Supply of health and medical care
Definition and Law of Supply.
The health care production function.
Cost production in health care.
Factors determine price and quantity of health care.
Factors affecting Supply.
Investment on healthcare.
Health insurance and supply in healthcare.
Market Equilibrium.
References
Questions
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
Supply of health and medical care
Definition and Law of Supply.
The health care production function.
Cost production in health care.
Factors determine price and quantity of health care.
Factors affecting Supply.
Investment on healthcare.
Health insurance and supply in healthcare.
Market Equilibrium.
References
Questions
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
The presentation by Professor David Peters was given at the First Complex Adaptive Systems Training Workshop for CNHDRC, which was held in Beijing, China, from 18-19 July. It explains the basic elements of health systems and how they relate to a complex adaptive systems approach.
Running head McVeigh– Defensive Medicine Essay 1 1 .docxcowinhelen
Running head: McVeigh– Defensive Medicine Essay 1
1
It has been said that the fear of medical liability drives healthcare providers, particularly
physicians, to unnecessarily order diagnostic tests and to perform treatments and procedures
that may not be necessary, simply to ensure that nothing is left undone. Is this in fact the case?
Defend position on this premise using literature.
Langley McVeigh, MHA, FACHE
May 23, 2017
McVeigh - Defensive Medicine 2
Yes, defensive medicine is practiced in the United States. However, it is important to
understand: (1) what impact it has on healthcare expenditures (2) to what degree does it occur
(prevalence) and (3) if so, what can be done to prevent it?
As an emergency services administrator for a Level 1 trauma center, experience has led
me to understand the dynamic influencing physicians in their clinical decision making process.
Ideally, this process should be void of non-clinical bias or influence. However, this is not the
case in many circumstances. Physicians are considering risk and liability when ordering tests
and procedures. This risk management, or risk mis-management, phenomenon is called
defensive medicine. By definition, these occurrences are medical practices intended to
exonerate practitioners from liability with limited or without medical benefit to the patient
(Sethi et al, 2012). Physicians have been directed by health policy to provide value based care,
but defensive medicine practice works against this care model.
There have been studies conducted measuring physician attitudes towards tort reform
and defensive medicine practices. While studies show physicians, especially high risk medical
specialists, regularly practicing defensive medicine, the cost implications are unclear.
Furthermore, proposed reforms to the medical tort system must be investigated. Some have
proposed to completely do away with the medical tort litigation and insurance system,
replacing it with a system similar to workman’s compensation models. While it may be a reflex
mechanism to use cost as a metric to measure results of defensive medicine practices, patient
outcomes and quality of life implications must also be measured. The patient is the one who is
being subjected to additional and unwarranted procedures.
McVeigh - Defensive Medicince 3
According to a survey of 2000 orthopedic surgeons in 2010 (Sethi et al, 2012), of the
1214 respondents, 96% admitted to have practiced defensive medicine by ordering labs,
imaging studies, specialist referrals, and inpatient admissions. Many surgeons confided this was
done to avoid malpractice claims. These prescriptions offered little no benefit to patient
outcomes, and contrary to the current posture of value based practice in our health care
system. This additional intervention is costly, at an inconvenience to the patient, and may carry
additional health risk. As a reflex, one may think of ...
The presentation by Professor David Peters was given at the First Complex Adaptive Systems Training Workshop for CNHDRC, which was held in Beijing, China, from 18-19 July. It explains the basic elements of health systems and how they relate to a complex adaptive systems approach.
Running head McVeigh– Defensive Medicine Essay 1 1 .docxcowinhelen
Running head: McVeigh– Defensive Medicine Essay 1
1
It has been said that the fear of medical liability drives healthcare providers, particularly
physicians, to unnecessarily order diagnostic tests and to perform treatments and procedures
that may not be necessary, simply to ensure that nothing is left undone. Is this in fact the case?
Defend position on this premise using literature.
