Autism Genetics
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This document provides guidelines for pediatric resuscitation and cardiac arrest. It outlines the key interventions for basic life support including airway management, breathing, and circulation techniques specific for infants and children. It also discusses oxygen therapy, endotracheal intubation, vascular access methods, defibrillation and cardioversion energy settings, and drug therapies including epinephrine and atropine dosing. The overall focus is on stabilizing the child's airway, breathing, and circulation while following size-specific guidelines.
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Empyema
This document discusses parapneumonic effusion and empyema. It defines a parapneumonic effusion as any pleural effusion associated with bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or bronchiectasis. Empyema is specifically defined as pus in the pleural space. It then outlines various treatment options for pleural fluid including observation, therapeutic thoracentesis, tube thoracostomy, intrapleural fibrinolytics, VATS with lysis of adhesions and/or decortication, decortication, and open drainage. It provides details on studies investigating the effectiveness of intrapleural fibrinolytics.
Empyema Guidelines
The document discusses guidelines for diagnosing and treating empyema, which is pus and fluid in the pleural cavity caused by infected lung tissue. It describes empyema in three stages - exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing - and recommends treatments including antibiotics, chest tube drainage, and possibly fibrinolytics or surgery depending on the stage and severity. Surgical interventions like video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) are preferred over open thoracotomy when possible as they are associated with shorter hospital stays.
Empyma in children
Children with pneumonia presenting with prolonged fever, tachypnea, pain on abdominal palpation and high serum C-reactive protein levels are at risk for parapneumonic empyema. Initial management involves antibiotics, oxygen supplementation if needed, and analgesia. For moderate or large effusions, thoracentesis with continued antibiotics is recommended. Fibrinolytics or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) may be used for loculated effusions. VATS has advantages over tube drainage like shorter hospital stay and better lung re-expansion. Surgical options are considered if initial management fails.
Empyema
This document defines empyema as the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It is most commonly caused by pneumonia or other lung infections. Key symptoms include fever, chest pain, and cough. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and thoracentesis. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube placement to drain pus, and sometimes fibrinolytics or surgery. Goals are to treat the infection, drain the pleural space, and allow lung re-expansion to prevent chronic issues. Physiotherapy after treatment is important for full recovery.
Empyema
This document discusses the management of empyema, which is a pleural infection. It notes that there is worldwide variation in how empyema is treated. It describes the stages of empyema formation and different types of pleural fluid seen in infection. It discusses diagnostic criteria, appropriate use of chest tube drainage, antibiotic treatment options, and the potential role of intrapleural fibrinolytic agents in improving drainage and outcomes. While fibrinolytics may help drainage, they do not consistently improve mortality, need for surgery, or lung function.
Pleural Emphysema
Pleural empyema is pus in the pleural space, first described by Hippocrates. It develops from parapneumonic effusions caused by bacterial pneumonia. Clinical features include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis is confirmed by cloudy pleural fluid on thoracentesis with positive cultures. Imaging shows pleural thickening and loculations. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube drainage for drainage and lung re-expansion, and drainage of at least 3 weeks.
Aetiopathogenesis and management of empyema thoracis
The document discusses empyema thoracis, beginning with definitions and a brief history. It describes the stages of empyema development from parapneumonic effusion to organized empyema. Common causes include bacterial pneumonias. Diagnosis involves pleural fluid analysis and imaging. Management includes antibiotics, drainage, and surgery if drainage fails. Surgical options range from VATS to open procedures depending on severity.
Pleural empyema dr.tinku joseph
This document provides information on pleural empyema, including its definition, etiology, stages, symptoms, investigations, and management. Pleural empyema, also known as pyothorax, is the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It can develop as a complication of conditions like pneumonia or following trauma. Management involves treating the infection with antibiotics, draining the pus via procedures like chest tube insertion or VATS, and re-expanding the lung. Treatment may also include procedures like thoracocentesis, fibrinolytics, or open drainage if more invasive measures are needed.
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Empyema
This document discusses parapneumonic effusion and empyema. It defines a parapneumonic effusion as any pleural effusion associated with bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or bronchiectasis. Empyema is specifically defined as pus in the pleural space. It then outlines various treatment options for pleural fluid including observation, therapeutic thoracentesis, tube thoracostomy, intrapleural fibrinolytics, VATS with lysis of adhesions and/or decortication, decortication, and open drainage. It provides details on studies investigating the effectiveness of intrapleural fibrinolytics.
