The importance of porous materials with very small crystal diameter is immensely increased because of their large range of applications in our daily life. Mordenite falls in the category which is a microporous, synthetic zeolite with an ideal unit cell composition of Na8. (AlO2)8. (SiO2)40. nH2O or Na8Al8Si40O96.nH2O and a lot of work is going on its synthesis according to its application.
But we have mainly focused on Mordenite synthesis in nanosize without adding seed and incorporating its effect on Mordenite morphology by comparing with standard Mordenite.
Synthesis of Mordenite nanocrystals was mainly divided into three steps. The first step covered the procedure for preparation of gel without adding seed. The gel is then converted into raw Mordenite under hydrothermal conditions in the second step. Finally, in third step raw Mordenite product is recovered into pure Mordenite crystals by applying washing with distilled water and drying techniques. The effect of sans adding seed and distilled water in the sample is then studied with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Vast range of laboratorial and industrial applications of Mordenite are summarized into three major uses. These includes the use of Mordenite as a catalyst, as an adsorbent and as an ion exchanging sieve. Other uses of Mordenite are also discussed.
In this topic , I have classified the classifications of silicates as well as its uses and functions in this modern age . Same goes to silicon and silicone . I also have discussed also the structure of silicone itself . Other than silicon , silicone and silicate , I have also discussed about Zeolites and Tin & Alloys . Enjoy .
General principles and process of isolation 2017nysa tutorial
this is based on MHCET, JEE, NEET, CBSE, ICSE, HSC board.
subject- chemistry.
it is based on CBSE, ICSE, HSC ,JEE, NEET, AIPMT, MTCET.
class 12 chemistry.
for buy ppt pay by paytm acount- 8879919898. price-Rs99 only/-
for more detail go my site
www.akchem.blogspot.com
akchem.tk
1. The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by explaining that metals occur naturally in either a native/free state or combined state as compounds like oxides, sulfides, etc.
2. It then lists some important metal ores and their corresponding metals, such as hematite (iron), cassiterite (tin), galena (lead), etc. It also provides details on the mineral wealth of metals like iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, and titanium in India.
3. The document outlines the general steps involved in metal extraction: crushing/grinding ores, concentrating the ore, calcining/roasting it, reducing metal oxides to the free metal, and finally purifying
This document discusses the different types of silicates. Silicates are minerals composed of silicon and oxygen. They are classified based on their structure into ortho, pyro, chain, cyclic, sheet, and three-dimensional silicates. Ortho silicates contain discrete SiO4 units, pyro silicates contain (Si2O7)6- disilicate units, and chain silicates contain linear chains of linked (SiO3)n units. Sheet silicates form two-dimensional sheets of linked (Si2O5)n units and three-dimensional silicates form extensive 3D networks of linked (SiO2)n units. Examples of different silicate types are provided
Zeolite is a hydrated sodium alumino silicate mineral that can soften water by exchanging sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions. There are two types - natural and synthetic zeolites, with synthetic having a porous structure and higher exchange capacity. In the zeolite process, hard water percolates through a zeolite bed where the hardness ions are retained, producing softened water. Eventually the zeolite becomes saturated and is regenerated using a brine solution, restoring the zeolite for further use. Limitations include pretreatment of turbid or colored water, while advantages are near-complete hardness removal and an automatic, compact system.
General principles and process of isolation of elements (STD 12 SCIENCE) lec...MAYURI SOMPURA
CONCENTRATION OF ORES
EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL FROM ORE
ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
PRINCIPLES OF ISOLATION
HYDRAULIC WASHING
FORTH FLOATATION METHOD
MAGNETIC SEPERATION
LEACHING
CALCINATION
ROASTING
In this topic , I have classified the classifications of silicates as well as its uses and functions in this modern age . Same goes to silicon and silicone . I also have discussed also the structure of silicone itself . Other than silicon , silicone and silicate , I have also discussed about Zeolites and Tin & Alloys . Enjoy .
General principles and process of isolation 2017nysa tutorial
this is based on MHCET, JEE, NEET, CBSE, ICSE, HSC board.
subject- chemistry.
it is based on CBSE, ICSE, HSC ,JEE, NEET, AIPMT, MTCET.
class 12 chemistry.
for buy ppt pay by paytm acount- 8879919898. price-Rs99 only/-
for more detail go my site
www.akchem.blogspot.com
akchem.tk
1. The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by explaining that metals occur naturally in either a native/free state or combined state as compounds like oxides, sulfides, etc.
2. It then lists some important metal ores and their corresponding metals, such as hematite (iron), cassiterite (tin), galena (lead), etc. It also provides details on the mineral wealth of metals like iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, and titanium in India.
3. The document outlines the general steps involved in metal extraction: crushing/grinding ores, concentrating the ore, calcining/roasting it, reducing metal oxides to the free metal, and finally purifying
This document discusses the different types of silicates. Silicates are minerals composed of silicon and oxygen. They are classified based on their structure into ortho, pyro, chain, cyclic, sheet, and three-dimensional silicates. Ortho silicates contain discrete SiO4 units, pyro silicates contain (Si2O7)6- disilicate units, and chain silicates contain linear chains of linked (SiO3)n units. Sheet silicates form two-dimensional sheets of linked (Si2O5)n units and three-dimensional silicates form extensive 3D networks of linked (SiO2)n units. Examples of different silicate types are provided
Zeolite is a hydrated sodium alumino silicate mineral that can soften water by exchanging sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions. There are two types - natural and synthetic zeolites, with synthetic having a porous structure and higher exchange capacity. In the zeolite process, hard water percolates through a zeolite bed where the hardness ions are retained, producing softened water. Eventually the zeolite becomes saturated and is regenerated using a brine solution, restoring the zeolite for further use. Limitations include pretreatment of turbid or colored water, while advantages are near-complete hardness removal and an automatic, compact system.
General principles and process of isolation of elements (STD 12 SCIENCE) lec...MAYURI SOMPURA
CONCENTRATION OF ORES
EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL FROM ORE
ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
PRINCIPLES OF ISOLATION
HYDRAULIC WASHING
FORTH FLOATATION METHOD
MAGNETIC SEPERATION
LEACHING
CALCINATION
ROASTING
Portland cement is produced by heating limestone and clay in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. It gets its strength from chemical reactions when mixed with water called hydration. The main compounds in cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. When water is added, these compounds hydrate and harden to bind the cement over time. The grade of cement corresponds to its minimum compressive strength after specific time periods of curing.
Sources of Water, Hardness of Water, Determination of Hardness of Water by EDTA method, Alkalinity of water, Scale and Sludge formation, Boiler Corrosion, Priming , Foaming, Caustic Embrittlement
1. The document discusses principles of metallurgy and isolation of elements from ores. It covers topics like occurrence of metals, concentration of ores, extraction of crude metal, and thermodynamic principles.
2. Concentration of ores involves processes like magnetic separation, froth floatation, and leaching to separate the desired metal compound from unwanted gangue materials.
3. Extraction of the crude metal generally involves two steps - conversion of the concentrated ore to an oxide through calcination or roasting, and then reducing the oxide to the pure metal using a reducing agent like carbon at high temperatures.
Silicates are minerals consisting of silica combined with metal oxides, forming a major component of the earth's crust. They have a basic tetrahedral structure and comprise 40% of common minerals. The main types are ortho, pyro, sheet, ring, and chain silicates. Silicates have many important uses including in microchips, quartz crystals, glass, ceramics, and as allied products such as sodium silicate, aluminum silicate, and potassium silicate. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of silicates.
