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Andrology lecture 17 male inf impot coeundi

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DrGovindNarayanPuroh

The document discusses infertility in male domestic animals. It begins by defining infertility as a temporary loss of fertility characterized by a reduced number of viable sperm. It then describes Nils Lagerlof's classification of infertility which includes impotentia coeundi (inability to copulate), impotentia generandi (inability to fertilize), and miscellaneous forms. The majority of the document provides details on causes, diagnosis, and treatment of various conditions that can cause impotentia coeundi such as injuries, diseases of the penis/prepuce, environmental factors, and more. It focuses on conditions like low sex drive, inflammation, tumors, deviations and injuries of the penis.

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INFERTILITY IN MALE DOMESTIC ANIMALS Impotentia Coeundi Prof. Dr. G.N Purohit MVSC, PhD, MNVAS Dean Post Graduate Studies and University Head Dept. Veterinary (Gynecology & Obstetrics) College of veterinary & Animal Science, RAJUVAS Bikaner, Raj., India. Email: gnpobs@gmail.com Dr. GN Purohit – Educational and Confidential - Content collected from different sources Not Permitted for Replication or Commercial Purposes GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Infertility Temporary loss of fertility in male characterized by reduced number of viable spermatozoa in the ejaculate. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Nils Lagerlof Classification of Infertility in males Impotentia Coeundi Impotentia Generandi Miscellaneous • Reduced to complete lack of sexual desire and ability to copulate • Inability or reduced ability to fertilize the ovum due to pathology of testis, mesonephric duct and accessory sex glands • Miscellaneous forms affecting reproductive organs GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Impotentia Coeundi  Reduced to complete lack of sexual desire and ability to copulate. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Causes of Low sex drive Joint , Muscle, Bone, Tendon and Nerve injuries Diseases of the penis and prepuce Miscellaneous Environmental GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Prognosis for low sex drive Guarded to poor Low sex drive is inherent in some Bos indicus bulls • Therapy Before therapy careful examination and diagnosis is necessary i) Diseases/deficiencies should be treated accordingly ii) Regular exercise iii) Decreasing sexual load iv) Proper handling and management GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Libido enhancement • Testosterone Injections Bull and stallion 100-500 mg IM or SC at weekly intervals • Boar and Ram 50-100 mg, Dog 10-50 mg • Chorionic gonadotropin Bull/Stallion 5000-10000 IU IM or SC at 15-30 days Dogs 100-500 IU IM or SC GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Joint , Muscle, Bone, Tendon and Nerve injuries GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Joint , Muscle, Bone, Tendon and Nerve injuries Joint Ligament 1.Coxitis  Inflammation of hip joint  It is common in dogs and boars  Characterized by a short stride and adduction of the limb. 2. Gonitis  Inflammation of the stifle joint  Common in bulls  Characterized by a short, stiff gait, distension and enlargement of joint capsule of the stifle. 1.Round ligament  Rupture of round ligament may be observed in bulls with degenerative coxitis. 2. Cruciate ligament  Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament of the stifle inhibits mounting in bulls and dogs. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Joint , Muscle, Bone, Tendon and Nerve injuries Muscle Tendon and Nerve 1. Spastic syndrome / Crampiness /Stretches  Prolonged spasms of the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs and back.  Common in Holstein friesian and Guernsey breeds 2. Rupture of gastrocnemius muscle / gluteal / croup muscle. 1. Quittors or Interdigital granuloma tendonitis 2. Spinal Diseases  Spondylosis  In bulls and dogs  Characterized by stiffness and soreness in the gait, spinal rigidity and pain over the vertebrae. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Diseases of the penis and prepuce  z Congenital / Hereditary Acquired GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Congenital/ Hereditary Persistent penile frenulum Inability to protrude the penis (a) Congenital short penis (b) Congenital Short Retractor Penis Muscle  Urethral Aplasia  Pigmentation Melanosis GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