Empyema Guidelines
The document discusses guidelines for diagnosing and treating empyema, which is pus and fluid in the pleural cavity caused by infected lung tissue. It describes empyema in three stages - exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing - and recommends treatments including antibiotics, chest tube drainage, and possibly fibrinolytics or surgery depending on the stage and severity. Surgical interventions like video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) are preferred over open thoracotomy when possible as they are associated with shorter hospital stays.
Empyma in children
Children with pneumonia presenting with prolonged fever, tachypnea, pain on abdominal palpation and high serum C-reactive protein levels are at risk for parapneumonic empyema. Initial management involves antibiotics, oxygen supplementation if needed, and analgesia. For moderate or large effusions, thoracentesis with continued antibiotics is recommended. Fibrinolytics or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) may be used for loculated effusions. VATS has advantages over tube drainage like shorter hospital stay and better lung re-expansion. Surgical options are considered if initial management fails.
Empyema
This document defines empyema as the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It is most commonly caused by pneumonia or other lung infections. Key symptoms include fever, chest pain, and cough. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and thoracentesis. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube placement to drain pus, and sometimes fibrinolytics or surgery. Goals are to treat the infection, drain the pleural space, and allow lung re-expansion to prevent chronic issues. Physiotherapy after treatment is important for full recovery.
Empyema
This document discusses the management of empyema, which is a pleural infection. It notes that there is worldwide variation in how empyema is treated. It describes the stages of empyema formation and different types of pleural fluid seen in infection. It discusses diagnostic criteria, appropriate use of chest tube drainage, antibiotic treatment options, and the potential role of intrapleural fibrinolytic agents in improving drainage and outcomes. While fibrinolytics may help drainage, they do not consistently improve mortality, need for surgery, or lung function.
Pleural Emphysema
Pleural empyema is pus in the pleural space, first described by Hippocrates. It develops from parapneumonic effusions caused by bacterial pneumonia. Clinical features include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis is confirmed by cloudy pleural fluid on thoracentesis with positive cultures. Imaging shows pleural thickening and loculations. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube drainage for drainage and lung re-expansion, and drainage of at least 3 weeks.
Aetiopathogenesis and management of empyema thoracis
The document discusses empyema thoracis, beginning with definitions and a brief history. It describes the stages of empyema development from parapneumonic effusion to organized empyema. Common causes include bacterial pneumonias. Diagnosis involves pleural fluid analysis and imaging. Management includes antibiotics, drainage, and surgery if drainage fails. Surgical options range from VATS to open procedures depending on severity.
Pleural empyema dr.tinku joseph
This document provides information on pleural empyema, including its definition, etiology, stages, symptoms, investigations, and management. Pleural empyema, also known as pyothorax, is the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It can develop as a complication of conditions like pneumonia or following trauma. Management involves treating the infection with antibiotics, draining the pus via procedures like chest tube insertion or VATS, and re-expanding the lung. Treatment may also include procedures like thoracocentesis, fibrinolytics, or open drainage if more invasive measures are needed.
Empyema
Bacterial pneumonia can result in parapneumonic effusions or empyema in the pleural space in about 40% of hospitalized cases. Empyema is defined as pus in the pleural space. Effusions are classified into exudative, fibropurulent, and organized stages. Common bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and various gram-negative rods. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, microbiology of pleural fluid, and biochemistry of the fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics, tube thoracostomy, possible intrapleural fibrinolytics or antibiotics, and potentially more invasive procedures like thoracoscopy or thoracotomy if the effusion becomes complicated or organized
Parapneumonic effusion
The presentation provides an evidence based overview of parapneumonic effusion and the various management strategies available ....
Updates in Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema
The document discusses parapneumonic effusion and empyema. It classifies pneumonias and defines related terms like pleurisy, parapneumonic effusion, and empyema. It describes the pathophysiology of effusions in stages from pleuritis sicca to organization. Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis are also covered. Laboratory studies and imaging studies like chest radiography are important for diagnosing complicated parapneumonic effusions or empyemas to allow for optimal management.
20.5.pleural effusion &empyema
The document discusses pleural effusions and empyema. It defines pleural effusions as excess fluid in the pleural space, which can be transudative or exudative based on its cause. Empyema is defined as pus or microorganisms present in the pleural fluid. Empyema progresses through exudative, fibrinopurulent and organizational stages. Treatment of empyema involves antibiotics, chest tube drainage, and sometimes surgery.
