The female reproductive system has several key functions:
- Carrying babies during a normal 40-week gestation period
- Releasing 400 eggs total between puberty and menopause, with 400,000 at puberty
- Having a normal 28-day menstrual cycle over 280 days of gestation
The internal organs include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The external organs are involved in sexual arousal and protection. At puberty, girls develop breasts in preparation for possible lactation.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
The reproductive organs in female are those which are concerned with copulation, fertilization, growth anddevelopment of the fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer world. the organs are broadly divided into:• External genitalia • Internal genitalia
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
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FLATULENCE
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FECAL INCONTINENCE
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PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
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3. ◾ The female reproductive system is designed to
carry out several functions.
◾ 4 is the normal pH of the vagina.
◾ 40 weeks is the normal gestation period.
◾ 400 oocytes released between menarche and
menopause.
◾ 400,000 oocytes present at puberty.
◾ 28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.
◾ 280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a
normal gestation period.
4. ◾ OOGENESIS- The development of the egg
ovum in the ovary.
◾ OOGONIA: during fetal growth the oogonia
(2n) divide to form primary oocytes (2n), at
puberty these will form secondary oocytes (n)
and later eggs (n) each month.
◾ GRANULOSACELLS: nourish the
developing egg cells
5. ◾ Diploid (2n)-human cell contains 46
chromosomes and is called diploid (2n).
◾ Haploid (n). sex cells, called gametes, contain
only 23 chromosomes, haploid (n).
◾ VAGINA: canal that connects the uterus to the
environment
◾ CERVIX: muscular ring of tissue at mouth of
uterus separating it from the vagina, holds the
fetus in place
6. ◾Formation of ova
◾Reception of spermatozoa
◾Provision of suitable environment for
fertilization and fetal development
◾Parturition
◾Lactation, the production of breast
milk, which provides complete
nourishment for the baby in its early
life.
9. ◾To enable sperm to enter the body
◾Protect the internal genital organs
from infectious organisms.
10. The internal genital organs form a pathway (the
genital tract). This pathway consists of the
following functions:
◾ Vagina (part of the birth canal), where sperm are
deposited and from which a baby can emerge
◾ Uterus, where an embryo can develop into a fetus
◾ Fallopian tubes (oviducts), where a sperm can
fertilize an egg
◾ Ovaries, which produce and release eggs
12. MONS PUBIS
Aregion of adipose tissue above the vagina
that is covered with hair.
LABIA
– Rich in nerve endings and blood vessels
– Protects internal organs against pathogens
– Functions in sexual arousal
13. Has two folds of adipose tissue that border each
side of the vagina.
The labia majora enclose and protect the other
external reproductive organs.
Literally translated as "large lips," the labia
majora are relatively large and fleshy,
It contain sebaceous glands .After puberty, the
labia majora are covered with hair.
14. ◾ The labia minora are smaller folds (forchette) of
skin that lie inside the labia majora.
◾ Contains no hair follicles or sweat glands.
◾ The folds contain connective tissues,numerous
sebaceous gland, erectile muscle fibers and
numerous vessels and nerve endings
◾ surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that
joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of
the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine
from the bladder to the outside of the body).
15. ◾It is small cylindrical erectile body
◾Measuring about 1.5 to 2cm
◾Situated in the most anterior part of the vulva
◾The two labia minora meet at the clitoris,
◾Asmall, sensitive protrusion.
◾The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called
the prepuce, richly supplied with nerves.
◾The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation
and can become erect.
16. ◾The vestibule is formed by the labia
minora.
◾ It encloses
Urethral opening,
Vaginal orifice and hymen,
Ducts from the greater vestibular
17. ◾Situated in midline just infront of the
vaginal orifice
◾About 1-1.5 cm below the pubic arch
18. Lies in the posterior end of the vestibule
It completely enclosed by a septum of
mucous membrane called hymen
Hymen Located just inside the vaginal
Opening
No known function; not always present
It is usually ruptured at the consummation of
marriage
19. Bartholin's glands:
◾ There are two bartholin’s glands
◾ One on each side
◾ Each gland has a duct which measures about 2
cm and open into vestibular outside
◾ Close to the posterior end of the vestibular
bulb
◾ During sexual excitement it secretes abundant
alkaline mucus which helps in lubrication.
