The document provides an overview of anatomical terminology used to describe body structures and their relationships. It defines terms related to position such as superficial, deep, medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior. It also defines terms used to describe movement including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, pronation, and supination. Examples are given for each term. The purpose is to help students learn and apply anatomical terminology in their study of human anatomy.
Anatomy and image interpretation of facial bonesadhamhussain52
anatomy of facial bone
x ray film interpretation of facial bone
special views of facial
this ppt for all medical and radiology students
if you find any mistake kindly inform me
insta id - ____sadham_____
This is a presentation for 1st year medical students, Anatomy course, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine,Mansoura University,Mansoura,Egypt.
We are talking about the upper limb skeleton, starting with general features of three bones which are:
Clavicle, Scapula & Humerus.
I hope you can get benefit of it.
Enjoy my friends.....
Anatomy and image interpretation of facial bonesadhamhussain52
anatomy of facial bone
x ray film interpretation of facial bone
special views of facial
this ppt for all medical and radiology students
if you find any mistake kindly inform me
insta id - ____sadham_____
This is a presentation for 1st year medical students, Anatomy course, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine,Mansoura University,Mansoura,Egypt.
We are talking about the upper limb skeleton, starting with general features of three bones which are:
Clavicle, Scapula & Humerus.
I hope you can get benefit of it.
Enjoy my friends.....
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
slides by our kind hearted teacher MAM AMMARAH :)
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
slides by our kind hearted teacher MAM AMMARAH :)
Planes of body and Anatomical terms
The anatomical position is the standard reference orientation of the human body.
It is used to provide a clear and consistent mechanism of describing the location of structures
In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward.
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.
A specific sagittal plane is the median sagittal plane – which passes down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves
Median plane (midsagital plane)
This is a vertical plane that divides the right and left sides of the body lengthwise along with midline into externally symmetrical section.
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
Any vertical side to side plane at right angles to the median plane is called coronal plane.
Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
The transverse plane is a horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to both the sagittal and coronal planes, and parallel to the ground.
If the body is divide into upper and lower section is called transverse plane.
The plane is at right angle to median, sagittal, and coronal planes.
Anatomical Terms of Position
Superior (cranial): Towards the head or upper part of the body; above
Inferior (caudal): Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below
Ventral (anterior): Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior): Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: Away from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal): Away from the body surface
Palmer: Refer to anterior surface of hand.
Planter: Refer to anterior surface of the foot.
Terms of Movement
Flexion: Refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Extension: refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Abduction: is action of moving the limb away from the median plane of the body.
Adduction: is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.
Rotation: Rotation is a movement of body part around its own long axis.
When the interior surface rotate medially the movement is called medial rotation. And if the interior surface rotate laterally the movement is called lateral rotation.
Circumduction: When a part
a brief description and basic anatomical planes and different medical terminology. One should know in a medical professional for first-year MBBS, nursing and paramedical students
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. OBJECTIVE
At the end of the session, students be able to
List common anatomical terminologies
Describe structures of the body using
anatomical terms
Apply Anatomicomedical terminologies in
studying anatomy
December 01, 2012 3Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
4. Terms of Relationship and Comparison
• Various adjectives, arranged as pairs of
opposites, describe the relationship of parts of
the body in the anatomical position and
compare the position of two structures
relative to each other.
December 01, 2012 4Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
5. •• Superficial, intermediate, and deepSuperficial, intermediate, and deep describe the position of
structures relative to the surface of the body or the relationship of
one structure to another underlying or overlying structure.
•• SuperficialSuperficial --Toward the surface of the body,
- The skin is superficial to the muscles.
•• IntermediateIntermediate- between a superficial and a deep structure
-the infrascapularis muscle is intermediate between
the skin and the scapula
• Deep- Away from the surface of the body
-the brain is deep to the cranium
• Medial- Toward the midline of the body
- The heart is medial to the lungs.
• lateral - Away from the midline of the body
Lateral and medial are not synonymous with the terms external
(outer) and internal (inner).
• External and internal mean farther from and nearer to the center of
an organ or cavity, respectively, regardless of direction.
December 01, 2012 5Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
6. •• Posterior (dorsal)Posterior (dorsal)-- Toward the back or nearer
to the back.
- The kidneys are posterior to the
intestine.
•• Anterior (ventral)Anterior (ventral)-- Toward the front surface
of the body.