Empyema Thoracis
A lecture on Empyema thoracis for undergraduate medical students, including VATS (Thoracoscopy) and complications.
Management of Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema
This document provides information on the management of parapneumonic effusion and empyema. It defines parapneumonic effusion as any pleural effusion associated with bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or bronchiectasis. Empyema is defined as pus in the pleural space. The pathogenesis, bacteriology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of parapneumonic effusion and empyema are discussed in detail over multiple sections. Key recommendations include chest tube drainage for frank pus or pH <7.2, antibiotics targeted to likely pathogens, consideration of intrapleural fibrinolytics or surgery for persistent collections, and a minimum 4-6 week antibiotic course.
Empyema
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Empyema
Empyema is a collection of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia or lung abscess. It develops in stages from an initial exudative stage with low cellular fluid to a later fibrino-purulent stage with large numbers of white blood cells and fibrin. If not treated, it progresses to an organizing stage where fibrotic tissue forms between the pleural membranes. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, cough and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves imaging, labs and fluid analysis. Treatment requires antibiotics, drainage of pleural fluid and sometimes surgical drainage or decortication.
Empyema necessitans
Empyema necessitans is a rare complication of empyema thoracis where the pleural infection extends out of the thorax into the chest wall or surrounding soft tissues. It can be caused by various organisms such as mycobacteria, actinomyces, or fungi. Patients may present with chest pain, erythema, swelling over the chest wall, and symptoms of pulmonary infection. Imaging such as chest X-ray, CT, or MRI can show fluid densities extending into subcutaneous tissues from the pleural space. Treatment involves surgical drainage of abscesses followed by cultures to identify the causative organism and administer appropriate antibiotics.
Thoracic empyema
This document provides an overview of thoracic empyema, including its definition as pus in the pleural cavity secondary to underlying diseases. It discusses the historical background, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, workup, treatment, and complications of thoracic empyema. The treatment section outlines both non-surgical options like antibiotics and needle aspiration as well as surgical procedures including closed chest drainage, open chest drainage, decortication, and thoracoplasty. The document serves as a guide to thoracic empyema covering its key aspects in detail across 31 pages.
Empyema- Pus in Pleura
Pyothorax, or empyema thoracis, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity that is usually caused by bacterial pneumonia. It progresses through three stages - exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT scan, and thoracentesis of pleural fluid. Treatment requires antibiotics, drainage of pus from the pleural space, and sometimes surgical procedures like VATS to debride the pleural space and allow for lung re-expansion. Complications can include bronchopleural fistula, spread of infection, and sepsis.
Pleural effusion
A 65-year-old male smoker presented with left-sided chest pain and difficulty breathing for 2 weeks and was found to have a left pleural effusion secondary to tuberculosis based on symptoms, examination findings showing dullness and absent breath sounds on the left side, and imaging showing pleural effusion on the left.
Empyema presentation
This document provides information on empyema, including its definition, etiology, stages, symptoms, investigations, and management. Empyema is defined as infection of the pleural space resulting in pus accumulation. It is usually caused by bacteria spreading from a pneumonia or other infection. It progresses through exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves imaging like chest X-ray or CT scan and thoracentesis. Management includes antibiotics, chest tube drainage, fibrinolytics, VATS, and sometimes open drainage or decortication surgery. The goal is to treat infection, drain pus, and re-expand
Empyema thoracis
in thoracic surgery empyema main disease which need to handle through decortication either open or vats. there is number of modalities which favor its treatment
Chronic empyema
1) The document discusses the diagnosis and management of chronic empyema, beginning with the definition, causes, stages, and clinical presentation.
2) Diagnostic evaluations including imaging like chest X-ray, CT, and ultrasound are described, as well as biochemical analysis of pleural fluid.
3) Treatment options are provided for each stage of empyema, including thoracocentesis, chest tube drainage, fibrinolytics, VATS, decortication, and window thoracostomy. Antibiotic recommendations are also covered.
Empyema dr yusuf imran
Empyema is the accumulation of pus in the pleural space caused by a lung infection spreading. It is classified into three stages based on the fluid characteristics. Common causes are bacterial pneumonias like Streptococcus pneumoniae. Symptoms include fever, cough, and chest pain. Chest x-ray or ultrasound can detect fluid buildup. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, and occasionally surgery. The goal is to clear the infection, expand the lung, and resolve symptoms. Complications may include persistent fever, abscesses, or fistulae if not properly treated.