The document discusses various water treatment processes for domestic use including screening, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and disinfection. Screening removes large floating materials. Sedimentation allows insoluble impurities to settle. Coagulation uses chemicals like alum to facilitate settling of fine particles. Filtration passes water through sand layers to remove remaining insoluble materials. Disinfection through chlorination or bleaching powder kills pathogens. The document also discusses water softening methods like ion exchange and permutit processes as well as desalination techniques such as reverse osmosis and electrodialysis.
This document discusses various methods for water softening, including zeolite (permutit) process, ion exchange, mixed bed ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. The zeolite process uses hydrated sodium aluminium silicate to exchange sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ion exchange uses resins to exchange ions, with cation exchange resins exchanging hydrogen ions for calcium/magnesium ions and anion exchange resins exchanging hydroxide ions. Mixed bed deionizers contain both cation and anion resins. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved solids behind. Each method has advantages such as reducing hardness or
Applied Minerals Dragonite(TM) Halloysite nanotubes as nanoreactors in indust...Andre Zeitoun
Halloysite tubule nanoreactors in industrial and agricultural applications
1. Introduction
Halloysite is a two-layered aluminosilicate which has a predominantly hollow tubular structure in the submicron range and is chemically similar to kaolinite [1]. It is mined commercially from natural deposits in USA, New Zealand, China, Turkey, and Malaysia [2]. Dragon mine in Utah has exceptionally pure halloysite with nanotubes exceeding 99 %[3]. These minerals are formed from kaolinite over millions of years due to the hydrothermal processes [4]. Layers are rolled into tubes due to the strain caused by lattice mismatch between adjacent silicone dioxide and aluminum oxide sheets [1-3].
Halloysite was discovered in 18th century and named in honor of Omalius d’Halloy who analyzed the mineral [5]. In early years it was very difficult to distinguish halloysite from other minerals, particularly from kaolinite. However, X-ray analysis has shown that it has unique crystalline structure [6]. Halloysite has been extensively utilized as a raw material for ceramics industry, especially for the manufacture of porcelain, and bone china [1,7]. Having nanotubular structure, halloysite particles can potentially be applied in several fields of nanotechnology. These multilayer tubes are commonly used for plastic composites, in controlled release applications [8-15], and may be coated with metal by electroless plating to make conductive fillers [16]. Due to their porous structure and high catalytic activity, halloysite particles can be used in remediation of acid mine drainage, petroleum conversion in refining industries, as well as in the separation of liquids and gaseous mixtures. This paper summarizes the structure, physicochemical properties and major application areas of halloysite nanotubes.
This chapter discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It explains that metals higher in the reactivity series like sodium and aluminium are extracted via electrolysis, while metals lower in the series like iron and copper are extracted by reduction with carbon. The extraction of aluminium, iron, and the uses and corrosion of these metals are described in detail. The chapter also covers how metals are protected from corrosion through various methods like painting, galvanization, and cathodic protection.
The document discusses the principles of metallurgy and metal extraction processes. It defines metals, non-metals and metalloids based on their properties. The processes involved in metal extraction include mining, crushing, concentration, roasting, reduction and refining. Concentration methods separate the metal ore from gangue using techniques like gravity separation, magnetic separation or froth flotation. Reduction converts the metal oxide into pure metal using carbon or aluminothermic processes. Refining further purifies the metal using techniques like liquation, distillation, electrolysis or poling. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key concepts and steps involved in extracting and processing metals from their ores.
An integrated circuit is a semiconductor wafer containing thousands of tiny resistors, capacitors and transistors. There are several key steps in the fabrication of integrated circuits:
1. Silicon wafers are created by slicing purified silicon crystals into thin discs.
2. A patterned oxide layer is formed on the wafer through a photolithography process using a mask to transfer circuit patterns to the wafer.
3. The wafer then undergoes several post-processing steps like dicing, die bonding, wire bonding and encapsulation before electrical testing verifies its functioning.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
What and Why of Mineral Fillers;Factors Typically Considered in Filler Minerals; Role of Fillers; Mineral used as Filler; Calcium Carbonate; Clay; Talc; Pyrophyllite; Wollastonite; Gypsum; Perlite; Vermiculite; Barite
Portland cement is produced by heating limestone, clay, sand and iron ore in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. It gains strength through hydration reactions with water. The main compounds in cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. These compounds hydrate at different rates and contribute to cement's initial set, early strength gain, and long-term strength. Hydration forms calcium silicate hydrates, calcium hydroxide, and fills pores in hardened cement paste. Grades 43 and 53 cement correspond to average compressive strengths of 43 and 53 MPa after 28 days.
Water can be hard or soft depending on the amount of dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. Hard water causes scale buildup and reduces cleaning product efficiency. There are several methods to remove hardness from water including lime-soda softening, cation exchange, distillation, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange. Lime-soda softening uses lime and soda ash to precipitate minerals out of solution. Cation exchange uses zeolites to replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
This document describes a simple method for creating patterned SiO2/TiO2 films through photo and chemical reactions at room temperature. TiO2 films are patterned using UV light and a photosensitive organic-titanium solution. SiO2 particles are precipitated from silicate solution by adjusting the pH, which are then deposited on the TiO2 films due to attraction between TiO2 and SiO2 surfaces. The films are characterized using SEM and EDS, showing uniform deposition of SiO2 crystals on TiO2. The SiO2 films are further modified with amino groups using aminosilane to enable protein immobilization applications.
The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by defining key terms like rock, mineral, and ore. Rock is a mixture of minerals with no fixed composition, while a mineral occurs naturally and has a fixed chemical composition. An ore is a mineral that a metal can be economically extracted from. The document then provides examples of ancient copper and gold artifacts. It describes an experiment where copper is extracted from copper oxide by heating it with charcoal. Safety precautions for the experiment are outlined. Finally, it prompts the reader to identify the reactants and products in the reaction in order to write the word equation.
Manifestation and remediation of alkali aggregate reactionmurugavel raja
The document discusses alkali aggregate reaction (AAR), which occurs when highly alkaline cement reacts with certain aggregates containing silica or carbonate minerals. This can cause expansion and cracking of concrete. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR). ASR was first identified in California in the 1930s and has caused damage in structures worldwide. Remediation methods include using low-alkali cement, avoiding reactive aggregates, controlling moisture, and treating affected concrete with lithium compounds which can stop further ASR cracking.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Biotechnology , nanotechnology, bio informatics and geo-informaticsRakesh R
This document provides an introduction and overview of biotechnology, nanotechnology, bioinformatics, and geoinformatics. It discusses the definitions, histories, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each field. Biotechnology uses living organisms to develop products, while nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale. Bioinformatics applies computing to biological problems using DNA and protein sequences. Geoinformatics deals with capturing, storing, processing, and disseminating spatial information and data. Overall, the document outlines how technological advances in these interdisciplinary fields have both benefits and risks.
This document discusses silicon nanocrystals. It defines a nanocrystal as a crystalline nanoparticle with at least one dimension less than or equal to 100 nm. It explains that silicon nanocrystals can emit light even though bulk silicon cannot. The document discusses two methods for preparing silicon nanocrystals: electrochemical etching of silicon wafers and pulverization. Electrochemical etching uses hydrofluoric acid to dissolve silicon and form a porous structure containing silicon nanocrystals. Pulverization produces silicon nanocrystal agglomerates in powder form.
Portland cement is produced by heating limestone and clay in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. It gets its strength from chemical reactions when mixed with water called hydration. The main compounds in cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. When water is added, these compounds hydrate and harden to bind the cement over time. The grade of cement corresponds to its minimum compressive strength after specific time periods of curing.
