1) The document discusses tissue healing, inflammation response, scar formation and skin regeneration. It describes the stages of wound healing including inflammation, proliferation and remodeling.
2) The inflammatory phase involves edema, fibrin deposition and neutrophil infiltration. The proliferative phase includes neovascularization and fibroplastification leading to collagen deposition and epithelialization.
3) During remodeling, the scar changes its structure and strength. Hypertrophic and keloid scars can form if remodeling is altered. The document lists various growth factors involved in wound healing.
This topic is mainly for MBBS Studnts. It is under the General Principles of Surgery. Students shoud know the phases of wound healing so as to treat them appropriately and select the correct method of dressing material....
This topic is mainly for MBBS Studnts. It is under the General Principles of Surgery. Students shoud know the phases of wound healing so as to treat them appropriately and select the correct method of dressing material....
regeneration
Proliferative Capacities of Tissues
Stem Cells
REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Angiogenesis
Migration of Fibroblasts and ECM Deposition (Scar Formation)
PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF REPAIR
may start early after tissue damage
regeneration
by parenchymal cells of the same type
reparation
replacement by connective tissue (fibrosis)
result - scar
regeneration
Proliferative Capacities of Tissues
Stem Cells
REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Angiogenesis
Migration of Fibroblasts and ECM Deposition (Scar Formation)
PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF REPAIR
may start early after tissue damage
regeneration
by parenchymal cells of the same type
reparation
replacement by connective tissue (fibrosis)
result - scar
The AutoloGel System utilizes a unique technology that enables rapid isolation and activation of platelet rich plasma (PRP) from a patient’s own blood. The PRP is subsequently processed to produce a gel for application to the wound bed, re-establishing a balance needed for natural healing to occur. AutoloGel contains growth factors, cytokines and chemokines that are essential for normal wound healing. The AutoloGel System is used at the point-of care and is the only PRP System indicated for use in exuding wounds such as leg ulcers, pressure ulcers, diabetic ulcers and for the management of mechanically or surgically-debrided wounds.
Our new programmable CCNPWT system delivers controlled negative pressure in the wound site to accelerate healing process. The system delivers continuous, variable and intermittent therapy settings for effective therapy goals. The fully loaded system with safety parameters for leakage, blockage, canister full and system inactive conditions. The robust system has been designed light just about 950gms for mobile patients with a very user friendly operation menu.
Wound healing refers to a living organism's replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue. In undamaged skin, the epidermis and dermis form a protective barrier against the external environment
Introduction
Definition
Healing of skin wounds
Healing in bone
Healing of nervous tissue
Factors influencing healing
Complications of wound healing
Conclusion
References
Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria and fungi. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms.
A transplastomic plant is a genetically modified plant in which the new genes have not been inserted in the nuclear DNA but in the DNA of the chloroplasts.
Emotional intelligence (EI) or emotional quotient (EQ) is the ability of individuals to recognize their own and other people's emotions, to discriminate between different feelings and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior.
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.
Tumor markers (also known as biomarkers) are substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissue of some people with cancer. Although cancer cells often produce tumor markers, other healthy cells in the body produce them as well.
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
Biodegradation is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means.
biodegradable simply means to be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature
new applications and biotechnological inventions are continuously being developed to help improve our world. Here are few breakthrough biotechnological innovations currently underway.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. TISSUE HEALING, INFLAMMATION RESPONSE, SCAR FORMATION
AND SKIN REGENERATION
Anatomy of Skin
• Stratified epithelial tissue, derived from the ectoderm layer of the embryo.
• It consists of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis.
• epidermis is the upper layer of the skin, keratinocytes are present adjacent to
it.
• Keratinocytes are rapidly dividing stem cells, responsible for the generation of
epidermal cells.
• dermis is the living layer , acts as a substrate and a support network for
epidermis.
• differentiated into various components as sebaceous glands, sweat glands,
nerves and hair follicles.
3. • Essential dermal cell type is the fibroblast, which is responsible for the production and
maintenance of the structural elements of skin.
• These include collagen and elastin, combine with non-fibrous substances such as
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to form the extra-cellular matrix (ECM).
4. REGENERATION
• Proliferation parenchymal cells.
• In animals parenchyma comprises the functional parts of an organ.
REPAIR
• Proliferation of the connective tissue.
5. CELLS CAPABLE OF PROLIFERATION
Labile cells
• Continuously dividing cells.
• eg: Epithelial cells lining the skin.
Stable cell or quiescent levels
• Low level of replication
• when stimulated they can divide
• eg: Parenchymal cells of kidney.
Regeneration occurs in labile and stable cells.
Permanent cells
• Unable to proliferate
• Left the cell cycle
• When a damage occur in permanent cells healing carried out by repair
6. TISSUE HEALING
• Wound healing(tissue healing) is an process where the skin or other body tissue repairs
itself after injury.
• It refers to the body's replacement of destroyed tissue by living tissue.
• Comprises two essential components - Regeneration and Repair.
• In Regeneration, specialized tissues is replaced by the proliferation of surrounding
undamaged specialized cells.
• In Repair, lost tissue is replaced by granulation tissue which matures to form scar tissue.
• The sequence of events is highly organized and predictable.
• One process is stimulated to begin, and its completion in turn signals another cellular
response until the wound is bridged by scar.
7. The wound then passes through three phases toward final repair:
1. The inflammatory phase.
2. The proliferative phase.
3. The remodeling phase.
9. INFLAMMATION RESPONSE
• A normal response of living tissues to injury. It prepares the tissue for healing
and repair.
