This document discusses infertility in male domestic animals. It covers various congenital and acquired causes of infertility affecting the testes, epididymis, and accessory sex glands. Congenital issues discussed include testicular hypoplasia, freemartinism, cryptorchidism, and hermaphroditism. Acquired causes include testicular degeneration due to thermal, vascular, infectious, chemical, autoimmune, and neoplastic factors. Specific diseases covered are orchitis and testicular fibrosis. Diagnosis involves semen analysis, ultrasound, and biopsy, with treatment focusing on removing causal factors and antibiotics.

1. INFERTILITY IN MALE DOMESTIC
ANIMALS Impotentia Generandi -II
Prof. Dr. G.N Purohit
MVSC, PhD, MNVAS
Dean Post Graduate Studies and University Head Dept. Veterinary
(Gynecology & Obstetrics)
College of veterinary & Animal Science, RAJUVAS
Bikaner, Raj., India.
Email: gnpobs@gmail.com
Dr. GN Purohit – Educational and Confidential - Content collected from different sources Not Permitted for Replication or Commercial Purposes
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2. Associated with abnormal semen production
Testis
Epidiymis
Accessory
Sex
Glands
Vas
deferens
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3. Pathology of
Testis
Acquired
Congenital
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4. Structure of Testis
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5. Pathology of Testis
Congenital
 Testicular hypoplasia
 Freemartinism
 Hermaphroditism
 Cryptorchidism
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6. Testicular Hypoplasia
• Caused by single recessive autosomal gene.
• The sperm producing somniferous tubules are poorly developed. Remaining
reproductive organ developing normal.
• Animal expresses normal libido and mounting behavior.
• Leydig cells and testosterone concentration are not affected.
• But no sperm within the lumen.
• Prognosis: Poor and due to congenital origin.
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7. Freemartinism
• Female co-twin with the male.
• Female 100% Sterile
• Male 91% fertile and 9% Non inflammatory degenerative changes.
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8. Cryptorchidism
• Retention of one or both testes in abdomen.
• Testes may be located ectopically under the skin of the ventral caudal abdomen,
alongside the penis, rarely in the perineal region, femoral canal or inguinal canal.
• Type - Unilateral of Bilateral
• Unilateral – Right testis – Common
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9. Symptoms and lesion
• Cryptorchid testes usual small, soft and flaccid and fail to produce sperm.
• Spermatogenesis is completely inhibited by the elevation of the temperature of the
affected testis.
• Interstitial or Leydig cells are not affected so sexual activity is normal or even
exaggerated in bilateral cryptorchids.
• Sertoli cell tumor and seminoma common.
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10. Hermophroditism
Definition : A hermaphrodite or an intersex refers to an animal of equivocal sex, since
the physical characteristics including the external genitalia are inconclusive.
• Most common in cattle,
pigs, and goats.
• Based only on the presence
of gonads
• Divided into three group
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11. Types of Hermophroditism
Type Gonads External genitalia
Sexual Behaviour
True Hermaphroditism
Ovotestes Female genitalia Female
Male Pseudo
Hermaphroditism
Testes
Hypoplastic testis
Cryptorchid testis
Female
Enlarged clitoris
Rudimentary penis
Male
Female Pseudo
Hermaphroditism Ovary Male genitalia Female
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12. ACQUIRED
Testicular
Degeneration
Orchitis
Fibrosis of testis
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13. Testicular Degeneration
Cause
• Thermal causes
• Vascular disturbances
• Irradiation
• Hormonal
• Age
• Infectious diseases
• Chemical Cause
• Autoimmunization
• Neoplasms of the testis
• Testicular tumors in dogs
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14. Cause Specific Features
Thermal causes
Temperature Increased (Cryptorchidism, Direct heating on scrotum etc.)
Affects the spermatids, spermatozoa and spermatocytes but does not affect
the spermatogonia and Leydig cells.
Vascular disturbances  Torsion, Strongyle larvae in testicular artery in Horse, Varicocele
Age effects Dogs >10 years , Cat >12 years of age , bulls >8 years of age affected the
most.
Irradiation  The spermatocytes are most sensitive to irradiation while
Leydig and Sertoli cells are quite resistant.
Infectious diseases
Brucellosis, EPIVAG, IBR-IPV virus, TB etc.
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15. Causes Specific Features
Hormonal causes
 Tumour of the anterior pituitary gland or hypothalamus ( Dystrophia
Adiposagenitalis Syndrome) in dogs.
Chemical causes
 Chlorinated napthalenes, Antimony compounds, cadmium chloride and
amphotericin B.
 Dipping of rams in arsenic solutions cause degeneration
of seminiferous tubules
Autoimmunization
 Experimentally – S/c of autologous testicular material + Freund’s adjuvant –
Degeneration.
Testicular Neoplasms
Rare in all domestic animals expect dogs
 Dogs : Intestitial cell tumors or adenomas or
Leydig-cell tumors - most common tumors in old dogs
Sertoli cell tumors or tubular adenomas – Least common
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16. Clinical signs
 Testis size and consistency are not usually altered, expect in bulls with chronic
degeneration and resultant to fibrosis.
 Increased proportion of detached sperm heads is the first morphological signs of
degeneration.
 Semen concentration and motility will be varied. It is depending upon the degree
and duration of the condition.