Sources of Water, Hardness of Water, Determination of Hardness of Water by EDTA method, Alkalinity of water, Scale and Sludge formation, Boiler Corrosion, Priming , Foaming, Caustic Embrittlement
1. The document discusses principles of metallurgy and isolation of elements from ores. It covers topics like occurrence of metals, concentration of ores, extraction of crude metal, and thermodynamic principles.
2. Concentration of ores involves processes like magnetic separation, froth floatation, and leaching to separate the desired metal compound from unwanted gangue materials.
3. Extraction of the crude metal generally involves two steps - conversion of the concentrated ore to an oxide through calcination or roasting, and then reducing the oxide to the pure metal using a reducing agent like carbon at high temperatures.
Silicates are minerals consisting of silica combined with metal oxides, forming a major component of the earth's crust. They have a basic tetrahedral structure and comprise 40% of common minerals. The main types are ortho, pyro, sheet, ring, and chain silicates. Silicates have many important uses including in microchips, quartz crystals, glass, ceramics, and as allied products such as sodium silicate, aluminum silicate, and potassium silicate. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of silicates.
The document discusses various water treatment processes for domestic use including screening, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and disinfection. Screening removes large floating materials. Sedimentation allows insoluble impurities to settle. Coagulation uses chemicals like alum to facilitate settling of fine particles. Filtration passes water through sand layers to remove remaining insoluble materials. Disinfection through chlorination or bleaching powder kills pathogens. The document also discusses water softening methods like ion exchange and permutit processes as well as desalination techniques such as reverse osmosis and electrodialysis.
This document discusses various methods for water softening, including zeolite (permutit) process, ion exchange, mixed bed ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. The zeolite process uses hydrated sodium aluminium silicate to exchange sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ion exchange uses resins to exchange ions, with cation exchange resins exchanging hydrogen ions for calcium/magnesium ions and anion exchange resins exchanging hydroxide ions. Mixed bed deionizers contain both cation and anion resins. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved solids behind. Each method has advantages such as reducing hardness or
Applied Minerals Dragonite(TM) Halloysite nanotubes as nanoreactors in indust...Andre Zeitoun
Halloysite tubule nanoreactors in industrial and agricultural applications
1. Introduction
Halloysite is a two-layered aluminosilicate which has a predominantly hollow tubular structure in the submicron range and is chemically similar to kaolinite [1]. It is mined commercially from natural deposits in USA, New Zealand, China, Turkey, and Malaysia [2]. Dragon mine in Utah has exceptionally pure halloysite with nanotubes exceeding 99 %[3]. These minerals are formed from kaolinite over millions of years due to the hydrothermal processes [4]. Layers are rolled into tubes due to the strain caused by lattice mismatch between adjacent silicone dioxide and aluminum oxide sheets [1-3].
Halloysite was discovered in 18th century and named in honor of Omalius d’Halloy who analyzed the mineral [5]. In early years it was very difficult to distinguish halloysite from other minerals, particularly from kaolinite. However, X-ray analysis has shown that it has unique crystalline structure [6]. Halloysite has been extensively utilized as a raw material for ceramics industry, especially for the manufacture of porcelain, and bone china [1,7]. Having nanotubular structure, halloysite particles can potentially be applied in several fields of nanotechnology. These multilayer tubes are commonly used for plastic composites, in controlled release applications [8-15], and may be coated with metal by electroless plating to make conductive fillers [16]. Due to their porous structure and high catalytic activity, halloysite particles can be used in remediation of acid mine drainage, petroleum conversion in refining industries, as well as in the separation of liquids and gaseous mixtures. This paper summarizes the structure, physicochemical properties and major application areas of halloysite nanotubes.
This chapter discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It explains that metals higher in the reactivity series like sodium and aluminium are extracted via electrolysis, while metals lower in the series like iron and copper are extracted by reduction with carbon. The extraction of aluminium, iron, and the uses and corrosion of these metals are described in detail. The chapter also covers how metals are protected from corrosion through various methods like painting, galvanization, and cathodic protection.
The document discusses the principles of metallurgy and metal extraction processes. It defines metals, non-metals and metalloids based on their properties. The processes involved in metal extraction include mining, crushing, concentration, roasting, reduction and refining. Concentration methods separate the metal ore from gangue using techniques like gravity separation, magnetic separation or froth flotation. Reduction converts the metal oxide into pure metal using carbon or aluminothermic processes. Refining further purifies the metal using techniques like liquation, distillation, electrolysis or poling. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key concepts and steps involved in extracting and processing metals from their ores.
An integrated circuit is a semiconductor wafer containing thousands of tiny resistors, capacitors and transistors. There are several key steps in the fabrication of integrated circuits:
1. Silicon wafers are created by slicing purified silicon crystals into thin discs.
2. A patterned oxide layer is formed on the wafer through a photolithography process using a mask to transfer circuit patterns to the wafer.
3. The wafer then undergoes several post-processing steps like dicing, die bonding, wire bonding and encapsulation before electrical testing verifies its functioning.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
What and Why of Mineral Fillers;Factors Typically Considered in Filler Minerals; Role of Fillers; Mineral used as Filler; Calcium Carbonate; Clay; Talc; Pyrophyllite; Wollastonite; Gypsum; Perlite; Vermiculite; Barite
Portland cement is produced by heating limestone, clay, sand and iron ore in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. It gains strength through hydration reactions with water. The main compounds in cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. These compounds hydrate at different rates and contribute to cement's initial set, early strength gain, and long-term strength. Hydration forms calcium silicate hydrates, calcium hydroxide, and fills pores in hardened cement paste. Grades 43 and 53 cement correspond to average compressive strengths of 43 and 53 MPa after 28 days.
Water can be hard or soft depending on the amount of dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. Hard water causes scale buildup and reduces cleaning product efficiency. There are several methods to remove hardness from water including lime-soda softening, cation exchange, distillation, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange. Lime-soda softening uses lime and soda ash to precipitate minerals out of solution. Cation exchange uses zeolites to replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
This document describes a simple method for creating patterned SiO2/TiO2 films through photo and chemical reactions at room temperature. TiO2 films are patterned using UV light and a photosensitive organic-titanium solution. SiO2 particles are precipitated from silicate solution by adjusting the pH, which are then deposited on the TiO2 films due to attraction between TiO2 and SiO2 surfaces. The films are characterized using SEM and EDS, showing uniform deposition of SiO2 crystals on TiO2. The SiO2 films are further modified with amino groups using aminosilane to enable protein immobilization applications.
The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by defining key terms like rock, mineral, and ore. Rock is a mixture of minerals with no fixed composition, while a mineral occurs naturally and has a fixed chemical composition. An ore is a mineral that a metal can be economically extracted from. The document then provides examples of ancient copper and gold artifacts. It describes an experiment where copper is extracted from copper oxide by heating it with charcoal. Safety precautions for the experiment are outlined. Finally, it prompts the reader to identify the reactants and products in the reaction in order to write the word equation.