Langley McVeigh, MHA, FACHE
May 23, 2017
McVeigh - Defensive Medicine 2
Yes, defensive medicine is practiced in the United States. However, it is important to
understand: (1) what impact it has on healthcare expenditures (2) to what degree does it occur
(prevalence) and (3) if so, what can be done to prevent it?
As an emergency services administrator for a Level 1 trauma center, experience has led
me to understand the dynamic influencing physicians in their clinical decision making process.
Ideally, this process should be void of non-clinical bias or influence. However, this is not the
case in many circumstances. Physicians are considering risk and liability when ordering tests
and procedures. This risk management, or risk mis-management, phenomenon is called
defensive medicine. By definition, these occurrences are medical practices intended to
exonerate practitioners from liability with limited or without medical benefit to the patient
(Sethi et al, 2012). Physicians have been directed by health policy to provide value based care,
but defensive medicine practice works against this care model.
There have been studies conducted measuring physician attitudes towards tort reform
and defensive medicine practices. While studies show physicians, especially high risk medical
specialists, regularly practicing defensive medicine, the cost implications are unclear.
Furthermore, proposed reforms to the medical tort system must be investigated. Some have
proposed to completely do away with the medical tort litigation and insurance system,
replacing it with a system similar to workman’s compensation models. While it may be a reflex
mechanism to use cost as a metric to measure results of defensive medicine practices, patient
outcomes and quality of life implications must also be measured. The patient is the one who is
being subjected to additional and unwarranted procedures.
McVeigh - Defensive Medicince 3
According to a survey of 2000 orthopedic surgeons in 2010 (Sethi et al, 2012), of the
1214 respondents, 96% admitted to have practiced defensive medicine by ordering labs,
imaging studies, specialist referrals, and inpatient admissions. Many surgeons confided this was
done to avoid malpractice claims. These prescriptions offered little no benefit to patient
outcomes, and contrary to the current posture of value based practice in our health care
system. This additional intervention is costly, at an inconvenience to the patient, and may carry
additional health risk. As a reflex, one may think of ...
Whitepaper: Hospital Operations Management reduces wait states and replaces d...GE Software
No Wait States … in pursuit of the frictionless patient experience. Electronic health records have fallen short. Patients continue to wait. Costs remain high. Why focusing on operational management can help hospitals make things right … starting now.
We don’t have a functional competitive market in health care in the U.S. Consequently, many of the attributes of competitive markets that are beneficial in our lives are not present in health care. One significant negative externality of a dysfunctional market is an inability to discern quality. Consumerism is critical. Includes data and analysis from the 5TH ANNUAL HEALTHGRADES PATIENT SAFETY IN AMERICAN HOSPITALS STUDY – APRIL 2008
MHA6999 SEMINAR IN HEALTHCARE CASES-- WEEK 2 LECTURE, DISCUSSION, DioneWang844
MHA6999 SEMINAR IN HEALTHCARE CASES-- WEEK 2 LECTURE, DISCUSSION, AND PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
Page | 1
Quality
Nearly fifteen years ago, the Institute of Medicine published the “To Err Is Human” report, which exposed the substantial impact of medical errors in the US healthcare system and called for a dramatic system change, including an improved understanding of those errors (McCarthy, Tuiskula, Driscoll, & Davis, 2017). Medical errors are considered to be failure to achieve the original goal or plan of action, and these errors may range from a patient falls to a mistake in the operating room. Not only do medical errors cause harm to the patient and jeopardize the patient’s trust, but they also cause a financial strain for the health system (“To Err is Human,” 1999). One of the contributing factors to medical errors is the lack of effective communication between doctors who are treating the same patient. This results in healthcare providers overprescribing medications for patients as well as increases the possibility of a patient having unnecessary tests or procedures performed. The report’s four-tiered approach includes:
· Focusing on creating a stronger foundation of education on patient safety
· Mandating a nationwide reporting system to encourage timely reporting of errors
· Increasing the standards of performance for healthcare providers
· Taking advantage of the security that safety systems offer (“To Err is Human,” 1999)
Creating a strong educational foundation for patient safety is most important. Healthcare personnel are much more likely to actively participate in reporting systems, encourage one another to perform at a higher level, and take advantage of safety systems when they are well educated on patient safety and the implications of medical errors. The reporting system seems to provide the least amount of impact on patient safety as they can result in losing patient trust in certain healthcare systems. The healthcare system as a whole has made progress in establishing a safe environment for patients when they are in need of care.
