The skin has two basic layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium and provides protection from the external environment. It has several layers with the stratum corneum being the outermost dead cell layer. The dermis lies below the epidermis and is made up of connective tissue that provides strength and harbors structures like hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. The skin has important functions of protection, regulation and sensation.
cosderma chemical peels
we have wide range of chemical peels , glycolic, lactic, salicylic, TCA, jessner's, mandelic peel, yellow peel & many more combos are available
cosderma chemical peels
we have wide range of chemical peels , glycolic, lactic, salicylic, TCA, jessner's, mandelic peel, yellow peel & many more combos are available
The power point is just to help learners to have basic understanding on the anatomy and physiology of the skin (integumentary system).
The two major classes of the skin has been briefly stated as well as the major layers of the skin.
This presentation is on functions of skin and physiology of skin including thermoregulatory function, barrier function, vitamin D synthesis, cosmetic functions.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Mesotherapy is the procedure to injection of plant, extracts, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, and rejuvenate the skin.
Series of injection allegedly target fat cell to induce lypolysis..
This rejuvenate and nourish skin, stimulates production of collagen and elastin.
Call us regarding Facial aesthetic Treatment:-
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
+919818894041,01142464041
drrajatsachdeva@gmail.com
Follow us here:-
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
Learn more:-
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
Mesotherapy treatment is frequently used to solve many problems regarding health issues. In this treatment injections are adminstrated into the supposed part of the body.
http://www.informationonmesotherapy.com
Chemical peels are used to improve and smooth the texture of skin by removing the outermost layer of skin.They can reduce freckles, age spots, dark patches and can give you a nourished and healthy skin.
Various peels can be used according to your requirements like glycolic acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid or carbolic acid.You will need to avoid sun for around 1 month and a little swelling might occur post treatment.They are ideal treatments for people with fair skin but shows good results even in people with dark skin.
Chemical peeling is done at Dr Sachdeva's Dental clinic and Facial aesthetic centre in Delhi. So hurry up and come book an appointment with us at Dr.Sachdeva’s Dental Institute, Ashok Vihar, Delhi which has state of the art clinic and all the latest and advanced equipments.
To book an appointment contact:
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Director & Mentor
Dr Sachdeva’s Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
Our Websites:
www.sachdevadentalcare.com
www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
Facebook- dentalcoursesdelhi
Youtube- drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin- drrajatsachdeva
Slideshare- Dr Rajat Sachdeva
Twitter Page- drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page- surgicalmasterrajat
Inflammation by Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi, Oral Surgeon, Pune All Good Things
Hi. This is Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Oral & Maxillofacial surgeon from Pune, India. I am here on slideshare.com to share some of my own presentations presented at various levels in the field of OMFS. Hope this would somehow be helpful to you making your presentations. All the best.
The power point is just to help learners to have basic understanding on the anatomy and physiology of the skin (integumentary system).
The two major classes of the skin has been briefly stated as well as the major layers of the skin.
This presentation is on functions of skin and physiology of skin including thermoregulatory function, barrier function, vitamin D synthesis, cosmetic functions.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Mesotherapy is the procedure to injection of plant, extracts, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, and rejuvenate the skin.
Series of injection allegedly target fat cell to induce lypolysis..
This rejuvenate and nourish skin, stimulates production of collagen and elastin.
Call us regarding Facial aesthetic Treatment:-
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
+919818894041,01142464041
drrajatsachdeva@gmail.com
Follow us here:-
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
Learn more:-
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
Mesotherapy treatment is frequently used to solve many problems regarding health issues. In this treatment injections are adminstrated into the supposed part of the body.
http://www.informationonmesotherapy.com
Chemical peels are used to improve and smooth the texture of skin by removing the outermost layer of skin.They can reduce freckles, age spots, dark patches and can give you a nourished and healthy skin.
Various peels can be used according to your requirements like glycolic acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid or carbolic acid.You will need to avoid sun for around 1 month and a little swelling might occur post treatment.They are ideal treatments for people with fair skin but shows good results even in people with dark skin.
Chemical peeling is done at Dr Sachdeva's Dental clinic and Facial aesthetic centre in Delhi. So hurry up and come book an appointment with us at Dr.Sachdeva’s Dental Institute, Ashok Vihar, Delhi which has state of the art clinic and all the latest and advanced equipments.