Manifestation and remediation of alkali aggregate reactionmurugavel raja
The document discusses alkali aggregate reaction (AAR), which occurs when highly alkaline cement reacts with certain aggregates containing silica or carbonate minerals. This can cause expansion and cracking of concrete. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR). ASR was first identified in California in the 1930s and has caused damage in structures worldwide. Remediation methods include using low-alkali cement, avoiding reactive aggregates, controlling moisture, and treating affected concrete with lithium compounds which can stop further ASR cracking.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Biotechnology , nanotechnology, bio informatics and geo-informaticsRakesh R
This document provides an introduction and overview of biotechnology, nanotechnology, bioinformatics, and geoinformatics. It discusses the definitions, histories, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each field. Biotechnology uses living organisms to develop products, while nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale. Bioinformatics applies computing to biological problems using DNA and protein sequences. Geoinformatics deals with capturing, storing, processing, and disseminating spatial information and data. Overall, the document outlines how technological advances in these interdisciplinary fields have both benefits and risks.
This document discusses silicon nanocrystals. It defines a nanocrystal as a crystalline nanoparticle with at least one dimension less than or equal to 100 nm. It explains that silicon nanocrystals can emit light even though bulk silicon cannot. The document discusses two methods for preparing silicon nanocrystals: electrochemical etching of silicon wafers and pulverization. Electrochemical etching uses hydrofluoric acid to dissolve silicon and form a porous structure containing silicon nanocrystals. Pulverization produces silicon nanocrystal agglomerates in powder form.
This document provides information about drug nanocrystals including their definition, properties, preparation methods, applications, and case studies. It defines drug nanocrystals as pure solid drug particles with a mean diameter below 1000 nm. The main preparation methods described are media milling, high-pressure homogenization, and precipitation. Applications discussed include oral, ophthalmic, parenteral, and respiratory drug delivery due to properties like increased dissolution velocity and saturation solubility from smaller particle size. Two case studies on valasartan and simvastatin nanocrystals are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of nanochemistry including definitions of related terms like nanoscience and nanotechnology. It discusses common nanoscale structures such as nanocrystals, nanotubes, and nanowires. Methods for preparing nanomaterials include top-down processes that break down bulk materials and bottom-up techniques involving the assembly of atoms or particles. Properties and characterization techniques are also summarized along with potential application areas for nanotechnology across various industries.
This document discusses the application of nanotechnology in crop improvement. It begins with a brief history of nanotechnology and definitions of key concepts. It then outlines several potential applications of nanotechnology in agriculture, including using nanoparticles to more efficiently deliver pesticides and fertilizers, developing nanosensors to monitor crop health and detect pathogens, using nanotechnology to modify plant DNA and traits like color, developing new methods for high-throughput DNA sequencing to analyze crop genomes, and creating nano-scale soil binders to prevent erosion. The document concludes by discussing current nanotechnology initiatives and research priorities in India focused on agriculture.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nano-scale of 1-100 nanometers. It has various applications in materials, electronics, energy, and life sciences. Some advantages include stronger and lighter materials, faster computers, and targeted drug delivery. However, there are also disadvantages such as potential job losses and health effects if carbon nanotubes are inhaled. The future of nanotechnology is promising with applications in electronic paper, morphing devices, and contact lenses, among others. It may change almost every human-made object in the next century according to experts.
Nanocrystals are pure drug particles in the nanometer size range that can increase drug solubility and bioavailability without using surfactants. Various "bottom up" and "top down" methods are used to produce drug nanocrystals including precipitation, cryo-vacuum processing, wet milling, and high pressure homogenization. Drug nanocrystals have potential applications for oral, transdermal, and targeted cancer delivery and imaging. Further research is still needed to reduce nanocrystal toxicity before clinical use.
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, which is one billionth of a meter. It then outlines several applications of nanotechnology including in electronics like transistors and solar cells, energy like batteries and fuel cells, and materials like carbon nanotubes. The document also discusses advantages such as stronger and lighter materials, faster computers, and medical applications like universal immunity. However, it notes some disadvantages like potential job loss and health risks from carbon nanotubes. Finally, it discusses the future of nanotechnology in areas like electronic paper and contact lenses.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology and its history. It discusses key terms like nanoscale and nanotechnology. Some important developments include the discovery of buckyballs in 1980 and carbon nanotubes in 1991. The document also outlines several types of nanotechnology like nano-materials, nano-electronics, nano-robotics and their applications. Nanotechnology is seen as having great potential impacts across many fields like engineering, electronics, medicine and more.
An immersive workshop at General Assembly, SF. I typically teach this workshop at General Assembly, San Francisco. To see a list of my upcoming classes, visit https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/seth-familian/4813
I also teach this workshop as a private lunch-and-learn or half-day immersive session for corporate clients. To learn more about pricing and availability, please contact me at http://familian1.com
The document discusses nanocrystalline cristobalite powders doped with 10% copper. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that pure silicon dioxide consisted of quartz at 800°C, while the doped powder was nearly amorphous. At 900°C, the doped powder showed traces of cristobalite and tridymite phases. Increased temperature caused these phases to grow, with the most rapid cristobalite growth between 1100-1200°C. Photocatalytic tests showed the doped powder had higher degradation of methyl orange under visible light compared to pure silicon dioxide.
This document reviews piezodialysis (PD), a process for removing salt from water using charge mosaic membranes. It discusses how early PD membranes were made by embedding ion exchange resins in polymer matrices, but had poor performance due to imperfect membrane structures. More recent approaches to creating charge mosaic membranes include stacking alternating cation and anion exchange membranes, using block copolymers containing both cation and anion exchange groups, and blending polymers with ion exchange functionality. However, the ideal membrane structure that can achieve the predicted high performance of PD through efficient salt transport while limiting water transport has yet to be realized.
This document discusses nanotechnology and nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanoparticles are between 1 to 100 nanometers in size and can exhibit size-dependent properties. The document then discusses several properties of nanoparticles including their large surface area to volume ratio and unexpected optical properties. It also describes several common synthesis methods for creating nanoparticles like attrition, pyrolysis, thermal plasma, inert gas condensation, radiation chemistry, and sol-gel processing.
This document is a thesis submitted by Kirsty Stevenson for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) at UTS Sydney in 1997. It examines the retention of caesium and strontium in cemented zeolites cured at different temperatures. The document includes a declaration, acknowledgments, abstract, table of contents, and literature review on zeolites, cement immobilization, and leaching behavior. It also describes the experimental procedures used to ion exchange zeolites with caesium and strontium, immobilize them in cement cured at different temperatures, and perform leaching tests to analyze retention.
Zeolites are microporous aluminosilicate minerals that are commonly used as catalysts and molecular sieves. They form naturally but can also be synthesized. JBW zeolite has a framework structure with alternating silicon and aluminum atoms linked by oxygen bridges. It contains channels of different sizes, including 8-rings that contain exchangeable cations and 6-rings that contain only sodium ions. X-ray diffraction is commonly used to determine zeolite structures, while neutron diffraction and NMR can provide additional details like hydrogen positions.
Polysiloxanes,... preparation and properties by Dr. Salma Amirsalmaamir2
Polysiloxanes, also known as silicones, have an inorganic backbone of -(Si-O)- repeat units unlike most polymers. They are prepared through the hydrolysis of chlorosilanes or the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic siloxanes. Polysiloxanes have unique properties including flexibility from low rotation barriers, low surface tension, high stability, and high permeability to gases due to their large free volume. Their properties can be tailored by modifying the alkyl side groups along the backbone.
The document is a final report from a student group (Group B4) evaluating a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) reactor. It includes a study of how temperature, pressure, wafer spacing, inlet mole fraction affect silicon deposition uniformity in the reactor. The group found that temperature and pressure had an inverse relationship with uniformity, while wafer spacing and inlet mole fraction had a direct relationship with uniformity. Temperature was found to have the greatest effect on deposition rate.