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17. Diagnosis
 Based on semen evaluation (Ex. Decreased semen quality and fertility)
 Based on Ultrasonagrapy ( Hyperechoic and acoustic shadowing of testicular tissue).
 Based on histological examination ( Testicular biopsy )
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18. Prognosis
 Depending upon the causative factor,
 Duration
 Degree of degeneration and
 Age of animal.
 Severe testicular degeneration leads to fibrosis and calcification and recovery is
never possible.
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19. Treatment
 Removal of primary causative agent followed by Sexual rest.
 Balanced diet supplemented with Vitamin A and Vitamin E.
 Exercise require in some cases.
 Use of hormones has not been found satisfactory. Testosterone, FSH preparation and
thyroxin have not been found to be of therapeutic value in cases of testicular
degeneration.
 Cold packs may be applied.
 Glucocorticoid agents along with the antibiotics might be helpful in reducing the
inflammatory reaction.
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20. Orchitis
 Inflammation of testis caused mostly by bacterial infections (e.g. Brucella abortus) and
some viral agents (e.g. Epivag virus).
 Commonly unilateral than bilateral.
 Ascending infection from the urinary tract is postulated, but haematogenous spread
seems more probable.
 In acute cases, scrotum becomes hot, painful and oedematous.
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21. Conti..
• Treatment includes dressing with antiseptics and application of ice packs. Sexual rest
is given to affected animals. Broad range antibiotics with glucocorticoids.
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22. Testicular fibrosis
• Prolonged testicular degeneration or testicular inflammation leads to testicular
fibrosis or testicular Calcification.
• Fibrotic changes in testis of buffalo bulls (the testes were hard to palpation) affected
with tuberculosis.
FIBROSIS
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23. Pathology of Epididymis
 Epididymitis
 Spermiostasis
 Aplasia of the mesonephric ducts
 Spermatocele
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24. Structure of Epididymis
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25. Epididymitis
• Inflammation of epididymis usually occur secondary to orchitis.
• Causes : Infectious causes – Brucellosis , EPIVAG etc.
• Ram - REO (Ram Epididymitis Organism) – B.ovis.- Veneral transmission.
• Unilateral epididymitis results in reduced fertility, whereas bilateral obstruction
results in sterility.
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26. Epididymitis
EPDIDYMITIS
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27. Spermiostasis & Spermatocele
Spermiostasis due to distention of efferent or epididymal tubules with the
secondary formation of spermatic granulomas or blind
rudimentary mesonephric tubules in the region of the head of the epididymis. This is
common in bucks and rams and is hereditary. There is no treatment.
Spermatocele : A spermatocoele is a cyst that contains spermatozoa.
They occur in the head of the epididymis or less commonly, in the
spermatic cord. Clinically, they resemble epididymal cysts but contain
milky, rather than clear, fluid.
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28. Pathology of Vas Deferens and Ampullits
• Inflammation of the vas deferens is usually associated with an orchitis, epididymitis
or seminal vesiculitis.
• Segmental aplasia of the vas deferens and ampulla mainly due to abnormalities of the
wolffian duct or mesonephric duct system.
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29. Pathology of Accessory Glands
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30. Seminal Vesiculitis
• Seminal vesiculitis is the most common abnormality of the accessory sex gland in
cattle and buffalo.
• Etiology – Brucellosis, TB, Mycoplasmosis etc.
• Type (Galloway’s classification)
• Type 1 - Unilateral
• Type 2 - Bilateral
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31. Seminal Vesiculitis
Seminal Vesiculitis
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32. Conti..
Diagnosis
• Based on transrectal examination ,
• Ultrasonagraphy
• Present of high number of leucocyte in the semen.
(Not confirmative – Because leucocytes in the semen may also come
from other portions of the urogenital tract including the prepuce.)
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33. Conti..
Prognosis
• Fair to poor depending upon the causative agent
• Secondary lesions of the testes, epididymis, ampullae or prostate should be
slaughtered.
Treatment
• Broad spectrum antibiotics - 2 weeks
• Ex. Tilmicosin (1ml/ 30kg BWT SC every 48 h for 3 treatment)
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34. Prostatic Hyperplasia
• Due to an endocrine imbalance with an excess of testosterone secreted
causing hyperplasia of the prostate gland.
• The enlarged gland may contain small cysts and cyst may be calcified.
• More than 5 years of age dogs are commonly affected.
• Castration, as this removes the source of androgen causing hyperplasia.
Within 2 to 3 weeks the gland begins to noticeably involute
and by 6 to 8 weeks it is relatively small in size and atrophied.
Finasteride daily oral administration of 0.1–0.5 mg/kg BW for
16 weeks
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35. Prostatic Hyperplasia
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36. Contact me
Prof. Dr. G.N Purohit
MVSC, PhD, MNVAS
Head Dept. Veterinary (Gynecology & Obstetrics)
College of veterinary & Animal Science, Bikaner, Raj.India.
Email:gnpobs@gmail.com
Linked in : linkedin.com/in/dr-govind-narayan-purohit-13a04a17
YouTube Channel link : https://www.youtube.com/user
/gnpobs61/videos
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37. Kindly listen to the lecture completely,
share the video and subscribe to my You
tube channel Govind Narayan Purohit if
you like them.
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