To book an appointment contact:
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Director & Mentor
Dr Sachdeva’s Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
Our Websites:
www.sachdevadentalcare.com
www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
Facebook- dentalcoursesdelhi
Youtube- drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin- drrajatsachdeva
Slideshare- Dr Rajat Sachdeva
Twitter Page- drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page- surgicalmasterrajat
Inflammation by Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi, Oral Surgeon, Pune All Good Things
Hi. This is Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Oral & Maxillofacial surgeon from Pune, India. I am here on slideshare.com to share some of my own presentations presented at various levels in the field of OMFS. Hope this would somehow be helpful to you making your presentations. All the best.
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged and persistent inflammatory response that occurs over an extended period, often lasting for weeks, months, or even years. Unlike acute inflammation, which is a rapid and self-limiting process triggered by tissue injury or infection, chronic inflammation involves a sustained immune system response that can lead to tissue damage and dysfunction. This type of inflammation is associated with a wide range of diseases and conditions.
**Key Features of Chronic Inflammation:**
1. **Continuous Activation of Immune Response:**
- In chronic inflammation, the immune system remains activated for an extended period. This sustained response involves the recruitment of immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, to the affected tissues.
2. **Tissue Destruction and Repair:**
- Over time, the persistent presence of immune cells and inflammatory mediators can lead to tissue damage. In an attempt to repair the damaged tissue, there may be ongoing cycles of tissue destruction and healing, contributing to the progression of the inflammatory process.
3. **Fibrosis and Scar Tissue Formation:**
- Chronic inflammation often results in the deposition of fibrous tissue and the formation of scar tissue. This can lead to structural changes in affected organs, impairing their normal function. Fibrosis is a common feature in chronic inflammatory conditions like chronic liver disease and pulmonary fibrosis.
4. **Involvement in Chronic Diseases:**
- Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of many chronic diseases, including autoimmune disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus), chronic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis), and conditions like atherosclerosis. It is also implicated in the development of certain cancers.
5. **Systemic Effects:**
- Chronic inflammation can have systemic effects on the body, impacting distant organs and tissues. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers in the blood, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukins, are often observed in individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions.
6. **Contributing Factors:**
- Various factors can contribute to the persistence of inflammation, including unresolved infections, exposure to environmental toxins, autoimmune reactions, and lifestyle factors such as obesity and chronic stress.
Managing chronic inflammation typically involves addressing the underlying causes, reducing inflammatory triggers, and employing anti-inflammatory strategies. Understanding the complex interplay between the immune system and tissues in chronic inflammatory conditions is crucial for developing targeted therapies aimed at modulating the inflammatory response and preventing long-term tissue damage.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Introduction
• Survival of all living organisms requires that
they should eliminate foreign invaders , such as
infectious pathogens & damaged tissues .
• These functions are mediated by complex host
immune response called as an
Inflammation.
3. • Inflammation is a protective attempt by
the organism to remove the injurious
stimuli and to initiate the healing
process.
• Hence without inflammation, wounds
and infections would never heal.
5. Inflammation
• It is a complex reaction to injurious agents
such as microbes & damaged, usually
necrotic, cells that consists of vascular
responses, migration & activation of
leukocytes & systemic reactions.
6.
7.
8. SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
• RUBOR- REDNESS DUE TO INCREASED
BLOOD BLOW AND VASODILATION
• CALOR- OR HEAT DUE TO INCREASE
BLOOD FLOW TO THE PERIPHERY
• TUMOR- SWELLING FROM INFLAMMATORY
EDEMA
• DOLOR-PAIN FROM SWELLING AND
PRESENCE OF INFLAMMATORY
MEDIATORS
• FUNCTIO LAESA-LOSS OF FUNCTION DUE
TO MAIN
AND STRUCTURAL NECROSIS
9. 2nd Yr Pathology 2010
Inflammation
The basis of the five cardinal signs
• Increased blood flow due to vascular dilatation gives
redness and heat.
• Increased vascular permeability gives oedema causing
tissue swelling.
• Certain chemical mediators stimulate sensory nerve
endings giving pain. Nerves also stimulated by stretching
from oedema.
• Pain and swelling result in loss of function.
10. Types of inflammation
1. Acute inflammation –
It is the rapid response to the injury or microbes or
other foreign substances that is designed to deliver
leukocytes & plasma proteins to the site of injury .
Causes –
1. Infections – Bacterial , viral , fungal or parasitic
2. Trauma –Blunt or Penetrating
3. Tissue necrosis-
4. Foreign bodies – sutures
5. Immune reactions
11. • Outcomes of acute inflammation-
1. Resolution
2. Progression to chronic inflammion.
3. Scarring or fibrosis
12. 2. Chronic inflammation –
• It is inflammation of prolonged duration in which
active inflammation, tissue injury & healing proceed
simultaneously .