Challenges for Patient Safety and Steps for Improvement
Despite continuing evidence of problems in patient safety and gaps between the care that patients receive and the evidence about what they should receive, efforts to improve quality in healthcare show mostly inconsistent and patchy results.
Tap each image to know more.
Data Collection and Monitoring Systems
This always takes much more time and energy than anyone anticipates. It is worth investing heavily in data from the outset. Assess local systems, train people, and have quality assurance.
Tribalism and Lack of Staff Engagement
Overcoming a perceived lack of ownership and professional or disciplinary boundaries can be very difficult. Clarify who owns the problem and solution, agree roles and responsibilities at the outset, work to common goals, and use shared language.
Convince People That There's a Problem
Use hard data to secure emotional e ...
More people die annually from medication errors than from workplace injuries. An error in the prescribing, dispensing, administration of a drug irrespective of whether such errors lead to adverse consequences or not. In India, Medication Error is just a TERM and its significance is undervalued and remains unreported. Reported incidence of this iatrogenic disease related to medication error- tip of the iceberg. medication error can be visualized with the SWISS CHEESE MODEL OF SYSTEM accidents
Medication errors are described under prescription errors, transcription errors, administration errors. Based on the causes of errors the NCC MERP Index is formulated to categorize medication errors from Category A- I. Appropriate monitoring, good team communication, knowledgeable staff, RCA and policy on check of medication errors can reduce its incidence and make patient more safe.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. The Physician Market, Part 1 Professor Vivian Ho Health Economics Fall 2007 These slides draw from material in Santerre & Neun, Health Economics, Theories, Insights and Industry Studies, Thomson 2007.
5. *The AMA defines primary care as including family practice, general practice, internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, and pediatrics. Physician Market Structure (cont.)
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15. Production, Costs, and Economies of Scale $7.26 (1.08) $35.36** (2.12) Test interpretation $4.84 (1.35) $12.14** (2.16) Hospital visit $14.77*** (2.91) $22.14*** (3.26) Office visit, est. patient $66.34** (2.00) $59.99* (1.68) Office visit, new patient Marginal non-phys. Costs Full Marginal Cost Output
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34. RESULTS 31,429 in original sample 30,195 located on first review 22,378 negative for screening criteria 7817 positive for screening criteria 7743 reviewed by physicians 6465 without adverse events 1278 with adverse events 972 with no negligence 306 with negligence Figure 1. The Record-Review Process. Numbers of medical records are shown.
35.
36. STATEWIDE ESTIMATES 27,197 adverse events due to negligence 26,764 with no malpractice claims (98%) 415 malpractice claims (2%) 14,180 with strong evidence of negligence 12,858 with disability 7462 with disability <6mo (58%) 5396 with disability >6mo (42%) 2834 patients <70yo (53%) 2562 patients 70yo (47%)
37.
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39. Rates of Adverse Events and Negligence Specialty Adverse Events Negligence (percentage) (percentage) Orthopedics 4.1 22.4 Urology 4.9 19.4 Neurosurgery 9.9 35.6 Thoracic & Cardiac Surgery 10.8 23.0 Vascular Surgery 16.1 18.0 Obstetrics 1.5 38.3 Neonatology 0.6 25.8 General Surgery 7.0 28.0 General Medicine 3.6 30.9 Other 3.0 19.7 P value <0.0001 0.64
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