Nucleation and growth process of sodalite and cancrinite from kaolinite rich ...Errol Jaeger
The synthesis of low-silica zeotypes by hydrothermal transformation of kaolinite-rich clay and the nucleation and growth processes of sodalite and cancrinite in the system Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O at 100 °C were investigated. The synthesis products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 29Si and 27Al Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS-NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Our data show that the sequence of the transformation of phases is: Poorly crystalline aluminosilicate → zeolite LTA → sodalite → sodalite + cancrinite → cancrinite. Synthesized materials appeared stable thermodynamically under the experimental conditions, with zeolite LTA (a metastable phase) occurring as a minor phase, compared with the presence of sodalite and cancrinite.
This document describes a new method for producing bleach using a zero-gap electrolysis cell with three compartments separated by ion exchange membranes. The goal is to generate hypochlorous acid at high levels in the anode compartment by continuously adjusting the pH between 4.5-5.5. Caustic soda would be produced in the cathode compartment while brine is supplied to the central compartment. Hypochlorous acid from the anode compartment would then be neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce bleach with active chlorine contents close to 1.8%. The document discusses membrane properties, operating conditions, and results obtained with this new method for producing higher concentration bleach using a zero-gap electrolysis cell.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
This document discusses nanomaterials and methods for synthesizing and characterizing them. It describes two common chemical methods for producing nanomaterials: the colloidal method and sol-gel method. The colloidal method involves creating a colloidal solution with charged nanoparticles that are stabilized to prevent aggregation. The sol-gel method uses precursor materials that undergo hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions to form a wet gel that is then dried or calcined to produce nanomaterials. Characterization techniques discussed include light scattering methods for particle size and zeta potential measurements to assess stability.
A comprehensive birds eye view of catalysis in green chemistry. Includes descriptions of photocatalysis,zeolites and nanoparticles as efficient green catalysts.A simple and crisp presentation with minimum words and alot of figures and colors.
1. A colloid is a heterogeneous system with one substance dispersed as very fine particles in another substance. Colloids are classified based on the physical state, interaction between phases, and type of dispersed particles.
2. Common colloids include sols, gels, and emulsions. Soaps form micelles above a critical micelle concentration when hydrocarbon chains aggregate.
3. Colloids can be purified through dialysis, electrodialysis, or ultrafiltration to remove electrolytes and impurities. Colloidal particles exhibit properties like Tyndall effect, Brownian motion, and surface charge.
This document provides background information on rotaxanes and their potential applications. It discusses the nomenclature and synthesis strategies for rotaxanes, including statistical, templated, and transition metal mediated approaches. Applications described include use as molecular switches and machines, in nanorecording, and for asymmetric catalysis. One example highlighted is a helical peptide-based rotaxane that acts as a switch, changing conformations between recognition sites upon changing solvents. Rotaxanes offer possibilities for controlled molecular motion and transferring chirality to achieve enantioselective reactions.
11.application of appopolite in adsorption of heavy metals (co and ni) from w...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the application of appopolite, a natural zeolite, for the adsorption of heavy metals cobalt and nickel from wastewater. It examines the effects of parameters like adsorbent amount, pH, temperature, and initial metal ion concentration on the adsorption process. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations are used to model the adsorption isotherms and the Langmuir equation provided a better fit to the experimental data. Maximum adsorption of cobalt was found at an adsorbent dosage of 5g/l. Adsorption decreased in more acidic media and was inversely proportional to metal concentration.
Application of appopolite in adsorption of heavy metals (co and ni) from wast...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the application of appopolite zeolite for adsorbing heavy metals like cobalt and nickel from wastewater. It examines how factors like contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature affect adsorption efficiency. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations are used to model adsorption, with the Langmuir model providing a better fit to experimental data. Adsorption efficiencies increased with contact time up to 180 minutes, after which equilibrium was reached.
The document discusses micelle formation from surfactants in water. Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts that can self-assemble into micelles in aqueous solution above a critical concentration. The packing parameter concept predicts micelle shape based on the surfactant's geometry. Spherical, cylindrical, and bilayer structures are expected for different packing parameter ranges based on the surfactant head group size and tail volume. Micelle characteristics like size and critical concentration can be understood through thermodynamic models balancing hydrophobic effect, interfacial tension, and head group repulsion.
IRJET- Studies on the Biosorption on Removal of Heavy Metal Copper in Printed...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Bacillus Megaterium as a biosorbent to remove copper from printed circuit boards. The study investigated the effect of various parameters like contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH, initial concentration and agitation speed on copper removal. About 65% of copper was removed using 2 g of Bacillus Megaterium at a contact time of 60 minutes, pH of 5, and agitation speed of 150 rpm. Characterization of the biomass was done using techniques like SEM and EDAX. Batch experiments and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed Langmuir kinetics, indicating monolayer adsorption occurred. The Bacillus Megaterium exhibited good biosorption capacity
This document provides an overview of colloid science. It defines colloids as mixtures of two phases where one component is dispersed as nanometer- to micrometer-sized particles. The document then classifies and describes the structural characteristics of colloidal systems. It discusses several preparation and purification methods for colloids before explaining the stability of colloidal dispersions. The document concludes by outlining some common applications of colloids in areas like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paint, and rubber production.
Similar to An Experimental Enquiry into The Growth of Mordenite Nanocrystals Sans Seed Addition (20)
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
An Experimental Enquiry into The Growth of Mordenite Nanocrystals Sans Seed Addition
1. An Experimental Enquiry into The Growth
of Mordenite Nanocrystals Sans Seed
Addition
Mohammad Hassnain 3/1/17
Material Science and
Nanotechnology
2. 1
Abstract
The importance of porous materials with very small crystal diameter is immensely increased
because of their large range of applications in our daily life. Mordenite falls in the category
which is a microporous, synthetic zeolite with an ideal unit cell composition of Na8. (AlO2)8.
(SiO2)40. nH2O or Na8Al8Si40O96.nH2O and a lot of work is going on its synthesis according to
its application.
But we have mainly focused on Mordenite synthesis in nanosize without adding seed and
incorporating its effect on Mordenite morphology by comparing with standard Mordenite.
Synthesis of Mordenite nanocrystals was mainly divided into three steps. The first step covered
the procedure for preparation of gel without adding seed. The gel is then converted into raw
Mordenite under hydrothermal conditions in the second step. Finally, in third step raw Mordenite
product is recovered into pure Mordenite crystals by applying washing with distilled water and
drying techniques. The effect of sans adding seed and distilled water in the sample is then
studied with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Vast range of laboratorial and industrial applications of Mordenite are summarized into three
major uses. These includes the use of Mordenite as a catalyst, as an adsorbent and as an ion
exchanging sieve. Other uses of Mordenite are also discussed.
3. 2
Table of Contents
Chapter 1......................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Definition of Zeolite:......................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Mordenite definition by type and classifications............................................................... 4
1.3 Structure............................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Types and properties of zeolites:....................................................................................... 7
1.5 Classifications.................................................................................................................... 7
1.6 Occurrences: ...................................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Mordenite and Price Group/economy: .............................................................................. 9
Chapter 2....................................................................................................................................... 10
Synthesis.................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Chemical Reactions and their conditions: ....................................................................... 10
2.2 Procedure:........................................................................................................................ 10
2.3 Flow Sheet ....................................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Results and Discussions: ................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 3....................................................................................................................................... 17
Applications .............................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Catalysis: ......................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Adsorption:...................................................................................................................... 17
3.3 Ion Exchange:.................................................................................................................. 18
3.4 Other Uses: ...................................................................................................................... 18
References..................................................................................................................................... 19
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 20
4. 3
Chapter 1
Introduction
Since the last century, material chemistry is not only a very broad subject to study and research
but also represents an extremely important and applicable field to everyday life.