21. ◾Arteries – Branch of internal pudendal
artery
– Branch of femoral artery
◾Veins – Internal pudendal vein
– Vesicle or vaginal venous plexus
– Long saphenous vein
22. Bilateral somatic nerve
Posteroinferior part
◾ Pudental branch from
posterior cutaneoys
nerve
Anterosuperior part
◾ Cutaneous branch
from ilioinguinal
◾ Genital branch from
genitofemoral nerve
Between 2 groups the vulva – Pudental nerve
24. • Vagina = “birth canal”
• Atube like, muscular but elastic organ
• About 4 to 5 inches long in an adult woman.
• PH- 4 acidic
• It is the passageway for sperm to the egg and
for menstrual bleeding
• Organ of copulation and forms the birth canal
of parturition
25.
26. ◾Posterior wall of vagina is 10 c m long
◾Anterior wall is only 7.5 cm length
◾The upper end of the vagina is known as
the vault
◾Pink in appearance
◾It connects the external genital organs to
the uterus. the organ of sexual
intercourse in women.
27. Formed at the top of vagina due to projection of
the uterine cervix
Four fornics are there
🢝One anterior – front of cervix
🢝One posterior – behind
🢝Two lateral – either side of cervix
28. ◾ Anterior to the vagina – lie the bladder and the
urethra which are closely connected to the
anterior vaginal wall
◾ Posterior to the vagina – lie the pouch of
douglas, the rectum and the perineal body; each
occupying one third of the posterior vaginal wall
◾ Laterally – on the upper two third are the pelvic
fascia and the ureters, which pass beside the
cervix
◾ Superior to the vagina – lies the utreus
◾ Inferior to the vagina – lies the external
genitalia
32. ◾Girls are born with over
a million egg cells, but
only about 400 are
released during a
lifetime of menstrual
cycles.
◾No new eggs develop
after birth.
33.
34. ◾The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular,
pear-shaped organ
◾Located in the middle of the pelvis,
behind the bladder, and in front of the
rectum. The uterus is anchored in
position by several ligaments.
◾The uterus consists of the cervix and the
main body (corpus).
35. ◾The cervix is the lower part of the uterus,
which protrudes into the upper part of the
vagina. It can be seen during a pelvic
examination. Like the vagina, the cervix is
lined with a mucous membrane, but the
mucous membrane of the cervix is smooth.
◾Sperm can enter and menstrual blood can
exit the uterus through a channel in the
cervix (cervical canal).
36. ◾The cervical canal is usually narrow, but
during labor, the canal widens to let the
baby through.
◾The cervix is usually a good barrier
against bacteria, except around the time
an egg is released by the ovaries
(ovulation), during the menstrual period,
or during labor..
37. ◾ The main function of the uterus is to sustain a
developing fetus.
◾ It prepare for this possibility for each month
◾ At termination of pregnancy it expels the
uterine contents
38. ◾ Anterior – the uterovesical pouch and the
bladder
◾ Posterior – the rectouterine pouch of the
douglas
◾ Laterally – the broad ligament, the uterine
tubes
◾ Superior – the intestine
◾ Inferior – the vagina
39. ◾ Measures 8 cm long, 5 cm wide ,1.25 cm thick
◾ Weight 50 gms
◾ Parts
The body of corpus
The fundus
The cornua
The isthumus
The cervis
Internal and external os
Cervical canal
41. ◾ENDOMETRIUM: inner lining of
uterus, nourishes developing embryo,
built up each month for pregnancy, if not,
shed during menstruation
◾MYOMETRIUM: muscular, supports
fetus, contracts at birth and to shed the
endometrium during menstruation.