 Inflammation of the penis and prepuce  Tumors of the penis and prepuce  Adhesions in the penis and prepuce  Urolith in the penis and prepuce  Deviation of the penis  Ruptured, fractured /broken penis ACQUIRED GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Persistent Penile Frenulum • It is characterized by a fibrous band attaching the prepuce to the free portion of the penis. • At approximately 4 months, the penis and prepuce begin to separate under the influence of male hormones. Separation should be complete by 8 to 11 months of age. • The frenulum normally ruptures during separation of the penis from the prepuce • Symptoms: Ventral deviation of the penis during attempts at coitus. • Treatable by myectomy GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Persistent Penile Frenulum GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Inability to Protrude the Penis Congenital short penis Congenital Short Retractor Penis Muscle Bulls –slaughter- not used for breeding- hereditary nature GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Urethral Aplasia • Urethral aplasia partial or complete absence of the urethra. • Rare condition • Cause : Segmental aplasia of mesonepheric duct • Diagnosis : Transrectal examination • Treatment : No specific treatment GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Pigmentation Melanosis  Its characterzied by the entire urethral mucosa having dark brown pigmentaion and associated with other congenital defects including bilateral segmental gonadal aplasia, bilateral spermiostasis, fusion of ampulla and fusion of vesicular gland. (Blom and christensen, 1972)  Treatment : No specific treatment GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
ACQUIRED CAUSES GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Inflammation of the Penis and Prepuce Balanitis • Inflammation of glans penis Posthitis • Inflammation of prepuce Balanoposthitis • Inflammation of glans penis and prepuce GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Inflammation Balanoposthitis Balanitis Posthitis GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Balanoposthitis • IBR • Bovine Herpes Virus -1 Bull • “Pizzle rot” or "Sheath rot" . • Corynebacterium renale Ram • Dourine • Trypanosoma equiperdum Stallion GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Treatment and Prognosis  Douching the prepuce with antiseptics (1:2000 acriflavin or potassium permanganate solution, 1% H2O2 solution) .  Application of oily preparation of antiseptics and antibiotics are also helpful.  Systemic antibiotics given in severe cases and sexual rest require during treatment. Prognosis  Good in mild cases  Guarded in chronic cases GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Phimosis  Stenosis of the prepucial orifice  Inability to protrude the penis outside the sheath or prepuce is called phimosis. Cause  Pendulous sheath,  Chronic prolapse of the prepuce - posthitis – phimosis  Due to injuries, wounds and infections  Some time congenital also (dog, cat and horse) Treatment  Surgical operation. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Phimosis GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Paraphimosis  The inability to withdraw the penis into the prepuce called as paraphimosis  Paraphimosis – Swelling – Oedema - Balanoposthitis Cause  Paralysis of the penis Bulls - Rabies Horses - Late stages of dourine.  Most common in the dog and stallion GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Paraphimosis GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Priapism  Persistent erection in absence of sexual stimulation occurs most often in dogs.  Penile amputation is only feasible treatment. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Phallocampsis or Deviations of the penis: Ventral or Rainbow deviation  Dorsal ligament is thin and stretched to the point that it is incapable of holding up the distal portion of the penis during erection. Lateral deviation of penis  It may occur due to secondary to trauma of the penis or prepuce. Scars or adhesions of the elastic tissue pull the penis to one side or the other. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Ventral or Rainbow deviation GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Spiral or Corkscrew Penis  Dueto dorsal apical ligament slipping off to the left hand side of the penis resulting in a counter clockwise spiral as viewed from the rear.  Spiraling of the tip of the penis is a normal part of the process of ejaculation in the bull, occurring after intromission, during the ejaculatory.  It is not considered pathologic until its occurrence is observed on repeated natural breeding trials in which it occurs prior to entrance into the vulva and thereby prevents intromission. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Spiral or Corkscrew Penis GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