Scientists are now focusing on research, synthesis and development of ‘Sponge-like’ porous
material which is one of the most important class of material chemistry.
These materials are also well known as ‘Molecular sieves’ in the literature.
The term ‘Molecular sieve’ is generally used for the materials which have small pores and which
may not necessarily be uniform. The examples of molecular sieves include zeolites, porous
glasses or certain type of carbons.
Since the activity and effectiveness of porous materials is enhanced as the amount of surface area
increases, Thus the most important factor in these materials is the surface area. That is why
nowadays the study and research of these materials is largely dominated by development and
enhancement of pores of these materials.
One of these materials is known as zeolite and a large amount of work is going on its
development.
1.1 Definition of Zeolite:
"A zeolite is an aluminosilicate with a tetrahedral framework structure enclosing cavities
occupied by large cations and water molecules, both of which have considerable freedom
of movement, permitting cation exchange and reversible dehydration".
Chemically zeolites have molecular formula of M ·nAlO2·SiO2· H2O.
Where M is the charge compensating metal (It may be sodium, potassium or calcium), n and
represents the number of moles of AlO2 and SiO2 respectively and must be greater than n
(since according to Lowenstein rule, Al-O-Al bond is not permitted in the zeolite or AlO2
tetrahedral never share same oxygen ion in the framework thus Al-O-Al is not permitted in a
zeolite) and is the number of moles of water.
There are six main classes of silicate minerals if divided mineralogically and aluminosilacate
belongs to one of its class known as tectosilicates.
Tectosilicates represents a three dimensional infinite structure of SiO2 and AlO2 in which oxygen
ion is shared by neighboring tetrahedral as shown below.
5. 4
Fig 1.1: Aluminosilicate framework of zeolites [1]
The zeolite group of minerals are obtained when tectosilicates are subdivided into several
groups.
Cations such as sodium, calcium or potassium neutralizes the negative charge incorporated by
aluminum as AlO2 tetrahedral in the above structure of aluminosilicate. The arrangement and
position of silicon and aluminum in the structure is determined by Lowenstein rule as discussed
earlier.
The ions of silicon, aluminum and oxygen in the aluminosilicate framework constitute the radii
of 0.39Ao
, 0.57Ao
and 1.35Ao
respectively. Thus the four surrounding oxygen ions form a cavity
due to dense tetrahedral geometry in which both silicon and aluminum can neatly fit.
A three dimensional aluminosilicate skeleton having cages is formed by a crystallographic
arrangement of SiO2 and AlO2 tetrahedral. These cages are then connected through windows and
as a result a pore system is formed with a diameter depending upon the type of molecular sieve.
These pores are filled with water in case of inactivated molecular sieve and upon driving the
water out of the sieve, a highly porous crystal is obtained which can adsorb any guest molecule
but the guest molecule must be small enough to enter the pore system. At low aluminum content
or at silica to alumina ratio higher than 3, molecular sieves are stable in aqueous solution in a PH
range of 5 to 12 and can withstand stronger acid solutions and strong heating without structural
collapse.
Desorption of adsorbed molecule is possible by increasing the temperature, lowering the
pressure, or by washing for the displacement by another molecule.
1.2 Mordenite definition by type and classifications
Mordenite is a microporous, synthetic zeolite with an ideal unit cell composition of Na8.
(AlO2)8. (SiO2)40. nH2O or Na8Al8Si40O96.nH2O and a structure refined in the cmcm space
group.
Where the value of n is reported as 24 in some books.
1.3 Structure
The dimensions of sodium Mordenite unit cell is described as:
6. 5
a: 18.121 Ao
b: 20.517 Ao
c: 7.544 Ao
The most common structure of Mordenite is needle like orthorhombic crystal with c direction
elongation.
The morphology of Mordenite can be discussed by two pore channels of micro pore system of
Mordenite:
1)The pore channel which runs parallel to the c-axis (6.7 × 7.0 Ao
). This is elliptical in shape.
2) The pore channel which runs parallel to the b-axis (2.6 × 5.7 Ao
).
Model based on skeletal tetrahedral with silicon and aluminum in the centers is shown below.
In this model, twelve oxygen ions form the elliptical windows which give access to each pore
section.
Fig 1.2: Structure of Modernite [2]
Line drawn showing wall of pore and four side pocket only. In this structure all large diameter
pores run parallel. Eight membered rings having a free diameter of 2.2 Ao
are interconnected by
these large diameter pores. Thus it is assumed generally that except very small molecule like
water can be able to diffuse through these pores. Pockets with four sides and two on each side
are formed by eight membered rings having a minimum of 3.9Ao
as a free diameter. However,
7. 6
natural Mordenite shown in figure 1.3 with an effective pore diameter of 4.0Ao
or higher are
synthesized to widen the pores by chemical treatment thus can adsorb large molecule too.
Fig 1.3: Structure of natural Modernite [3]
8. 7
1.4 Types and properties of zeolites:
Although many types of zeolites have been synthesized and their properties are discussed in the
literature, however only six most important zeolites are discussed through a table shown as
follows:
Table 1.1: Properties of Zeolites [4]
Types of sieve Origin
Natural/Synt
hetic
Typical
Si/Al ratio
No. of O-ions
forming
windows
Apertures as
obtained from
X-ray data
assuming an
oxygen radius
of 1.35 Ao
(Ao)
Water
adsorption
Capacity
(gram of
water/100gra
ms of
activated
sieve)
A
Chabazite
Erionite
Mordenite
X
Y
Synthetic
Natural
Natural
Synthetic
Synthetic
Synthetic
1
2
3
5
1.2
2.5
8
8
8
12
12
12
4.1
3.6x3.7
3.6x5.2
6.7x7.0
7.4
7.4
29
30
21
15
33
33
In this report we will mainly discuss about Mordenite zeolite.
Most Mordenites are synthetic in origin with a typical silicon to aluminum (Si/Al) ratio of 5. But
Mordenite with silicon to aluminum (Si/Al) ratio of about 8 is prepared in this report. This ratio
can be varied through chemical treatment depending upon need. As discussed in structure that
number of oxygen ions forming windows is 12. Synthetic Mordenite has a minimum aperture of
6.7Ao
and maximum aperture of 7.0Ao
. This data is obtained from X-ray data while assuming the
radius of oxygen as 1.35Ao
. The water adsorbent capacity of Mordenite lies in between zeolite
Erionite and zeolite X that is 15 grams of water adsorbed per 100 grams of Mordenite.
1.5 Classifications
1.5.1 Classification on the basis of diameter of pore opening:
This classification of porous material is given by the International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) depending upon the diameter of pore opening of porous material.
According to this classifications, porous materials are divided into three categories:
1- Microporous Materials: Materials having pore diameter less than 20Ao
.
2- Mesoporous Materials: Materials with pore diameter between 20Ao
-500Ao
.
9. 8
3- Macroporous Materials: Materials having pore diameter greater than 500Ao
.
Mordenite zeolite falls in the category of microporous materials, as most of the natural and
synthetic Mordenite zeolites have average pore size less than 20Ao
.
1.5.2 Classification on the basis of origin:
In various books and literature porous materials are also divided on the basis of origin.