-the sternum is anterior to the thoracic
vertebrae
• RostralRostral -is often used instead of anterior when
describing parts of the brain; it means toward the
rostrum (L. from beak); however, in humans it denotes
nearer the anterior part of the head (e.g., the frontal
lobe of the brain is rostral to the cerebellum).
• December 01, 2012 6Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
7. •• SuperiorSuperior / CranialCranial -refers to a structure that is nearer
the vertex/toward the head.
- The thorax is superior to the abdomen.
•• Inferior/ caudalInferior/ caudal -- refers to a structure that is situated
nearer the sole of the foot/away from the head; toward the
bottom
- The neck is inferior to the head.
• Caudal (L. cauda, tail) is a useful directional term that
means toward the tail region, represented in humans by
the coccyx, the small bone at the inferior (caudal) end of
the vertebral column.
• Combined terms describe intermediate positional
arrangements:
inferomedial means nearer to the feet and median
plane;for example, the anterior parts of the ribs run
inferomedially;
superolateral means nearer to the head and farther from
the median plane.
December 01, 2012 7Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
8. •• ProximalProximal-- nearer to the attachment of a limb or the
central aspect of a linear structure
-- The knee is proximal to the foot
•• distaldistal-- farther from the attachment of a limb or the
central aspect of a linear structure
- The hand is distal to the elbow.
•• DorsumDorsum-- usually refers to the superior or posterior (back)
surface of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the
body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis, or
foot. It is also used to describe the back of the hand.
• The sole indicates the inferior aspect or bottom of the
foot, much of which is in contact with the ground when
standing barefoot. The palm refers to the flat of the hand,
exclusive of the thumb and other fingers, and is the
opposite of the dorsum of the hand.
December 01, 2012 8Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
13. Terms of Laterality
•• BilateralBilateral- Paired structures having right and left
members
-the kidneys are bilateral
•• UnilateralUnilateral-- Structures occurring on one side only
-- the spleen is unilateral
•• IpsilateralIpsilateral- something occurring on the same side
of the body as another structure
-the right thumb and the right great toe
•• ContralateraContralateral-means occurring on the opposite
side of the body relative to another structure; the
right hand is contralateral to the left hand.
December 01, 2012 13Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
14. Terms of Movement
• Various terms describe movements of the limbs and other parts of the
body.
• While most movements occur at joints where two or more bones or
cartilages articulate with one another, several non-skeletal structures
exhibit movement (e.g., tongue, lips, eyelids).
•• FlexionFlexion indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or
parts of the body. For most joints (e.g., elbow), flexion generally involves
movement in an anterior direction; however, flexion at the knee joint
involves posterior movement.
• Dorsiflexion describes flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking
uphill or lifting the toes off the ground.
• Plantarflexion turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (e.g., when
standing on your toes).
December 01, 2012 14Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
15. •• ExtensionExtension indicates straightening or increasing
the angle between the bones or parts of the
body. Extension usually occurs in a posterior
direction, but extension of the knee joint
occurs in an anterior direction.
•• HyperextensionHyperextension (overextension) -extension of
a limb or part beyond the normal limit;can
cause injury, such as whiplash (i.e.,
hyperextension of the neck during a rear-end
automobile collision).
December 01, 2012 15Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
16. • when the foot is extended at the ankle joint, it is
plantarflexed (e.g., when standing on your toes).
• Except for the thumb, from the anatomical
position, flexion and extension are movements in
the sagittal plane.
December 01, 2012 16Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
18. Figure .Joint Flexion and Extension. (a) Flexion of the elbow;
(b) extension of the elbow;
(c) hyperextension of the wrist; (d) extension of the wrist; (e) flexion
of the wrist; (f) flexion of the
spine; (g) extension of the spine and flexion of the shoulder; (h)
hyperextension of the neck and shoulder
December 01, 2012 18Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
19. Abduction and AdductionAbduction and Adduction
•• AbductionAbduction-moving away from the median
plane in the frontal plane.
e.g1., when moving an upper limb away from
the side of the body.
e.g.2 raising the arm to one side of the body or
standing spread-legged.
To abduct the fingers is to spread them apart
•• AdductionAdduction - moving toward the median plane in
a frontal plane (e.g., when moving an upper limb
toward the side of the body).