Empyema thoracis
Empyema thoracis is the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It develops in stages from an initial exudative stage with low LDH and normal glucose/pH, to a fibropurulent stage with fibrin deposition and loculations, and finally an organization stage with pleural peels. Symptoms include dyspnea, fever, cough and chest pain. Diagnosis is made by thoracentesis showing low glucose, high LDH and low pH. Management depends on stage and includes antibiotics, tube thoracostomy, VATS, decortication or open window thoracostomy. Complications are more common in chronic cases, including bronchopleural fistulas.
Paediatric empyema case presentation
This document provides information on empyema, which is pus accumulation in the pleural space. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, etiology, stages, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and treatment options. Empyema is usually secondary to acute bacterial pneumonia and progresses through exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing stages. Diagnosis involves imaging, pleural fluid analysis, and blood tests. Treatment includes antibiotics, thoracocentesis or drain insertion, intrapleural fibrinolytics, and potentially surgery like VATS. Prognosis is generally excellent with adequate treatment.
PARA PNEUMONIC EFFUSION
This document discusses parapneumonic effusions (PPE), which are pleural effusions caused by pneumonia. It classifies PPEs as uncomplicated, complicated, or empyema thoracis based on presence of bacteria or pus. Uncomplicated PPEs resolve with antibiotics but complicated PPEs and empyemas require drainage via thoracentesis or chest tube. The document outlines signs, investigations, treatment including antibiotics and drainage procedures, and surgical options like VATS for managing PPEs.
Pleural effusion
This document discusses pleural effusions, including their causes, evaluation, and management. Key points include:
- Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative based on fluid analysis and are usually caused by conditions like heart failure, pneumonia, malignancy, or pulmonary embolism.
- Evaluation involves chest imaging, thoracentesis if indicated, and fluid analysis to classify and identify the cause of the effusion.
- Management depends on the underlying condition but may involve treating the primary disease, draining infected or complicated effusions, or performing pleurodesis for recurrent malignant effusions.
Understanding Asd
The document discusses the historical perspectives on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from the 1940s-1960s. It mentions the controversial "refrigerator mother" theory proposed by Bruno Bettelheim, which claimed emotional withdrawal and poor parenting caused autism. It also describes the early work of Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger, who provided thorough descriptions of autism behaviors but proposed different etiologies. The readings may provide insight into how understandings of ASD have changed over time.
Understanding autism spectrum disorders
Autism spectrum disorders involve a different way of learning, with individuals performing at extremes of cognitive ability and having uneven academic profiles and distinctive learning styles. To help those with ASDs, classrooms should provide alternative options, consistency, explanations and preparation for changes. An autism-friendly classroom is highly structured, organized and quiet, with a visible daily schedule, activities sequenced with details, and minimal changes to routines.
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Empyema
Bacterial pneumonia can result in parapneumonic effusions or empyema in the pleural space in about 40% of hospitalized cases. Empyema is defined as pus in the pleural space. Effusions are classified into exudative, fibropurulent, and organized stages. Common bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and various gram-negative rods. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, microbiology of pleural fluid, and biochemistry of the fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics, tube thoracostomy, possible intrapleural fibrinolytics or antibiotics, and potentially more invasive procedures like thoracoscopy or thoracotomy if the effusion becomes complicated or organized
Parapneumonic effusion
The presentation provides an evidence based overview of parapneumonic effusion and the various management strategies available ....
Updates in Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema
The document discusses parapneumonic effusion and empyema. It classifies pneumonias and defines related terms like pleurisy, parapneumonic effusion, and empyema. It describes the pathophysiology of effusions in stages from pleuritis sicca to organization. Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis are also covered. Laboratory studies and imaging studies like chest radiography are important for diagnosing complicated parapneumonic effusions or empyemas to allow for optimal management.
20.5.pleural effusion &empyema
The document discusses pleural effusions and empyema. It defines pleural effusions as excess fluid in the pleural space, which can be transudative or exudative based on its cause. Empyema is defined as pus or microorganisms present in the pleural fluid. Empyema progresses through exudative, fibrinopurulent and organizational stages. Treatment of empyema involves antibiotics, chest tube drainage, and sometimes surgery.