S-shaped deviation  This mainly due to when the apical ligament is sufficient in strength but insufficient in length and the S-shape results during erection. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Adhesions in the Penis and Prepuce  Adhesion in the region of sigmoid flexure may be due to horn injuries in bull and ram.  An adhesion in the region of fornix of the prepuce to the abdominal wall or to the skin.  Those both are produces more severe phimosis.  Surgical treatment - More severe form of adhesion. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Tumors of the Penis and Prepuce GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Tumors of the Penis and Prepuce Bull (Transmissible fibropapilloma)  Single or multiple, firm, cauliflower like growths  Spontaneous recovery -within 4 months  Surgical removal Stallion (Squamous cell carcinoma)  Uncommon  Surgical removal Dog (Transmissible Venereal Tumor, TVT)  TVT- spread by coitus  Discharge of bloody, fetid exudates from the prepuce of the male.  Vincristine -0.025 mg per kg b.W. Slow i/v diluted in saline. Repeated 7 days interval. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Tumors of the Penis Transmissible Fibropapilloma Squamous cell carcinoma Transmissible Venereal Tumor GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Environmental Causes (Reduces sexual desire) Category Cause Treatment Nutrition Deficiencies of TDN, vitamin A, protein phosphorus and cobalt. Overfed animals Balanced Diet Exercise Age Too young -- No experience Too old animals -- Decline testosterone  Young males patiently, quietly trained and handled. Systemic Disease Foot and Mouth disease Brucellosis Tuberculosis, Para tuberculosis, Severe internal parasitosis etc. Prevention Proper deworming Proper vaccination Hormonal Causes Hypothyroidism Hypogonadism Iodinated Case + 3 % thyroxine  hcG 3000-4500 IU at 4-7 days intervel GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Miscellaneous Causes GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Hematoma of the penis  Hematoma of the penis is also referred to as "ruptured penis", "broken penis" or "fractured penis" -  Common in bovine species and rare in others -  Occurs during coitus when the cow slips or goes down under the weight of the bull or when the penis is thrust against the escutcheon of the cow during breeding attempts. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Hematoma of the penis GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Preputial Avulsion  Preputial avulsion usually occurs during semen collection with an artificial vagina (AV).  If the AV is too tight, a transverse or oblique laceration may occur at the dorsum of the preputial ring or fornix. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
Contact me Prof. Dr. G.N Purohit MVSC, PhD, MNVAS Head Dept. Veterinary (Gynecology & Obstetrics) College of veterinary & Animal Science, Bikaner, Raj.India. Email:gnpobs@gmail.com Linked in : linkedin.com/in/dr-govind-narayan-purohit-13a04a17 YouTube Channel link : https://www.youtube.com/user /gnpobs61/videos GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir) Dr. GN Purohit – Educational and Confidential - Content collected from different sources Not Permitted for Replication or Commercial Purposes
Kindly listen to the lecture completely, share the video and subscribe to my You tube channel Govind Narayan Purohit if you like them. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir) Dr. GN Purohit – Educational and Confidential - Content collected from different sources Not Permitted for Replication or Commercial Purposes

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Andrology lecture 17 male inf impot coeundi

  • 1. INFERTILITY IN MALE DOMESTIC ANIMALS Impotentia Coeundi Prof. Dr. G.N Purohit MVSC, PhD, MNVAS Dean Post Graduate Studies and University Head Dept. Veterinary (Gynecology & Obstetrics) College of veterinary & Animal Science, RAJUVAS Bikaner, Raj., India. Email: gnpobs@gmail.com Dr. GN Purohit – Educational and Confidential - Content collected from different sources Not Permitted for Replication or Commercial Purposes GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 2. Infertility Temporary loss of fertility in male characterized by reduced number of viable spermatozoa in the ejaculate. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 3. Nils Lagerlof Classification of Infertility in males Impotentia Coeundi Impotentia Generandi Miscellaneous • Reduced to complete lack of sexual desire and ability to copulate • Inability or reduced ability to fertilize the ovum due to pathology of testis, mesonephric duct and accessory sex glands • Miscellaneous forms affecting reproductive organs GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 5. Impotentia Coeundi  Reduced to complete lack of sexual desire and ability to copulate. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 6. Causes of Low sex drive Joint , Muscle, Bone, Tendon and Nerve injuries Diseases of the penis and prepuce Miscellaneous Environmental GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 7. Prognosis for low sex drive Guarded to poor Low sex drive is inherent in some Bos indicus bulls • Therapy Before therapy careful examination and diagnosis is necessary i) Diseases/deficiencies should be treated accordingly ii) Regular exercise iii) Decreasing sexual load iv) Proper handling and management GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 8. Libido enhancement • Testosterone Injections Bull and stallion 100-500 mg IM or SC at weekly intervals • Boar and Ram 50-100 mg, Dog 10-50 mg • Chorionic gonadotropin Bull/Stallion 5000-10000 IU IM or SC at 15-30 days Dogs 100-500 IU IM or SC GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 9. Joint , Muscle, Bone, Tendon and Nerve injuries GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 10. Joint , Muscle, Bone, Tendon and Nerve injuries Joint Ligament 1.Coxitis  Inflammation of hip joint  It is common in dogs and boars  Characterized by a short stride and adduction of the limb. 2. Gonitis  Inflammation of the stifle joint  Common in bulls  Characterized by a short, stiff gait, distension and enlargement of joint capsule of the stifle. 