• Immunologists define as period when
macrophages predominate
• Clinicians define as recurrent inflammation prior
to completion of repair or resolution
• Causes –
1. Persistent infection
2. Immune mediated inflammatory diseases
3. Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents
13. Ulcers
Resolution
Fistulas
Granulomatous diseases
Fibrotic diseases (Scaring)
combinations of the above
14. Differences between Acute & Chronic Inflammation
Acute inflammation Chronic inflammation
Definition It is the rapid response to
the injury or microbes or
other foreign substances
that is designed to deliver
leukocytes & plasma
proteins to the site of
injury .
It is inflammation of
prolonged duration in which
active inflammation, tissue
injury & healing proceed
simultaneously .
Onset Rapid Insidious
Duration Short ( Few minutes to
days )
Long (Days to years )
15. Acute inflammation Chronic inflammation
Specificity Non- specific Specific, where immune
response is activated
Cells involved Neutrophils Lymphocytes , plasma cells
, macrophages , fibroblasts
Vascular
changes
Active vasodilation ,
Increased vascular
permeabilty
New vessels formation
(Neoangiogenesis )
Fluid exudation
& edema
Present Absent
Cardinal signs Present Absent
22. Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
• Resolution of tissue structure and function with elimination of
stimulus
• Tissue destruction and persistent inflammation
– Abscess
• pus-filled cavity (neutrophils, monocytes and liquefied cellular debris)
• walled off by fibrous tissue and inaccessible to circulation
• tissue destruction caused by lysosomal and other degradative enzymes
– Ulcer
• loss of epithelial surface
• acute inflammation in epithelial surfaces
– Fistula
• abnormal communication between organs or an organ and a surface
– Scar
• Causes distortion of structure and sometimes altered function
• Chronic inflammation
– Marked by replacement of neutrophils and monocytes with lymphocytes,
plasma cells and macrophages
– Accompanied by proliferation of fibroblasts and new vessels with
scarring
24. Inflammatory mediators
• Definition – Chemical substances that trigger
certain processes in an inflammatory reaction.
Cell derived Plasma derived
Histamine Kinin system mediators
Serotonin C- reactive protein
Neutrophilic proteases Complement system
mediators
Interleukins( IL-1 . TNF- α )
Chemokines
Arachidonic acid (PG, LT)
PAF
25. Repair Process
• Removal of Debris
– begins early and initiated by liquefaction and
removal of dead cells and other debris
• Formation of Granulation Tissues
– connective tissue consisting of capillaries and
fibroblasts that fills the tissue defect created by
removal of debris
• Scarring
– fibroblasts produce collagen until granulation
tissue becomes less vascular and less cellular
– progessive contraction of the wound occurs,
resulting in deformity of original structure
26. Factors that Impede Repair
• Retention of debris or foreign body
• Impaired circulation
• Persistent infection
• Metabolic disorders
– diabetes
• Dietary deficiency
– ascorbic acid
– protein
27.
28. Healing and granulation
• Fibroplasia is a response to
– Damaged connective tissue
– Parenchymal damage exceeds regenerative capacity
• Hyperplasia of connective tissue
• Neovascularization
• Granulation
– coordinated proliferation of fibroblasts with a rich bed of
capillaries
– intensely hyperemic with a roughened or granular,
glistening surface
– healthy granulation tissue resists secondary infections
29. Healing by First Intention
• Clean, surgical incision or other clean narrow cut
• Focal disruption of epithelial basement membrane
with little cell damage
• Regeneration dominates fibrosis
• Scabbing with fibrin-clotted blood
• Neutrophils migrate to edges
• Epidermis becomes mitotic and deposits ECM
• Macrophages replace neutrophils
• Vascularization and collagen deposition fills gap
• Contraction of collagen minimizes epidermal
regeneration
30. Healing by Second Intention
• Larger area of tissue injury such as abcess, ulcer,
infarction that destroys ECM
• Large clot or scab with fibrin and fibronectin fills gap
• Larger volume of necrotic debris must be removed
by more neutrophils and macrophages
– Opportunity for collateral damage by phagocytes
• Scar tissue formed from vascular cells, fibroblasts,
and myofibroblasts
• Contraction of myofibroblasts distorts tissue
• More prone to infection
39. introduction
• Skin is the largest organ of the human body
• Accounts for 16-20% of body weight…it weighs twice as much
as your brain
• For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of
between 1.5-2.0 sq.mtrs
• The skin is composed of two basic layers (regions)..