Empyema Thoracis
A lecture on Empyema thoracis for undergraduate medical students, including VATS (Thoracoscopy) and complications.
Management of Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema
This document provides information on the management of parapneumonic effusion and empyema. It defines parapneumonic effusion as any pleural effusion associated with bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or bronchiectasis. Empyema is defined as pus in the pleural space. The pathogenesis, bacteriology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of parapneumonic effusion and empyema are discussed in detail over multiple sections. Key recommendations include chest tube drainage for frank pus or pH <7.2, antibiotics targeted to likely pathogens, consideration of intrapleural fibrinolytics or surgery for persistent collections, and a minimum 4-6 week antibiotic course.
Empyema
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Empyema
Empyema is a collection of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia or lung abscess. It develops in stages from an initial exudative stage with low cellular fluid to a later fibrino-purulent stage with large numbers of white blood cells and fibrin. If not treated, it progresses to an organizing stage where fibrotic tissue forms between the pleural membranes. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, cough and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves imaging, labs and fluid analysis. Treatment requires antibiotics, drainage of pleural fluid and sometimes surgical drainage or decortication.
Empyema necessitans
Empyema necessitans is a rare complication of empyema thoracis where the pleural infection extends out of the thorax into the chest wall or surrounding soft tissues. It can be caused by various organisms such as mycobacteria, actinomyces, or fungi. Patients may present with chest pain, erythema, swelling over the chest wall, and symptoms of pulmonary infection. Imaging such as chest X-ray, CT, or MRI can show fluid densities extending into subcutaneous tissues from the pleural space. Treatment involves surgical drainage of abscesses followed by cultures to identify the causative organism and administer appropriate antibiotics.
Thoracic empyema
This document provides an overview of thoracic empyema, including its definition as pus in the pleural cavity secondary to underlying diseases. It discusses the historical background, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, workup, treatment, and complications of thoracic empyema. The treatment section outlines both non-surgical options like antibiotics and needle aspiration as well as surgical procedures including closed chest drainage, open chest drainage, decortication, and thoracoplasty. The document serves as a guide to thoracic empyema covering its key aspects in detail across 31 pages.
Empyema- Pus in Pleura
Pyothorax, or empyema thoracis, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity that is usually caused by bacterial pneumonia. It progresses through three stages - exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT scan, and thoracentesis of pleural fluid. Treatment requires antibiotics, drainage of pus from the pleural space, and sometimes surgical procedures like VATS to debride the pleural space and allow for lung re-expansion. Complications can include bronchopleural fistula, spread of infection, and sepsis.
Pleural effusion
A 65-year-old male smoker presented with left-sided chest pain and difficulty breathing for 2 weeks and was found to have a left pleural effusion secondary to tuberculosis based on symptoms, examination findings showing dullness and absent breath sounds on the left side, and imaging showing pleural effusion on the left.
Empyema presentation
This document provides information on empyema, including its definition, etiology, stages, symptoms, investigations, and management. Empyema is defined as infection of the pleural space resulting in pus accumulation. It is usually caused by bacteria spreading from a pneumonia or other infection. It progresses through exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves imaging like chest X-ray or CT scan and thoracentesis. Management includes antibiotics, chest tube drainage, fibrinolytics, VATS, and sometimes open drainage or decortication surgery. The goal is to treat infection, drain pus, and re-expand
Empyema thoracis
in thoracic surgery empyema main disease which need to handle through decortication either open or vats. there is number of modalities which favor its treatment
Chronic empyema
1) The document discusses the diagnosis and management of chronic empyema, beginning with the definition, causes, stages, and clinical presentation.
2) Diagnostic evaluations including imaging like chest X-ray, CT, and ultrasound are described, as well as biochemical analysis of pleural fluid.
3) Treatment options are provided for each stage of empyema, including thoracocentesis, chest tube drainage, fibrinolytics, VATS, decortication, and window thoracostomy. Antibiotic recommendations are also covered.
Empyema dr yusuf imran
Empyema is the accumulation of pus in the pleural space caused by a lung infection spreading. It is classified into three stages based on the fluid characteristics. Common causes are bacterial pneumonias like Streptococcus pneumoniae. Symptoms include fever, cough, and chest pain. Chest x-ray or ultrasound can detect fluid buildup. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, and occasionally surgery. The goal is to clear the infection, expand the lung, and resolve symptoms. Complications may include persistent fever, abscesses, or fistulae if not properly treated.