1.Round ligament  Rupture of round ligament may be observed in bulls with degenerative coxitis. 2. Cruciate ligament  Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament of the stifle inhibits mounting in bulls and dogs. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 11. Joint , Muscle, Bone, Tendon and Nerve injuries Muscle Tendon and Nerve 1. Spastic syndrome / Crampiness /Stretches  Prolonged spasms of the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs and back.  Common in Holstein friesian and Guernsey breeds 2. Rupture of gastrocnemius muscle / gluteal / croup muscle. 1. Quittors or Interdigital granuloma tendonitis 2. Spinal Diseases  Spondylosis  In bulls and dogs  Characterized by stiffness and soreness in the gait, spinal rigidity and pain over the vertebrae. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 12. Diseases of the penis and prepuce  z Congenital / Hereditary Acquired GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 13. Congenital/ Hereditary Persistent penile frenulum Inability to protrude the penis (a) Congenital short penis (b) Congenital Short Retractor Penis Muscle  Urethral Aplasia  Pigmentation Melanosis GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 14.  Inflammation of the penis and prepuce  Tumors of the penis and prepuce  Adhesions in the penis and prepuce  Urolith in the penis and prepuce  Deviation of the penis  Ruptured, fractured /broken penis ACQUIRED GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 15. Persistent Penile Frenulum • It is characterized by a fibrous band attaching the prepuce to the free portion of the penis. • At approximately 4 months, the penis and prepuce begin to separate under the influence of male hormones. Separation should be complete by 8 to 11 months of age. • The frenulum normally ruptures during separation of the penis from the prepuce • Symptoms: Ventral deviation of the penis during attempts at coitus. • Treatable by myectomy GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 17. Inability to Protrude the Penis Congenital short penis Congenital Short Retractor Penis Muscle Bulls –slaughter- not used for breeding- hereditary nature GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 18. Urethral Aplasia • Urethral aplasia partial or complete absence of the urethra. • Rare condition • Cause : Segmental aplasia of mesonepheric duct • Diagnosis : Transrectal examination • Treatment : No specific treatment GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 19. Pigmentation Melanosis  Its characterzied by the entire urethral mucosa having dark brown pigmentaion and associated with other congenital defects including bilateral segmental gonadal aplasia, bilateral spermiostasis, fusion of ampulla and fusion of vesicular gland. (Blom and christensen, 1972)  Treatment : No specific treatment GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 21. Inflammation of the Penis and Prepuce Balanitis • Inflammation of glans penis Posthitis • Inflammation of prepuce Balanoposthitis • Inflammation of glans penis and prepuce GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 23. Balanoposthitis • IBR • Bovine Herpes Virus -1 Bull • “Pizzle rot” or "Sheath rot" . • Corynebacterium renale Ram • Dourine • Trypanosoma equiperdum Stallion GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 24. Treatment and Prognosis  Douching the prepuce with antiseptics (1:2000 acriflavin or potassium permanganate solution, 1% H2O2 solution) .  Application of oily preparation of antiseptics and antibiotics are also helpful.  Systemic antibiotics given in severe cases and sexual rest require during treatment. Prognosis  Good in mild cases  Guarded in chronic cases GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 25. Phimosis  Stenosis of the prepucial orifice  Inability to protrude the penis outside the sheath or prepuce is called phimosis. Cause  Pendulous sheath,  Chronic prolapse of the prepuce - posthitis – phimosis  Due to injuries, wounds and infections  Some time congenital also (dog, cat and horse) Treatment  Surgical operation. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 27. Paraphimosis  The inability to withdraw the penis into the prepuce called as paraphimosis  Paraphimosis – Swelling – Oedema - Balanoposthitis Cause  Paralysis of the penis Bulls - Rabies Horses - Late stages of dourine.  