2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Terminology and General Plan of the Body,
• Body Parts and Areas, Terms of Location and
Position,
• Body Cavities and Their Membranes, Dorsal
cavity, Ventral cavity, Planes and Sections,
• Basic Life Processes & Homeostasis
3. ANATOMY
• Anatomy is the study of structure of human body, Study of anatomy helps
in understanding the functions of body
• Herophilus (335-280 BC) born in Chalcedon is called the ‘Father of
anatomy.
• Different aspects included in anatomy are Histology, Osteology, Myology,
Arthrology and Neurology
• Histology: is study of tissues.
• Osteology: is study of bones.
• Myology: is study of muscles.
• Arthrology: is study of Joints.
• Neurology: is study of nerves and nervous system.
• Anatomical position: body is erect, feet together, palms face forward and
the thumbs point away from the body
4. Regional Terms
1. Axial part: includes the head, neck, and trunk.
2. Appendicular part: Includes the limbs which
are attached to the body's axis
5. Terms used in Anatomy to indicate
Anatomical Positions:
• 1.Superior: Nearer to head.
• 2. Inferior: Lower or below
• 3. Anterior or ventral: Front
• 4. Posterior or dorsal: Back
• 5. Proximal: Nearer
• 6. Distal: Away
• 7. Superficial: Nearer to the skin surface.
• 8. Deep: Deeper from skin surface.
• 9. Medial: Nearer to midline of body
• 10. Lateral: Away from midline of body
6. Terms to describe movements
occurring at Various Joint
• 1. Flexion: Flexion is the movement where similar surfaces come nearer to each
other reducing the
• angle between theme: Bending of fore arm near elbow.
• 2. Extension: It is the movement causing similar surfaces to go apart. It is opposite
to flexion. ex: Straightening of bent fore arm.
• 3. Adduction: It is the movement bringing the limb towards mid line.
• 4. Abduction: It is the movement taking the limb away from the mid line.
• 5. Rotation: It is the movement around central axis involving.
• 6. Medial rotation: It is rotation towards medial direction.
• 7. Lateral rotation: Rotation towards lateral direction is called lateral direction.
• 8. Circumduction: It is the movement involving flexion, abduction, extension and
adduction
7. Body Sections:
• Body Sections:
• 1. Sagittal plane – divides the body into left
and right sections.
• 2. Midsagittal (median) plane – divides the
body into equal halves at midline.
• 3. Frontal (coronal) plane – divides the body
into anterior and posterior sections.
• 4. Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides the
body into superior and inferior sections.
