This document provides an overview of basic human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the human body and discusses the main aspects of anatomy including histology, osteology, myology, arthrology and neurology. It describes anatomical position and introduces regional terms like axial and appendicular parts. The document also defines common anatomical terms used to describe positions, planes, sections and movements.

1. BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY
AND
PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT – I

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Terminology and General Plan of the Body,
• Body Parts and Areas, Terms of Location and
Position,
• Body Cavities and Their Membranes, Dorsal
cavity, Ventral cavity, Planes and Sections,
• Basic Life Processes & Homeostasis

3. ANATOMY
• Anatomy is the study of structure of human body, Study of anatomy helps
in understanding the functions of body
• Herophilus (335-280 BC) born in Chalcedon is called the ‘Father of
anatomy.
• Different aspects included in anatomy are Histology, Osteology, Myology,
Arthrology and Neurology
• Histology: is study of tissues.
• Osteology: is study of bones.
• Myology: is study of muscles.
• Arthrology: is study of Joints.
• Neurology: is study of nerves and nervous system.
• Anatomical position: body is erect, feet together, palms face forward and
the thumbs point away from the body

4. Regional Terms
1. Axial part: includes the head, neck, and trunk.
2. Appendicular part: Includes the limbs which
are attached to the body's axis

5. Terms used in Anatomy to indicate
Anatomical Positions:
• 1.Superior: Nearer to head.
• 2. Inferior: Lower or below
• 3. Anterior or ventral: Front
• 4. Posterior or dorsal: Back
• 5. Proximal: Nearer
• 6. Distal: Away
• 7. Superficial: Nearer to the skin surface.
• 8. Deep: Deeper from skin surface.
• 9. Medial: Nearer to midline of body
• 10. Lateral: Away from midline of body

6. Terms to describe movements
occurring at Various Joint
• 1. Flexion: Flexion is the movement where similar surfaces come nearer to each
other reducing the
• angle between theme: Bending of fore arm near elbow.
• 2. Extension: It is the movement causing similar surfaces to go apart. It is opposite
to flexion. ex: Straightening of bent fore arm.
• 3. Adduction: It is the movement bringing the limb towards mid line.
• 4. Abduction: It is the movement taking the limb away from the mid line.
• 5. Rotation: It is the movement around central axis involving.
• 6. Medial rotation: It is rotation towards medial direction.
• 7. Lateral rotation: Rotation towards lateral direction is called lateral direction.
• 8. Circumduction: It is the movement involving flexion, abduction, extension and
adduction

7. Body Sections:
• Body Sections:
• 1. Sagittal plane – divides the body into left
and right sections.
• 2. Midsagittal (median) plane – divides the
body into equal halves at midline.
• 3. Frontal (coronal) plane – divides the body
into anterior and posterior sections.
• 4. Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides the
body into superior and inferior sections.