climate Change Commission 2010)
In 1987, the DENR was reorganized through
Executive Order No. 192, to better address
pressing environmental concerns. The PAWB
was also created to formulate and recommend
policies, guidelines, rules and regulations for the
establishment and management of an Integrated
Protected Areas System (IPAS) such as national
parks, wildlife sanctuaries, marine parks and
biosphere reserves (Calderon 2013).
26. Causes of deforestation and forest
degradation
There are a number of factors that have
contributed to deforestation in the Philippines,
including illegal logging, fuel wood and timber
poaching, agricultural expansion, strip-mining,
migration and plantation development
(DENRFMB and CoDe REDD-plus Philippines
2010).
The most serious threat to forest ecosystems
has been logging (both legal and illegal) (DENR
2009). History of commercial logging that began
during the Spanish occupation has severely
decimated forest resources in the country. Illegal
logging operations have continued because of
poor law enforcement and the growing demand
for timber and wood products
27. Rapid population growth is another driving
force in the deterioration of the country’s forest
resources. With a population of around 92.34 million
as of May 2010 (NSO 2012). Forest continue to be
converted for infrastructure development including
housing, and building of hospital and schools.
Census Year
Census Reference
Date
Population
(in millions)
2000 May 1, 2000 76.51
2010 May 1, 2010 92.34
2015 August 1, 2015 100.98
Table 1. Population of the Philippines
(Based on the 2000, 2010, and 2015 Censuses)
28. Economic Implications
• Industries are over-using and over-cutting trees for prosperity and mostly for
profit
• Rapid globalization around the world is a major concern
• Increase in Supply & Demand
• Since the population around the world is constantly growing on a daily basis,
many corporations are clearing forests to build infrastructures
• Poverty stricken countries give their natural resources away to earn foreign
currency to pay off loans
29. • Increase in Global warming and Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
• Tropical rainforests are disappearing causing alterations to the climate
• Each day at least 80,000 acres (32,300) hectares of these forests disappear from
the earth
• Ozone depletion
• Forest fires (release about 370 million tons of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere every year)
• Deforestation rates in the Amazon Rainforests have not slowed
33. ~~~ If everybody does not stay ignorant and take little steps or solutions to
prevent deforestation from occurring in the future, then overall we all will
have a better world to live in. ~~~
• Reduce wasteful land use practices
• Improve already developed lands
• Businesses and corporations have to be more aware of the effects that
deforestation causes and they have to take little initiatives to prevent it from
increasing
• Governments have to make citizens aware of the issue
• Each person can plant trees once in a while to maintain the ecosystem
• Groups can be formed to decrease deforestation
• The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Global Forest Watch Canada (GFWC)
are groups that have already been formed to prevent deforestation
34. References
• “A World Imperiled: Forces behind forest loss.” Mongabay. Online. Available.
http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0801.htm
• Astor, Michael. “Global Warming could transform Amazon into savanna in 100 years:
researchers.” Canadian Press. 29 Dec. 2006. pg. A12
• Brummit, Chris. “Biofuel boom has hidden costs; producing palm oil for biofuels is boosting
Indonesia’s economy, but the resulting deforestation contributes to global warming and is
destroying the habitat of orangutans and other wildlife.” Record, The
(Kitchener/Cambridge/Waterloo, ON). 19 Sept. 2007. pg. A5
• Butler, Rhett. “Regional Deforestation”. Mongabay. 1994-2007. Online. Available.
http://photos.mongabay.com/07/regional_defor.jpg
• Forge, Frederic. “Biofuels- An Energy, Environmental or Agricultural Policy?”. Library of
Parliament- Parliamentary Information and Research Service. Online. Available.
http://www.parl.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0637-e.htm
• Friends of Red Hill Valley. Online. Available.
http://www.hwcn.org/~forhv/expressway/expresswaytitlepage.htm
• Hagan, Kevin. “Deforestation: An International Crisis.” Online. Available.
http://www.american.edu/TED/projects/tedcross/xdefor21.htm
• “Share of tropical deforestation”. Mongabay. 2000-2005. Online. Available.
http://photos.mongabay.com/07/trop_defor_pie-max.jpg
• Suzuki, David. “Forest protection vital to stem Global Warming.” Western Star, The (Corner
Book,NL). 19 May. 2007. pg 12.