December 01, 2012 19Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
20. • (a) Abduction of the limbs;
• (b) adduction of the limbs;
• (c) abduction (lateral flexion) of the spine
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21. (d) abduction of the fingers
(e) adduction of the fingers
December 01, 2012 21Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
23. Terms of movement of the thumbTerms of movement of the thumb
A.NeutralA.Neutral hand positionhand position B.ExtensionB.Extension (radial abduction)(radial abduction)
C.FlexionC.Flexion ((transpalmartranspalmar adduction)adduction) D.OppositionD.Opposition
F.AdductionF.Adduction
December 01, 2012 23Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
24. •• CircumductionCircumduction is a circular movement that is a
combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction occurring in such a way that the distal
end of the part moves in a circle. Circumduction
can occur at any joint at which all the above-
mentioned movements are possible (e.g., the hip
joint).
•• RotationRotation involves turning or revolving a part of
the body around its longitudinal axis, such as
turning one's head to face sideways. Medial
rotation (internal rotation) brings the anterior
surface of a limb closer to the median plane,
whereas lateral rotation (external rotation) takes
the anterior surface away from the median plane.December 01, 2012 24Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
25. (a) Circumduction of the upper limb
and lateral rotation of the right femur
(b) medial rotation of the right femur
(c) rotation of the spine;December 01, 2012 25Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
26. • (d) lateral rotation of the humerus
• (e) medial rotation of the humerus
• (f) rotation of the neck (atlantoaxial joint)
December 01, 2012 26Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
27. •• PronationPronation is the rotational movement of the
forearm and hand that swings the radius (the
lateral long bone of the forearm) medially
around its longitudinal axis so that the palm of
the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum
faces anteriorly. When the elbow joint is
flexed, pronation moves the hand so that the
palm faces inferiorly (e.g., placing the palms
flat on a table). When applied to the foot,
pronation refers to a combination of eversion
and abduction that results in lowering of the
medial margin of the foot. (The feet of an
individual with flat feet are pronated.)
December 01, 2012 27Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
28. •• SupinationSupination is the rotational movement of the forearm and
hand that swings the radius laterally around its longitudinal
axis so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and
the palm faces anteriorly (i.e., moving them into the
anatomical position). When the elbow joint is flexed,
supination moves the hand so that the palm faces
superiorly. (Memory device: You can hold soup in the palm
of your hand when the flexed forearm is supinated but are
prone [likely] to spill it if the forearm is then pronated!)
When applied to the foot, supination generally implies
movements resulting in raising the medial margin of the
foot.
• Opposition is the movement by which the pad of the 1st
digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad. This
movement is used to pinch, button a shirt, and lift a teacup
by the handle. Reposition describes the movement of the
1st digit from the position of opposition back to its
anatomical position.
December 01, 2012 28Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
29. • (a) Supination of the forearm
• (b) pronation of the forearm
December 01, 2012 29Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
30. • (c) opposition of the thumb
• (d) reposition of the thumb
December 01, 2012 30Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com
31. •• ProtrusionProtrusion is a movement anteriorly (forward) as in
protruding the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue.
•• RetrusionRetrusion is a movement posteriorly (backward), as
in retruding the mandible, lips, or tongue. The
similar terms protraction and retraction are used
most commonly for anterior and posterior
movements of the shoulder.
•• ElevationElevation raises or moves a part superiorly, as in
elevating the shoulders when shrugging, the upper
lid when opening the eye, or the tongue when
pushing it up against the palate.
•• DepressionDepression lowers or moves a part inferiorly, as in
depressing the shoulders when standing at ease,
the upper lid when closing the eye, or pulling the
tongue away from the palate.
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32. • (a) Elevation of the scapulae;
• (b) depression of the scapulae;
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33. Lateral and Medial Excursion
Biting and chewing food require several
movements of the jaw: up and down
(elevation-depression), forward and back
(protraction-retraction), and side-to-side
grinding movements.
The last of these are called lateral excursion
(sideways movement to the right or left) and
medial excur-sion(movement back to the
midline)
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34. (c) protraction of
the mandible
(d) retraction of
the mandible
(e) lateral
excursion of the
mandible
(f)
medialexcursion of
the mandible
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35. •• EversionEversion moves the sole of the foot away from
the median plane (turning the sole laterally).
When the foot is fully everted it is also
dorsiflexed.
•• InversionInversion moves the sole of the foot toward
the median plane (facing the sole medially).
When the foot is fully inverted it is also
plantarflexed.
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36. • Joint Movements of the Foot. (a) Dorsiflexion;
• (b) extension; (c) plantar flexion; (d) inversion; (e) eversion.
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37. Summary of terms of movement
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