Empyema thoracis
Empyema thoracis is the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It develops in stages from an initial exudative stage with low LDH and normal glucose/pH, to a fibropurulent stage with fibrin deposition and loculations, and finally an organization stage with pleural peels. Symptoms include dyspnea, fever, cough and chest pain. Diagnosis is made by thoracentesis showing low glucose, high LDH and low pH. Management depends on stage and includes antibiotics, tube thoracostomy, VATS, decortication or open window thoracostomy. Complications are more common in chronic cases, including bronchopleural fistulas.
Paediatric empyema case presentation
This document provides information on empyema, which is pus accumulation in the pleural space. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, etiology, stages, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and treatment options. Empyema is usually secondary to acute bacterial pneumonia and progresses through exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing stages. Diagnosis involves imaging, pleural fluid analysis, and blood tests. Treatment includes antibiotics, thoracocentesis or drain insertion, intrapleural fibrinolytics, and potentially surgery like VATS. Prognosis is generally excellent with adequate treatment.
PARA PNEUMONIC EFFUSION
This document discusses parapneumonic effusions (PPE), which are pleural effusions caused by pneumonia. It classifies PPEs as uncomplicated, complicated, or empyema thoracis based on presence of bacteria or pus. Uncomplicated PPEs resolve with antibiotics but complicated PPEs and empyemas require drainage via thoracentesis or chest tube. The document outlines signs, investigations, treatment including antibiotics and drainage procedures, and surgical options like VATS for managing PPEs.
Pleural effusion
This document discusses pleural effusions, including their causes, evaluation, and management. Key points include:
- Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative based on fluid analysis and are usually caused by conditions like heart failure, pneumonia, malignancy, or pulmonary embolism.
- Evaluation involves chest imaging, thoracentesis if indicated, and fluid analysis to classify and identify the cause of the effusion.
- Management depends on the underlying condition but may involve treating the primary disease, draining infected or complicated effusions, or performing pleurodesis for recurrent malignant effusions.
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Understanding Asd
The document discusses the historical perspectives on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from the 1940s-1960s. It mentions the controversial "refrigerator mother" theory proposed by Bruno Bettelheim, which claimed emotional withdrawal and poor parenting caused autism. It also describes the early work of Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger, who provided thorough descriptions of autism behaviors but proposed different etiologies. The readings may provide insight into how understandings of ASD have changed over time.
Understanding autism spectrum disorders
Autism spectrum disorders involve a different way of learning, with individuals performing at extremes of cognitive ability and having uneven academic profiles and distinctive learning styles. To help those with ASDs, classrooms should provide alternative options, consistency, explanations and preparation for changes. An autism-friendly classroom is highly structured, organized and quiet, with a visible daily schedule, activities sequenced with details, and minimal changes to routines.
Autism 101 by ASNV (Last updated June 2015)
Want to know more about autism? This presentation gives parents, educators, service providers, and the general public a brief overview of autism signs & symptoms, and considerations and best practices when interacting with a child or adult who is on the autism spectrum.
Understanding autism
The document discusses positive behavioral support for individuals with autism or other disabilities. It emphasizes that behavior is a form of communication and positive behavioral supports focus on developing relationships and allowing participation in daily life rather than quick fixes or punishment. Positive behavioral supports are respectful, preventative, educational, and individualized. Nearly any behavior change strategy will fail without warm, caring relationships and a respectful climate.
The Etiology Of Autism.
A single etiology for autism or for any of the
disorders on the autistic spectrum has yet to be determined. In the past, suspected causes of these disorders included parentally induced autism, brain
injury/anomalies, constitutional vulnerability, and developmental aphasia, as well as deficits in the reticular activating system, and an unfortunate interplay between psychogenic and neurodevelopmental factors. Other suspected etiologies are structural cerebellar changes, genetics, viral infections, and immunological
abnormalities, with various teratogens, seizures and vaccines also being investigated. Until we know the multiple etiologies of those within the Autism
Spectrum; as researchers, health care providers, educators and optometrists, we must offer all within the autistic continuum the very best, most current and accessible care available based upon the latest known science.