45. connect to each ovary, egg will enter
through an opening called a FIMBRIA,
cilia sweep the egg down towards the
uterus
fertilization will occur here, or it will
die within 48 hours
46.
47. ◾ The two fallopian tubes, which are about 4 to 5
inches (about 10 to 13 centimeters) long, extend
from the upper edges of the uterus toward the
ovaries.
◾ The fallopian tubes are lined with tiny hairlike
projections (cilia). The cilia and the muscles in the
tube's wall propel an egg downward through the
tube to the uterus. The egg may be fertilized by a
sperm in the fallopian tube
48. ◾Anterior, Posteriorand Superior – the
peritoneal cavity and intestine
◾Laterally – the sidewall of pelvis
◾Inferior – the broad ligament and the
ovaries
◾Medial – the uterus lies between th
euterine tubes
50. ◾ Artery – uterine and ovary
◾ Venous – ovarian vein
LYMPHATIC
Along with the ovarian vessels to para-aortic
nodes
NERVE SUPPLY
Uterine and ovarian nerves
51. ◾ The ovaries are usually pearl-colored, oblong, and
about the size of a walnut.
◾ They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. In
addition to producing female sex hormones
( estrogen and progesterone ) and male sex
hormones, the ovaries produce and release eggs.
◾ The developing egg cells (oocytes) are contained in
fluid-filled cavities (follicles) in the wall of the
ovaries. Each follicle contains one oocyte.
52.
53. ◾ Anterior to the ovaries are the broad
ligaments
◾ Posterior to the ovaries are the intestine
◾ Laterally to the ovaries are the
infundibulopelvic ligaments and side walls of
the pelvis
◾ Superior to the ovaries lie the uterine tube
◾ Inferior to the ovaries lies the ovarian
ligaments
56. ◾ Artery –ovarian and abdominal aorta
◾ Venous – ovarian vein
LYMPHATIC
Along the ovarian vessels to para-aortic nodes
NERVE SUPPLY
ovarian nerves from T10 segment
57. ◾ Process of releasing one mature ovum each
month into that ovary’s fallopian tube
◾ 2-300,000 immature ova in ovaries at birth
◾ Hormones from pituitary cause ovaries to
begin producing female sex hormones
◾ Ova begin to mature
◾ Ovum can live about 2 days in fallopian tube
◾ One sperm will enter ovum =
fertilization/conception
58. ◾ If the ovum is not fertilized
– it doesn’t attach to the
uterine lining/endometrium
◾ Muscles of the uterus
contract lining breaks
down (“cramps”)
◾ Lining passes through the
cervix into the vagina and
out of the vaginal opening
59. ◾Each month, uterus prepares for
possible pregnancy
Hormones cause thickening of
endometrium
If ovum is fertilized, it moves into
the uterus and may burrow into this
lining
Will divide millions of times over
9-10 months
60. • Process of shedding the lining of
the uterus
• Usually lasts 4-7 days (may be
shorter or longer depending on the
female’s individual cycle)
• Regulated by hormones
• 2-3 tablespoons of blood
61. • Rest of flow is other tissue that makes up
the endometrium
–Blood and tissue are not needed, person
should not be weak or ill from loss
–After period (“menses”), cycle begins
again.
62.
63. The mammary glands are sweat glands
specialized for the production of milk.
The milk-producing secretory cells form
walls of bulb-shaped chambers called
alveoli that join together with ducts, in
grapelike fashion, to form clusters called
lobules.
64.
65. ◾Numerous lobules assemble to form a
lobe. Each breast contains a single
mammary gland consisting of 15 to 20 of
these lobes. Lactiferous ducts leading
away from the lobes widen into
lactiferous sinuses that serve as
temporary reservoirs for milk.
66. ◾The breasts begin to enlarge in females at the
onset of puberty. Proliferating adipose (fat)
tissue expands the breast, while suspensory
ligaments attached to the underlying fascia
provide support. In nonpregnant females (and
in males), the glands and ducts are not fully
developed.