Most common in the dog and stallion GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 29. Priapism  Persistent erection in absence of sexual stimulation occurs most often in dogs.  Penile amputation is only feasible treatment. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 30. Phallocampsis or Deviations of the penis: Ventral or Rainbow deviation  Dorsal ligament is thin and stretched to the point that it is incapable of holding up the distal portion of the penis during erection. Lateral deviation of penis  It may occur due to secondary to trauma of the penis or prepuce. Scars or adhesions of the elastic tissue pull the penis to one side or the other. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 31. Ventral or Rainbow deviation GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 32. Spiral or Corkscrew Penis  Dueto dorsal apical ligament slipping off to the left hand side of the penis resulting in a counter clockwise spiral as viewed from the rear.  Spiraling of the tip of the penis is a normal part of the process of ejaculation in the bull, occurring after intromission, during the ejaculatory.  It is not considered pathologic until its occurrence is observed on repeated natural breeding trials in which it occurs prior to entrance into the vulva and thereby prevents intromission. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 33. Spiral or Corkscrew Penis GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 34. S-shaped deviation  This mainly due to when the apical ligament is sufficient in strength but insufficient in length and the S-shape results during erection. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 35. Adhesions in the Penis and Prepuce  Adhesion in the region of sigmoid flexure may be due to horn injuries in bull and ram.  An adhesion in the region of fornix of the prepuce to the abdominal wall or to the skin.  Those both are produces more severe phimosis.  Surgical treatment - More severe form of adhesion. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 36. Tumors of the Penis and Prepuce GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 37. Tumors of the Penis and Prepuce Bull (Transmissible fibropapilloma)  Single or multiple, firm, cauliflower like growths  Spontaneous recovery -within 4 months  Surgical removal Stallion (Squamous cell carcinoma)  Uncommon  Surgical removal Dog (Transmissible Venereal Tumor, TVT)  TVT- spread by coitus  Discharge of bloody, fetid exudates from the prepuce of the male.  Vincristine -0.025 mg per kg b.W. Slow i/v diluted in saline. Repeated 7 days interval. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 38. Tumors of the Penis Transmissible Fibropapilloma Squamous cell carcinoma Transmissible Venereal Tumor GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 39. Environmental Causes (Reduces sexual desire) Category Cause Treatment Nutrition Deficiencies of TDN, vitamin A, protein phosphorus and cobalt. Overfed animals Balanced Diet Exercise Age Too young -- No experience Too old animals -- Decline testosterone  Young males patiently, quietly trained and handled. Systemic Disease Foot and Mouth disease Brucellosis Tuberculosis, Para tuberculosis, Severe internal parasitosis etc. Prevention Proper deworming Proper vaccination Hormonal Causes Hypothyroidism Hypogonadism Iodinated Case + 3 % thyroxine  hcG 3000-4500 IU at 4-7 days intervel GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 41. Hematoma of the penis  Hematoma of the penis is also referred to as "ruptured penis", "broken penis" or "fractured penis" -  Common in bovine species and rare in others -  Occurs during coitus when the cow slips or goes down under the weight of the bull or when the penis is thrust against the escutcheon of the cow during breeding attempts. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 42. Hematoma of the penis GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 43. Preputial Avulsion  Preputial avulsion usually occurs during semen collection with an artificial vagina (AV).  If the AV is too tight, a transverse or oblique laceration may occur at the dorsum of the preputial ring or fornix. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir)
  • 44. Contact me Prof. Dr. G.N Purohit MVSC, PhD, MNVAS Head Dept. Veterinary (Gynecology & Obstetrics) College of veterinary & Animal Science, Bikaner, Raj.India. Email:gnpobs@gmail.com Linked in : linkedin.com/in/dr-govind-narayan-purohit-13a04a17 YouTube Channel link : https://www.youtube.com/user /gnpobs61/videos GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir) Dr. GN Purohit – Educational and Confidential - Content collected from different sources Not Permitted for Replication or Commercial Purposes
  • 45. Kindly listen to the lecture completely, share the video and subscribe to my You tube channel Govind Narayan Purohit if you like them. GOVIND NARAYAN PUROHIT (GNP Sir) Dr. GN Purohit – Educational and Confidential - Content collected from different sources Not Permitted for Replication or Commercial Purposes