Autism, alzheimers, and brain damage
The document discusses the rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), focusing on neurological conditions like Alzheimer's, dementia, autism, and more. It lists various causes like lifestyle factors, toxins, gut health issues, vaccines, and more. Key points made include that NCDs will bankrupt healthcare systems by 2030, Americans get sick more than others, and conditions like autism and diabetes have sharply increased with the rise of genetically modified foods and food additives. The document also discusses how gut health impacts immunity and the immune system response to foods and vaccines. Various food additives and drugs are also linked to increased disease risk.
Autism based on kaplan & sadocks
Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication skills, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. It typically emerges in the first 3 years of life. Males are diagnosed with autism 3-7 times more often than females. While its exact causes are unknown, autism is considered to have a strong genetic component. Diagnosis involves assessing social, communication and behavioral criteria. Treatments aim to improve core symptoms and functions through educational, behavioral and medical interventions.
Autism Genetics
1. Neuroimaging studies have identified a "social brain network" involved in tasks like facial perception and assigning mental states to others that does not function normally in people with autism.
2. Studies have shown abnormal activation in regions like the amygdala in response to emotional stimuli like fearful faces in autism.
3. Neuroimaging may help explain superior skills in local processing domains as well as compensation for social deficits in autism. Larger genetic and longitudinal studies are needed to better understand causes and development of autism.
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This document provides information about pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It discusses why CPR is important for children, describing basic life support techniques including airway management, breathing, and circulation. It outlines pediatric CPR procedures such as chest compressions for infants and children. The document also reviews potential complications of CPR and important post-resuscitation care activities like monitoring and nursing interventions to address risks such as altered respiratory patterns or fluid imbalances. Family presence during resuscitation is also addressed.
16- Neonatal Resuscitation.ppt
This document provides guidelines for neonatal and pediatric resuscitation. It covers BLS for infants and children, neonatal resuscitation, and pediatric advanced life support (PALS). Key points include procedures for assessing responsiveness and providing breaths or chest compressions. It also outlines the initial steps and interventions for neonatal resuscitation, including warming, clearing airways, and assessing heart rate and breathing. Target oxygen saturation levels are provided. The document also discusses resuscitation for meconium exposure, apnea, prematurity, and PALS techniques like high-quality CPR, defibrillation doses, drug therapies, and reversible cardiac arrest causes.
Resuscitation in special populations
This document discusses resuscitation in special populations, including pediatrics and pregnant women. In pediatrics, the most important interventions are oxygenation and ventilation due to respiratory causes being common in pediatric cardiac arrest. Anatomy differs from adults with a relatively larger head, more anterior larynx, and narrower airway. Resuscitation techniques are modified for pediatrics, such as using two fingers for infant chest compressions. In pregnancy, the uterus presses on major vessels so resuscitation focuses on maternal survival to benefit the fetus. Left lateral positioning and early airway management are important, and chest compressions are performed higher on the sternum. Emergency c-section within 5 minutes of cardiac arrest may improve infant outcomes
basic life support in pediatric.ppt
Hold the infant's head still.
Nurse: Cleanse the scalp area with antiseptic. Stabilize the scalp vein with non-dominant hand. Insert the catheter bevel up at a 30 degree angle. Watch for flashback of blood in the catheter hub. Advance the catheter fully into the vein. Remove the stylet and attach the IV tubing. Secure the site with transparent dressing.
Endotracheal Intubation
This document provides an algorithm and guidelines for endotracheal intubation in neonates. It outlines the indications for intubation, necessary equipment, proper technique including positioning, visualizing the glottis, confirming tube placement, actions after intubation, and complications to minimize. Key steps include preparing the laryngoscope and selecting the appropriately sized endotracheal tube based on gestational age and weight. Placement is confirmed through bilateral breath sounds, chest rise, and monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide levels.
Newborn intubation
This document provides an algorithm and guidelines for endotracheal intubation in neonates. It outlines the indications for intubation, necessary equipment, proper technique including positioning, visualizing the glottis, confirming tube placement, actions after intubation, and complications to minimize. Key steps include preparing the laryngoscope and selecting the appropriately sized endotracheal tube based on gestational age and weight. Placement is confirmed through bilateral breath sounds, chest rise, and monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide levels.
INSTRUMENTS POWERPOINT for final year mbbs students.pptx
This document provides information on various instruments used in clinical procedures. It discusses lumbar puncture needles, their indications including confirming diagnoses of meningitis and evaluating demyelinating diseases. It provides details on procedures like lumbar puncture technique and normal CSF findings. Complications of the procedure like headache and infection are mentioned. The document also discusses bone marrow aspiration needles and their uses in identifying conditions like leukemia.