According to this division porous zeolites are categories into:
1- Natural Zeolites
2- Synthetic Zeolites
As discussed in the properties of porous materials or molecular sieves that Mordenite zeolite
have synthetic origin. However natural deposits of Mordenite zeolite are also found in form of
composites having Mordenite mixed with other naturally occurring zeolites such as AW 300
which is the mixture of clinoptilolite and Mordenite.
1.6 Occurrences:
1.6.1 Natural Occurrence:
Natural deposits of Mordenite is found in basalt in composite form. Some natural traces of
Mordenite are also found in volcanic tuff in United States and in New Zealand, Japan, East
Africa and Canada. A 5×106
tons of natural deposits of Mordenite have been found with some
non-zeolite impurities in united states. Union Carbide Corporation and the Norton Company
supply natural molecular sieves including Mordenite to meet the requirements. Also several
mineral houses provide various types of molecular sieves including Mordenite on demand.
1.6.2 Synthetic Sources:
Synthetic zeolites are prepared and can be found from the following industries:
Industry Name Location
Union Carbide Corporation (Linde Division) United States
The Norton Company United States
The Davison Chemical Company United States
The Farbenfabrik Bayer West Germany
The Ceca Company and Pechiney France
Peter Spence and Sons Ltd England
Uetikon Switzerland
10. 9
Synthetic molecular sieves including Mordenite zeolites are also manufactured in Eastern Europe
and in some territories of Russian Federation.
1.7 Mordenite and Price Group/economy:
The price of Mordenite is dependent on various factors including pore size, diameter, type of
charge compensating metal and the quality of manufacturing company. Generally, the price
range of most common synthetic sieve is from 5.6 US dollars (PRs 587.048) to 33.6 US dollars
(PRs 3522.288) per kg.
11. 10
Chapter 2
Synthesis
There are many methods developed for the preparation of Mordenite zeolite depending upon the
type of transition metal and solvent used, crystal size, crystal shape and applications.
We have adopted a method which ensures the minimum crystals size and maximum crystallinity
of Mordenite zeolite from a source [5]
. But the Mordenite we have prepared in this report has
following changes:
In this method we have used distilled water instead of double deionized water (DDW).
Mordenite seed is not added in the sample.
The procedure covering all the aspects of synthesis of Mordenite zeolite including chemical
reaction and its conditions, procedure, schematic diagram, explanation and product recovery is
discussed below:
2.1 Chemical Reactions and their conditions:
The chemical reactions involved for the synthesis of Mordenite zeolite is as follows:
SiO2(S) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SiO3(aq) + H2O(liq) Beaker A (Overnight Stirring at Ambient Conditions)
2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 2H2O(liq) → 2NaAlO2(aq) + 3H2(g)↑Beaker B (Overnight Stirring at Ambient Conditions)
Na2SiO3(aq) + NaAlO2(aq) → AlNaSi2O6.nH2O Beaker C (One Hour Stirring at Ambient Conditions)
AlNaSi2O6.nH2O ↔ Na8Al8Si40O96.nH2O Autoclave (Hydrothermal Conditions:150o
C and 24 hours Stirring)
2.2 Procedure:
Synthesis of Mordenite is divided into three major sections:
2.2.1 Step 1
Preparation of Gel:
In this step two beakers have been taken with names as beaker A and beaker B. Mordenite with
the smallest crystal diameter was optimized to have following compositions of material in beaker
A and beaker B.
Beaker A:
Firstly 10.00 grams of distilled water was taken and then 0.84 grams of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and 5.60 grams of silica gel (SiO2) were added in the beaker. The beaker was covered
12. 11
with aluminum foil and was stirred overnight with the help of magnetic stirrer assembly.
Sodium silicate was formed in this beaker at the end.
Beaker B:
At the same time solution B was prepared by taking 0.70 grams of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) and
0.30 grams of aluminum (Al) in 5.00 grams of distilled water. The solution was also covered
with aluminum foil and allowed to stir overnight. But in this case aluminum foil must be opened
by making small holes in it to vent off hydrogen gas. In this beaker sodium aluminate was
formed at the end.
Beaker C:
Solution C was made by adding solution B in solution A. But Just before mixing, 12.00 grams
and 16.80 grams of distilled water were added in beaker A and beaker B respectively.
The resultant solution is then allowed to stir for about 1 hour and a gel type mixture is formed at
the end.
2.2.2 Step 2
Nucleation of Mordenite:
A gel type sodium aluminum silicate solution made in beaker C was then shifted in Teflon lined
autoclave.
The autoclave was then shifted in conventional oven to give favorable environment for proper
nucleation of Mordenite crystals without seed under hydrothermal conditions
(Temperature:150o
C and residence time:24 hours).
Important Note:
Safety must be considered while using autoclave under such hydrothermal conditions.
Autoclave must be Teflon lined to avoid corrosion due to highly basic solution.
Pressure in autoclave was calculated and material of construction and volume of
autoclave was then selected.
2.2.3 Step 3
Recovery of Mordenite crystals:
Resultant solution with impurities was then centrifuged in which the crystals and clumps
of Mordenite were separated on the basis of density from water containing impurities like
NaOH, traces of aluminum and compounds of sodium.
Crystals of Mordenite in the form of clumps with some entrained water was filtered with
ordinary filter paper.
13. 12
The product was then washed with distilled water. Washing is necessary for optimizing
PH of product below 9, as the entrained water contains major quantity of NaOH. This
process was time consuming and took about three hours.
Then the resultant washed product was dried in conventional oven, which was operated at
100o
C. Drying process was carried out overnight for proper drying.
The dried Mordenite crystals from oven were cooled at room temperature to obtain fine
crystals of Mordenite with required crystal diameter in nanometers.
15. 14
2.4 Results and Discussions:
The crystals of Mordenite are characterized by using the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD)
and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results are discussed below.
2.4.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
The X-ray diffraction technique is widely used for determining the crystal structure and for phase
identification.
Fig 2.2: XRD pattern of: (a)Referred Mordenite [5]
(b) Standard Mordenite [5]
(c) Mordenite
Prepared as per procedure in this report.
As shown above the XRD results of Mordenite prepared according to the procedure adopted in
this report almost matches the referred and standard XRD results of Mordenite found in the
referred source [6]
. The variation in peaks shows some extra impurities in the sample and the
irregularities and noises show that the sample has some amorphous characteristics. This is
because the seed is not added in the preparation of Mordenite and thus the crystals are less likely
to be made. Peaks at 2theta of almost 14o
,20o
,22o
,24o
, 27o
,29o
and 36o
shows the crystalline
16. 15
nature of sample. Peaks are not so much clear and abrupt as in referred and standard XRD results
which shows less nucleation rate and crystal growth.
The average diameter of the pore davg can be obtained from Bragg’s Equation as:
2davg sinθavg = mλ
Where,
m= Any Positive Integer = 1 (in this case for example)
λ= Wavelength of X-rays = 1.54×10-10
meters
θavg = 13.232o
(obtained from experimental peak data of XRD)
Putting the values in above equation we have:
davg= Average diameter of the pore = 33.646nm
2.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Another technique adopted for observing the visual characteristics of Mordenite crystals or its
morphology is the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM results of prepared Mordenite
conjugated with standard and reference Mordenite are shown in figure 2.3.
Figure 2.3 (a) elaborates the needle like morphology of Mordenite crystals at an optical zoom of
500nm. And in figure 2.3 (c), at an optical zoom of 50µm although the structure of crystals is not
clear and sharp but roughly it can be seen that the whole figure contains very small irregular
crystals bonded with small impurities and large size clumps. In figure 2.3 (b) somehow a clearer
image can be seen at an optical zoom of 10µm with more details of structure. As seed is not
added in the prepared sample so it results in an irregular crystal growth. Distilled water is used
for sample preparation instead of double deionized water (DDW) so impurities might be present
in the sample.
