The document provides an overview of basic anatomical terminology. It begins by defining anatomy and its branches, including embryology, gross anatomy, histology, comparative anatomy, and primatology. It then discusses anatomical position, regional names, planes, sections, and directional terms like superior, anterior, and medial. The document outlines the body cavities - cranial, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic. Finally, it defines the basic types of movements at synovial joints, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and plantar flexion.

1. BASIC
ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGY
NAGAWA EDITH

2. Reference books
• T. W Sadler
Langmans Medical Embryology
• Richard S Snell
Clinical Anatomy
• Last
Regional Anatomy
• Clinically Oriented Anatomy By MOORES
• Grays Anatomy for Medical Students
• Wheters Functional Histology
• Cunninghams Dissection Manual. VOL 1, 2 3

3. DEFINITION
The word ‘anatomy’ derives from the Greek ana (up)
and tome (a cutting) — hence ‘dissection’
It can be defined as the science of the structure of a
body learned by dissection.
The word can thus be applied to any structure, and we
can talk about the anatomy of a plant, an insect, or
even a machine, but here the term will be restricted to
the structure of the human being.

4. BRANCHES OF ANATOMY
• EMBRYOLOGY: The science of the origin and
development of the animal organism from the
fertilization of the ovum to the period of
extrauterine existance.
• GROSS ANATOMY: Gross anatomy is the
study of anatomy at the macroscopic level. In
otherwords, the anatomy of the parts which can be
distinguished without the aid of the microscope.

5. cont/…
• HISTOLOGY: Is the study of the
microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues and
organs.
• COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: Is the study
of similarities and differences in the anatomy
of organisms.
• PRIMATOLOGY: Is the scientific study of
primates.

6. Anatomical Position
• The anatomical position is a standardized
method of observing or imaging the body that
allows precise and consistent anatomical
references.
• When in the anatomical position, the subject
stands
• standing upright
– facing the observer, head level
– eyes facing forward
– feet flat on the floor
– arms at the sides
– palms turned forward (ventral)

7. TERMINOLOGY
• Reclining Position
–If the body is lying face down, it is
in the prone position.
–If the body is lying face up, it is in
the supine position.

8. CONT/…

10. REGIONAL NAMES
• Are names given to specific
regions of the body for reference.
• Examples: include cranial (skull),
thoracic (chest), brachial (arm),
patellar (knee), cephalic (head),
and gluteal (buttock)

11. PLANES
• Planes are imaginary flat surfaces
that are used to divide the body or
organs into definite areas & include:
– Midsagittal (medial) and
parasagittal, frontal (coronal),
transverse (cross-sectional or
horizontal) and oblique.

12. Copyright © 2008
Pearson Education, Figure 1.6
Oblique Section Through the
Trunk

13. SECTIONS
• Sections are flat surfaces resulting
from cuts through body structures.
They are named according to the
plane on which the cut is made and
include transverse, frontal, and
midsagittal

15. Saggital plane
Horizontal (or cross) section Frontal (or coronal) plane

16. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
• Directional terms are used to
precisely locate one part of the
body relative to another and to
reduce length of explanations.

17. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
• Superior/Cephalic/Cranial
• Inferior/Caudal
• Anterior/Ventral/Rostral
• Posterior/Dorsal
• Superficial: toward surface
• Deep: away from surface

18. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
• Medial: toward midline
• Lateral: away from midline
• Intermediate: between 2 points
• Ipsilateral: same side
• Contralateral: opposite side
• Proximal: near origin
• Distal: away from origin

19. Copyright © 2008
Pearson Education,
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

20. Copyright © 2008
Pearson Education,
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)

21. Copyright © 2008
Pearson Education,
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)

23. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
• External (Outer)
• Internal (Inner)
• Central
• Peripheral
• Parietal
• Visceral

24. AREAS
• Head & Neck
• Trunk
–Thorax
–Abdomen
–Pelvis & Perineum
• Extremities (or limbs)
–Upper
–Lower

26. BODY CAVITIES
• Cranial
• Thoracic
• Abdominal
• Pelvic

27. BODY CAVITIES
• Body Cavities - Body cavities are
spaces within the body that help
protect, separate, and support
internal organs.
–Dorsal Body Cavity
–Ventral Body Cavity

28. Body Cavities and Membranes
• Dorsal body cavity
• Cavity subdivided
into the cranial
cavity and the
vertebral cavity.
– Cranial cavity
houses the brain.
– Vertebral cavity
runs through the
vertebral column
and encloses the
spinal cord

29. Body Cavities and Membranes
• Ventral body cavity
– subdivided into:
– Thoracic cavity –
divided into three
parts
• Two lateral parts
each containing a
lung surrounded by a
pleural cavity
• Mediastinum –
contains the heart
surrounded by the
pericardial sac

30. Body Cavities and Membranes
• Ventral body cavity
– Abdominopelvic
cavity – divided into
two parts
• Abdominal cavity –
contains the liver,
stomach, kidneys,
and other organs
• Pelvic cavity –
contains the bladder,
some reproductive
organs, and rectum

31. BASIC MOVEMENTS PF THE
UPPER LIMB BONES

32. Types of Synovial Joint Movements
• Flexion
– Movement that decreases the angle between 2
bones

33. Types of Synovial Joint Movements
• Extension
– Movement that increases the angle between 2
bones

34. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Hyperextension
– Movement beyond the natural range of motion

35. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Abduction
– Movement of the limbs away from the middle
of the body
– (Describes movement of limbs only)

36. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Adduction
– Movement of the limbs toward the middle of
the body
– (Describes movement of limbs only)

37. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Rotation
– Movement of a bone on an axis, toward or
away from the body

38. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Circumduction
– Circular movement of limbs around an axis
– The proximal portion of the limb remains
stationary
• Proximal = where the limb attaches to the body
– The distal portion moves in a circle
• Distal = the point on the limb that is furthest from
the proximal attachment

39. Joint Movements Activity
• Pause for a class activity. (SIMON SAYS)
• Can students demonstrate knowledge of
these joint movements?

40. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Supination
– To turn upward
– To face a limb or body towards the ceiling
– Ex: Turn palm upward so that it faces the sky

41. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Pronation
– To turn downward
– To face a limb or body towards the ground
– Ex: turn palms downward so that they face the
floor

42. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Plantar Flexion
– Movement that extends the foot
– Ex: Pointing your toes like a ballerina

43. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Dorsiflexion
– Movement that flexes the foot
– Ex: Try to touch your toes to the front of your
shin

44. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Inversion
• Turns the sole of the foot inward (medially)

45. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Eversion
• Turns the sole of the foot outward (laterally)

46. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Protraction
• Moving a body part forward (in the
transverse plane)
• Ex: shoulders and jaw

47. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Retraction
• Moving a body part backwards (in the
transverse plane)
• Ex: Neck or jaw

48. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Elevation
• Lifting a body part upward (superiorly)
• (Occurs in the frontal plane)
• Ex: Shoulders

49. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Depression
• Moving a body part downward (inferiorly)
• (Occurs in the frontal plane)
• Ex: Shoulders

50. Types of Synovial Joint
Movements
• Opposition
• Moves the thumb to the tips of the other
fingers
• (That is why they are called “Opposable
thumbs”)