Airway and breathing
The document provides an overview of airway and breathing topics for continuing education. It covers anatomy and physiology of the upper and lower airways, oxygenation and ventilation processes, clinical assessment techniques, and interventions to ensure proper oxygenation and ventilation including positioning, airway adjuncts, bag-valve-mask ventilation, and advanced airway placement like laryngeal mask airways. Key skills like auscultation, suctioning, and assisting ventilation are also reviewed.
Basic and advanced life support(BLS)-1.pptx
Basic life support has vital role in public place to recover patients of cardiac arrest.
Advance life support is performed in hospital set up
Neonatal Resuscitation2
- The document provides guidelines for resuscitation of newly born infants, outlining evaluation steps and interventions for various conditions including apnea, bradycardia, and cyanosis. It describes procedures like clearing the airway, positive pressure ventilation, chest compressions, and use of emergency drugs like adrenaline.
- Key evaluation points include respiration, heart rate, and color to determine if positive pressure ventilation, chest compressions, or other interventions are needed. Endotracheal intubation or a laryngeal mask may be used if bag-mask ventilation is not effective.
- Oxygen should be administered during resuscitation along with monitoring for improvement in heart rate, color, and respiration. Fluids and drugs
Airway management
This document discusses various techniques for airway management and ventilation. It begins by outlining the importance of securing the airway and describing anatomy. It then details specific techniques like head-tilt/chin-lift and jaw thrust. Various airway devices like oral/nasal airways and laryngeal masks are explained. Direct laryngoscopy and intubation procedures are covered. Finally, it discusses alternatives like needle cricothyrotomy for cannot intubate/cannot ventilate scenarios.
Emt management of airway and breathing
This document provides information on airway management and ventilation techniques for EMTs. It discusses opening and maintaining the airway using head tilt/chin lift or jaw thrust, suctioning, and airway adjuncts like nasal and oral airways. It also covers assessing adequate breathing, signs of inadequate breathing, and ventilation techniques including mouth-to-mask, bag-valve-mask, and manually triggered ventilators. Special considerations for infants, children, dentures, and tracheostomies are addressed. The document concludes with details on administering oxygen using various devices.
Infants and Children
This document discusses pediatric medical emergencies, including respiratory emergencies, trauma, and shock. It provides assessment criteria and emergency care steps for various conditions in newborns, infants, toddlers, preschoolers, school-aged children and adolescents. Key points covered include assessing and managing partial and complete airway obstruction, respiratory distress, trauma injuries like head injuries, and shock. Emphasis is placed on maintaining the airway and providing oxygen in respiratory emergencies.
Neonatal resuscitation 18 2-11
This document provides guidance on newborn resuscitation. It begins with background information, noting that 5-10% of newborns need some resuscitation and 1% need assisted ventilation. The differences from adult resuscitation are discussed. The document then outlines the 2 questions to ask (regarding meconium and maturity), 4 observations to make (respiratory effort, heart rate, color, tone), and 6 actions to take in order (dry and stimulate, bag and mask, intubation, ECC, adrenaline, fluid). Principles of drying/stimulation, airway management, breathing, and circulation are covered. Causes that could require further intervention if the newborn is not responding are listed. Special
Airway
This document provides an overview of airway management techniques. It reviews respiratory system anatomy, techniques for opening the airway such as head tilt-chin lift and jaw thrust. It describes suctioning techniques using rigid and soft catheters. Artificial ventilation methods like bag valve mask and bag to stoma are explained. Finally, it discusses airway adjuncts like oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways and oxygen delivery devices including non-rebreather masks and nasal cannulas.
Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (BLS)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure used when a person's heart has stopped beating and breathing has stopped. It involves chest compressions and rescue breathing to maintain circulation and oxygenation until medical help arrives. Basic life support (BLS) involves chest compressions, opening the airway, and rescue breathing without any equipment other than a face mask or shield. BLS aims to maintain circulation and oxygenation through chest compressions and rescue breathing until advanced life support can take over. Proper CPR technique is critical to maximize its effectiveness in saving lives.
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- 11. Best Sign of Effective Ventilation Chest Rise
- 12. Best Sign of Effective Circulation Pulse with Each Compression
- 15. Endotracheal Intubation Need to intubate is not same as need to ventilate!
- 22. Endotracheal Drugs Epinephrine, atropine, lidocaine
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