– Epidermis – outermost layer
– Dermis –underlying connective tissue
• Subcutaneous fat (Hypodermis),inspite of its close anatomic
relationship and tendency to respond jointly to pathologic
processes,is not a part of skin basic structure
40. Functions
• The skin is an organ of protection. The primary function of
the skin is to act as a barrier. The skin provides protection
from: mechanical impacts and pressure, variations in
temperature, micro-organisms, radiation and chemicals.
• The skin is an organ of regulation. The skin regulates
several aspects of physiology, including: body temperature
via sweat and hair, and changes in peripheral circulation
and fluid balance via sweat. It also acts as a reservoir for
the synthesis of Vitamin D.
• The skin is an organ of sensation. The skin contains an
extensive network of nerve cells that detect and relay
changes in the environment. There are separate receptors
for heat, cold, touch, and pain.
41. EPIDERMIS
• Primarily made up of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium(keratinocytes)
• Gives strength to the skin.
• Varies in thickness from thick skin to thin skin
• Eyelids- 0.04 mm,Palms- 1.6 mm,average 0.1 mm
• It does not have any vascularization, so it relies on the connective
tissues deep to it.
• Also contain melanocytes, merkel’s cells and Langerhans cell
42. Layers of epidermis
• Stratum basale (the deepest layer)
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum corneum (most superficial layer of epidermis)
43.
44. Stratum Basale
• The stratum germinativum (or basal layer, stratum basale) Consists of
single layer of basophilic columnar or cuboidal cells.
• Along with S. spinosum, it is a component of Malpighian layer
• Cells are bound to each other by desmosomes and to basal
lamina by hemidesmosomes.
• All cells contain intermediate keratin filaments, number of which
increases as cells progress upward.
45. Stratum Spinosum
• Also contain the dividing cells as in basale.
• Cells contain bundles of intermediate filament
(tonofilaments) projecting into the processses of cells which give
attachment to the desmosomes, so giving spined appearance.
• Tonofilaments provide resistant to the abrasion so this layer is
thicker in the areas prone to abrasion (thick skin) .
• Keratinization begins in the stratum spinosum.
46. Stratum granulosum
• Consists of polygonal cells , cytoplasm of which is filled with
the basophilic granule , keratohyaline granules. It is rich in
phosphorylated histidine and cystine.
• Cells contain, lamellated bodies, made up of lipid. It fuses
with the cell membrane and it come out of cells and
function as a intercellular cement or sealing agent.
• This sealing effect is first evolutionary adaptation to
terrestrial life
47. Stratum Lucidum
• More prominent in thick skin .Cellular organells and
nuclei are not prominent.
• It is composed of clear non-nucleated cells.
• In the palms and soles, the stratum
lucidum is present. The tan colored protein blocks the
underlying melanocytes from view
48. Stratum corneum
• The main difference between thick skin and thin skin relates
to the thickness of the Stratum corneum.
• These are the dead cells, flaking off. The cells lose their
nucleus and fuse to form squamous sheets, which are
eventually shed from the surface (desquamation).
• The mean turnover or renewal time of epidermis is 39
days(13+12+14) i.e.,time for a cell to move from the
stratum basale to the distal edge of the stratum corneum
and shed
• 13 days for proliferative compartment( lower two rows),12
days for differentiated compartment,14 days for cornified
layer
49. Dermis
• It is connective tissue that support the epidermis and attaches the epidermis
to the hypodermis.
• Dermis is 15-40 times thicker than the epidermis
• Its surface consists of many ridges (dermal papillae) which interdigitate with
epidermal ridges.
• The dermis is also the area where all the glands of the body are located.
• Has 2 layers/compartments
1. A thin zone immediately beneath the epidermis (the papillary dermis) and
around adnexa ( the periadnexal dermis).The combination of papillary and
periadnexal dermis is called Adventitial dermis
2. A thick zone of Reticular dermis that extends from the base of the papillary
dermis to the surface of the subcutaneous fat
50. Papillary dermis
Papillary layer –The papillary dermis is the uppermost layer of the
dermis,composed of thin haphazardly arranged collagen bundles,delicate
branching elastic fibers,numerous fibrocytes,abundant ground
substance.A highly developed microcirculation composed of
arterioles,capillaries and venules
Its superior surface is uneven (fingerlike projections) which forms the
characteristic fingerprint of the finger. This layer provides the epidermis
with nutrients. Pain and touch receptors are found here
• Together,the papillary dermis and epidermis form a morphologic and
functional unit whose intimacy is reflected in their alteration jointly in
various inflammatory processes
• A similar interrelationship exists b/w periadnexal layer and its adjacent
epithelium
51. Reticular dermis
• Dense irregular Connective Tissue
• Has thick bundles of Collagen and coarse Elastic fibers.Proportionally,
there are fewer fibrocytes and blood vessels and less ground substance
compared to papillary dermis
• Arrangement of bundle in the direction of mechanical force give rise to
the cleavage lines of Langer.