• Usually a manifestation of disease.
• beneficial effects such as the destruction of invading micro-organisms and the
walling-off of an abscess cavity to prevent spread of infection.
• Inflammation is usually classified as:
acute inflammation.
chronic inflammation.
10.
11. Acute Inflammation
• Acute inflammation is the initial tissue reaction to a wide range of injuries and may last
from a few hours to a few days .
• It is similar whatever the causative agent.
• The principal causes of acute inflammation are: microbial infections, hypersensitivity
reactions, chemicals, tissue necrosis etc..
Early stages of Acute Inflammation
• edema, fibrin and neutrophil polymorphs accumulate in the extracellular spaces of the
damaged tissue.
• These cells begin to appear in the wound rapidly after damage has occurred.
• usually achieving their maximum population within 48 hours, phagocytizing bacteria.
• Neutrophils have a very short life span, numbers begin to decline after around 72 hours.
12. The acute inflammatory response involves three processes:
1. Changes in vessel diameter and, consequently, flow
2. Increased vascular permeability and formation of the fluid exudate
3. Formation of the cellular exudate - emigration of the neutrophil polymorphs into the
extravascular space.
Chronic Inflammation
• The word 'chronic' applied to any process implies that the process has extended over a
long period of time.
• inflammatory process in which lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages
predominate.
• formation of granulation tissue, resulting in fibrosis.
• fibrosis, which may become the most prominent feature of the chronic inflammatory
reaction.
13. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
Includes neovascularization , fibroplastification
A. Neovascularization
• Formation of functioning blood vessels for the supply of oxygen and nourishment to the
injured tissue.
• Patent vessels in the wound periphery develop small buds or sprouts that grow into the
wound area.
• These outgrowths will eventually come in contact with and join other arteriolar or venular
buds to form a functioning capillary loop.
• wound approaches final maturity, an unknown signal causes the majority of loops to cease
functioning and retract.
• a fully matured scar appears whiter than adjacent tissue.
14. B.Fibroplastic Phase
• Rebuilding starts, last about three weeks.
• This phase is named for the primary cell of scar production—the fibroblast.
• purpose of this phase is to resurface and impart strength to the wound.
• in response to injury , precursors of the fibroblast transform into cells with migratory
ability.
• Migratory fibroblasts follow the fibrin meshwork created earlier in the wound fluid.
• Fibroblast has access to all depths of the wound.
• Three process occurs simultaneously in this phase:
1. Epithelialization.
2. wound contraction.
3. collagen production.
15. 1. Epithelialization
• undamaged epithelial cells at the wound margin begin to reproduce.
• Migration of these new cells begins.
• migratory cells remain attached to their parent cells and migrate towards the edge of the
wound.
• Moist and oxygen rich tissue is required for advancement.
• Lytic enzymes act to cleave the non viable tissues from the viable wound bed.
• Dry scabs removed from the vascular loops.
• clean, approximated wounds are clinically resurfaced within 48 hours.
• larger, open wounds require a longer period. Several weeks are required for this .
• The thickening process of skin healing is called intus-susceptive growth.
16.
17. 2. Wound contraction
• Contraction is a process that actually pulls the entire wound together.
• It is beneficial in fixed tissues covered by loose skin, may cause harmful in hands.
• Wound contraction begins about four days post injury.
• . The myofibroblast is derived from the same blood vessel adventitia and fat cells as are
fibroblasts.
• These cells contain the contractile properties of smooth muscle cells.
• Myofibroblasts attach to the skin margins and pull the entire epidermal layer inward,
decreasing the size of the wound.
3.Collagen production
• final step of wound healing is the collagen production.
• Migratory fibroblast secrete collagen. Procollagen tropocollagen.
• Supplies of oxygen, ascorbic acid, and other cofactors such as zinc, iron, and copper are
needed for fibroplasia.
• Tropocollagens are cross linked through covalent interaction imparts tensile strength to
the wound.
18.
19. REMODELING
• Remodeling requires the scar to change to fit the tissue.
• Wound repair is optimal when this remodeling of scar tissue occurs and less than optimal
when it does not occur.
• The process of scar remodeling, which is not fully understood, is responsible for the final
aggregation, orientation, and arrangement of collagen fibers.
20.
21.
22. SCAR FORMATION
• Scar formation is a normal part of the healing process
• Composed of fibrous tissue
• In the remodelling phase a scar thins by the process of collagen lysis ,exceeding
the rate of collagen deposition
• Hypertrophic or keloid scars formed when this alters.
• Scars are influenced by 3 factors:
• Surgical technique
• Post op care
• Skin type
23. SCAR FORMATION
HYPERTROPHIC SCAR
• Raised, thick, rough, red and irregular, remains within the limits of the original
wound.
• More in dark skin and deeper wounds.
• Hypertrophic scarring occurs directly after initial repair.
• Do not grow continuously and invade surrounding healthy tissue.
24. KELOID SCARS
• Thick, puckered, itchy cluster of scar tissue that grows beyond the edges of the
wound.
• The scar can also be very nodular
• Keloid scarring occurs due to the continuous multiplication of fibroblasts even after
the wound is closed.
• keloid scarring may occur some time after healing.
• Keloid scars continue to grow and spread, invading surrounding healthy tissue.
25. OTHER COMPLICATIONS
Wound dehiscence
• Wound rupture due to the pressure.
Eg: abdominal wounds.
Proud flesh
• Excessive production of granulation tissue above the wound surface.
Wound contracture
• Too much contraction of wound.