17. 16
Fig 2.3: SEM result of: (a) Standard Mordenite [6]
, (b) and (c) Mordenite Prepared at an
optical zoom of 10 µm and 50 µm respectively.
18. 17
Chapter 3
Applications
A wide variety of applications of Mordenite have been reported on laboratory and industrial
scale. Since the effectiveness of Mordenite is directly dependent on its surface area and pore size
so its microscopic study has revealed its tremendous applications in various fields. These
applications include its advantages in nanochemistry, electrochemistry, photochemistry, super
molecular catalysis and optoelectronics. These applications can be summarized as follows:
3.1 Catalysis:
Mordenite is widely used as a catalyst for various important reactions like alkylation,
hydrocracking, dewaxing, hydro isomerization, production of dimethyl amines and reforming
due to its high acidic and thermal stability.
Catalytic activity can be enhanced by making the pore size more and more smaller. As the pore
size is decreased, the Mordenite zeolite give more surface and contact area for the reactants.
Thus it helps to decrease the activation energy and results in fast rate of reaction. Therefore, due
to high activity and high stability, Mordenite is the best replacement with conventional cracking
catalyst. That is why in United States more than ninety percent (90%) refinery industry uses
Mordenite and other same type of molecular sieves.
3.2 Adsorption:
The nano-sized Mordenite is used as an adsorbent due to less diffusional limitations. As the size
of crystal is decreased, the surface area is increased and the reactant species will now diffuse
more. So as the size of Mordenite is decreased, its adsorption capacity is enhanced.
Thus an excellent separation can be achievable as the small molecules are selectively entered in
the pores with less diffusional limitations.
Therefore, it is widely used in laboratory as well as in industry for the adsorptive separation of
gases or liquid mixtures. For example, it is used for selective adsorption of branched and
unbranched paraffins to upgrade certain petrol fractions and for the exhaustive drying of gases
and liquids
It is also used in industry for the adsorption of permanent reactive, volatile and harmful
components from gases. For example, the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from natural gas
and removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from exhaust gasses. Mordenite, in all the adsorption
applications, acts as an inert carrier which can be recovered by heating and by displacement of
another adsorbent such as water.
19. 18
3.3 Ion Exchange:
Mordenite is used as a high capacity ion exchanging sieve in various industries and plants. The
major applications include the recovery of radioactive ions from the waste stream and the
purification of water by ion exchange method.
3.4 Other Uses:
Other uses include the wide applications in nonlinear optics, semiconductors and chemical
sensors. It is also used in the production of thin film fibers and self-standing membrane.
20. 19
References
[1] D.P.Roelofsen, Molecular Sieve Zeolites-Properties and Applications in Organic Synthesis,
London, 1972, p. 12.
[2] D.P.Roelofsen, Molecular Sieve Zeolites-Properties and Applications in Organic Synthesis,
London, 1972, p. 20.
[3] D.P.Roelofsen, Molecular Sieve Zeolites-Properties and Applications in Organic Synthesis,
London, 1972, p. 20.
[4] D.P.Roelofsen, Molecular Sieve Zeolites-Properties and Applications in Organic Synthesis,
London, 1972, p. 16.
[5] B. O.Hincapie, "Synthesis of mordenite nanocrystals," Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials, p. 21, 2003.
[6] B. O.Hincapie, "Synthesis of mordenite nanocrystals," Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials, p. 23, 2003.
21. 20
Bibliography
www.sciencedirect.com, Synthesis of mordenite nanocrystals, Microporous and
Mesoporous Materials 67 (2004) 19–26.
Yongrui Wang, Xiaomei Jia, Xuhong Mu, Xingtian Shu, direct synthesis of high-silica
mordenite with small crystal size, State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Material and
Reaction Engineering.
Dirk pieter roelofsen, Molecular sieve zeolites properties and applications in organic
synthesis.
Sean M. Solberg, Synthesis and characterization of new mesoporous materials and their
application in catalysis and adsorption, October, 2008.
K. Shiokawa, M. Ito, K. Itabashi, Zeolites 9 (1989) 170.
T. Sano, S. Wakabayashi, Y. Oumi, T. Uozumi, Micropor.Mesopor. Mater. 46 (2001) 67.
A.A. Shaikh, P.N. Joshi, N.E. Jacob, V.P. Shiralkar, Zeolites 13(1993) 511.
P.K. Bajpai, Zeolites 6 (1986) 2.
H.K. Beyer, I.M. Belenykaja, I.W. Mishin, G. Borbely, in: P.A. Jacobs, N.I. Jaeger, P.
Jiru, V.B.
Kazansky, G. Schulz-Ekloff(Eds.), Structure and Reactivity of Modified Zeolites,
Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984, p. 133.
I. Schmidt, C. Madsen, C.J.H. Jacobsen, Inorg. Chem. 39 (2000)2279.
Liu Guanhua, He Mingyuan, Shu Xingtian, Zuo Lihua, Gao yang, CN 1154341A, (1997)
R.W. Thompson, H.G. Karge, J. Weitkamp, Molecular Sieves, Science and Technology,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998.
E.N. Coker, J.C. Jansen, in: H.G. Karge, J. Weitkamp (Eds.), Molecular Sieves, Science
and Technology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998.
K. Shiokawa, M. Ito, K. Itabashi, Zeolites 9 (1989) 170.
F. Haimidi, R. Dutartre, F. diRenzo, A. Bengueddach, F. Fajula,
in: Proceedings of the 12th International Zeolite Conference 3
(1999) 1803.
T. Sano, S. Wakabayashi, Y. Oumi, T. Uozumi, Micropor.
Mesopor. Mater. 46 (2001) 67.
A.A. Shaikh, P.N. Joshi, N.E. Jacob, V.P. Shiralkar, Zeolites 13
(1993) 511.
J.E. Gilbert, A. Mosset, Mater. Res. Bull. 33 (1998) 997.
I. Schmidt, C. Madsen, C.J.H. Jacobsen, Inorg. Chem. 39 (2000)
2279.
S. Mintova, V. Valtchev, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 125 (1999) 141.
G. Zhu, S. Qiu, J. Yu, Y. Sakamoto, F. Xiao, R. Xu, O. Terasaki,
Chem. Mater. 10 (1998) 1483.
G.J. Kim, W.S. Ahn, Zeolites 11 (1991) 745.
22. 21
J. Warzywoda, A.G. Dixon, R.W. Thompson, A. Sacco Jr.,
S.L. Suib, Zeolites 16 (1996) 125.
Y. Zhang, Z. Xu, Q. Chen, J. Memb. Sci. 210 (2002) 361.
T. Selvam, W. Schwieger, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 142A (2002)
407.
H.P. Klug, L.E. Alexander, X-ray Diffraction Procedures for
Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials, Wiley-Interscience,
New York, 1974, p. 540.
R. Szostak, Molecular Sieves, Principles of Synthesis and Identification, 2nd ed., Blackie
Academic and Professional, London,
1998, p. 290.
J.I. Langford, J.C. Wilson, J. Appl. Cryst. 11 (1978) 102.
B.E. Warren, X-ray Diffraction, Adisson-Wesley, Massachusetts,
1998, p. 251.
B.O. Hincapie et al. / Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 67 (2004) 19–26 25
H. Lechert, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 40 (2000) 181.