• Strongest layer of the Dermis.Gives the area strength.Contains
sweat,sebaceous glands and pressure receptors
• Leather is made of this layer.
52. HYPODERMIS
•Consists of loose connective tissue which helps in sliding the skin over the
deep structure.
•Consists of layer of fat according to the nutritional status of the person.
•Also called as superficial fascia or panniculus adiposus
VESSELS IN SKIN
Arteries form the 2 plexuses. One at the junction of papillary and reticular
layer( sub- papillary plexus) and another at junction of dermis and hypodermis
(cutaneous plexus).
Veins form the three plexuses – 2 in same position as for arterial and
another in the middle of the dermis
53.
54. Cutaneous Glands
1. Sebaceous (oil) glands-Sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in
the skin which secrete an oily matter, called sebum, in the hair
follicles to lubricate the skin and hair. In humans, they are found in
greatest abundance on the face and scalp, though they are
distributed throughout all skin sites except the palms and soles. An
infection causes acne
2. Sweat (sudoriferous) glands - Sweat glands are exocrine glands, found
in the skin , that are used for body temperature regulation.
a) Eccrine glands -Eccrine glands (or merocrine glands) are found at
virtually all sites on the human body. They produce clear liquid
(perspiration), consisting of water, salts, and urea.
b) Apocrine glands- Apocrine glands are found in axillary and genital
areas, secrete a milky protein and fat substance. This mixture is an
excellent source of nutrients for bacteria which produce body odour.
55. hair
• Follicle- A hair follicle is a part of the skin that grows hair by packing old cells together.
• Root
• Shaft
• Hair bulb
Arrector pili -Arrectores pilorum (singular Arrector pili) are tiny muscle fibers
attached to each hair follicle, which contract to make the hairs stand on end,
causing goose bumps. Arrectores pilorum are smooth muscle, not skeletal
muscle, which explains why humans cannot voluntarily give themselves goose
bumps.
56. nails
• Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protein called keratin.
Along with hair and teeth they are an appendage of the skin.
• Free edge- The part of the nail that extends past the finger, beyond the
nail plate. There should always be a free edge present to prevent
infections.
• Nail folds (cuticle)- A fold of hard skin overlapping the base and sides of
a fingernail or toenail
• Nail Matrix- This is the only living part of the nail. It is situated behind
and underneath the Nail Fold and produces protein keratin which
makes up the Nail Plate.
58. PRIMARY SKIN LESIONS
MACULE
• MACULE IS A CIRCUMSCRIBED FLAT
AREA LESS THAN 2 CMS OF
DISCOLORATION WITHOUT ELEVATION
OR DEPRESSION OF SURFACE
RELATIVE TO SURROUNDING SKIN
60. PAPULE
• PAPULE IS A CIRCUMSCRIBED,
ELEVATED, SOLID LESION LESS THAN
0.5 CMS IN DIAMETER, SUCH AS THE
LESIONS OF LICHEN PLANUS AND
NONPUSTULAR ACNE
62. PATCH AND BULLA
• PATCH IS A CIRCUMSCRIBED AREA OF
DISCOLORATION, GREATER THAN 2CMS
WHICH IS NEITHER ELEVATED OR
DEPRESSED RELATIVE TO THE
SURROUNDING SKIN
• BULLAE ARE RAISED, CIRCUMSCRIBED
LESION GREATER THAN 0.5 CM THAT
CONTAIN SEROUS FLUID
64. TUMOR and VESICLE
• TUMOR – is a solid, firm lesion about 2
cms in diameter that can be above,
level with or beneath the skin surface. It
is also called a mass.
• VESICLE – is a small , superficial
elevation of the skin, less than 0.5 cm,
that contains serous fluid.
66. PLAQUE AND PUSTULE
• PLAQUE IS A WELL-CIRCUMCRIBED,
ELEVATED, SUPERFICIAL, SOLID LESION,
GREATER THAN 1 CM IN DIAMETER
• PUSTULE IS A SMALL (1CM IN DIAMETER)
CIRCUMSCRIBED SUPERFICIAL ELEVATION
OF THE SKIN THAT IS FILLED WITH
PURULENT MATERIAL