A comprehensive birds eye view of catalysis in green chemistry. Includes descriptions of photocatalysis,zeolites and nanoparticles as efficient green catalysts.A simple and crisp presentation with minimum words and alot of figures and colors.
more chemistry contents are available
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photo redox reactions
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
photo redox reactions
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) SpectroscopyHaris Saleem
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Also called EPR Spectroscopy
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Non-destructive technique
Applications
Extensively used in transition metal complexes
Deviated geometries in crystals
Phosphine as ligand by Dr Geeta TewariGeeta Tewari
This presentation describes about the nature of phosphine ligands, bonding and reactions of metal phosphine containing complexes. Also explains the similarity and differences of phosphine ligand with NH3 and CO ligands.
Flash photolysis and Shock tube method PRUTHVIRAJ K
In 1967 the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish for their co-discovery of Flash photolysis in 1949.
Flash photolysis is used to extensively to study reactions that happen extremely quickly, even down to the femtosecond depending on the laser that is used. The technique was born out of cameras developed during and shorty after WWII, which were used to take pictures of fast moving planes, rockets and Missiles.
Since then the technology of laser and optics has progressed allowing faster and faster reactions to be studied.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
Ionic Liquids : Green solvents for the futureMrudang Thakor
Ionic Liquids are entirely made up of Ions also known as Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs).
They are in demand because of their unmatchable uses and applications in the field of chemistry.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
1. What is the steady state approximation
2.Definition of Steady state approximation
3. In Chemical kinetics in steady state state approximation
4. Mechanism involving in steady state approximation
5. rate of formation, using steady state approximation plot
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) SpectroscopyHaris Saleem
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Also called EPR Spectroscopy
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Non-destructive technique
Applications
Extensively used in transition metal complexes
Deviated geometries in crystals
Phosphine as ligand by Dr Geeta TewariGeeta Tewari
This presentation describes about the nature of phosphine ligands, bonding and reactions of metal phosphine containing complexes. Also explains the similarity and differences of phosphine ligand with NH3 and CO ligands.
Flash photolysis and Shock tube method PRUTHVIRAJ K
In 1967 the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish for their co-discovery of Flash photolysis in 1949.
Flash photolysis is used to extensively to study reactions that happen extremely quickly, even down to the femtosecond depending on the laser that is used. The technique was born out of cameras developed during and shorty after WWII, which were used to take pictures of fast moving planes, rockets and Missiles.
Since then the technology of laser and optics has progressed allowing faster and faster reactions to be studied.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
Ionic Liquids : Green solvents for the futureMrudang Thakor
Ionic Liquids are entirely made up of Ions also known as Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs).
They are in demand because of their unmatchable uses and applications in the field of chemistry.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
1. What is the steady state approximation
2.Definition of Steady state approximation
3. In Chemical kinetics in steady state state approximation
4. Mechanism involving in steady state approximation
5. rate of formation, using steady state approximation plot
Reduced graphene oxide–CuO nanocomposites for photocatalyticconversion of CO2...Pawan Kumar
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–copper oxide nanocomposites are prepared by covalent grafting of CuOnanorods on the rGO skeleton. Chemical and structural features of rGO–CuO nanocomposites are probedby FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Photocatalytic potential of rGO–CuO nanocomposites is exploredfor reduction of CO2into the methanol under the visible light irradiation. The breadth of CuO nanorods andthe oxidation state of Cu in the rGO–CuO/Cu2O nanocomposites are systematically varied to investigatetheir photocatalytic activities. The pristine CuO nanorods exhibited very low photocatalytic activity owingto fast recombination of charge carriers and yielded 175 mol g−1methanol, whereas rGO–Cu2O andrGO–CuO exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic activities and yielded five (862 mol g−1) andseven (1228 mol g−1) folds methanol, respectively. The superior photocatalytic activity of CuO in therGO–CuO nanocomposites was attributed to slow recombination of charge carriers and efficient transferof photo-generated electrons through the rGO skeleton. This study further excludes the use of scavengingdonor.
Reduced graphene oxide–CuO nanocomposites for photocatalyticconversion of CO2...Pawan Kumar
tReduced graphene oxide (rGO)–copper oxide nanocomposites are prepared by covalent grafting of CuOnanorods on the rGO skeleton. Chemical and structural features of rGO–CuO nanocomposites are probedby FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Photocatalytic potential of rGO–CuO nanocomposites is exploredfor reduction of CO2into the methanol under the visible light irradiation. The breadth of CuO nanorods andthe oxidation state of Cu in the rGO–CuO/Cu2O nanocomposites are systematically varied to investigatetheir photocatalytic activities. The pristine CuO nanorods exhibited very low photocatalytic activity owingto fast recombination of charge carriers and yielded 175 mol g−1methanol, whereas rGO–Cu2O andrGO–CuO exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic activities and yielded five (862 mol g−1) andseven (1228 mol g−1) folds methanol, respectively. The superior photocatalytic activity of CuO in therGO–CuO nanocomposites was attributed to slow recombination of charge carriers and efficient transferof photo-generated electrons through the rGO skeleton. This study further excludes the use of scavengingdonor.
The concept of Photo catalysis is being incorporated into catalytic converter to increase the efficiency as well
as to reduce the production cost. Conventional converters make use of surface catalyst process using noble
metals like palladium and rhodium. Our concept works based on photo catalytic reactions by Titanium dioxide
and Zinc oxide thereby reducing the NOx emissions and CO emissions. Development of this proposal will reduce
the fabrication cost of catalytic converter as well as lay seeds of foundation for the future of photocatalytic
converters.
Nanostructured composite materials for CO2 activationPawan Kumar
The increasing energy crisis and the worsening global climate caused by the excessive
utilization of the fossil fuel have boosted tremendous research about CO2 capture, storage and
utilization. Among these approaches, utilization of carbon dioxide to produce valuable chemicals
is preferred than dumping it. Particularly, utilization of CO2 as feedstock for the photocatalytic
conversion into valuable products is a viable approach for harvesting solar radiation as an energy
source and to mitigate increasing CO2 concentration. Artificial photosynthesis by using
nanostructured materials as photocatalyst has immense potential to convert carbon dioxide into
renewable fuels such as methanol/CO etc. The present chapter focuses on the synthesis, characterization and application of various nanostructured materials for CO2 activation including
photoreduction of CO2 to valuable products.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. WHAT ARE ZEOLITES
Zeolites, also called molecular sieves, are traditionally referred to as a family of
aluminosilicate materials consisting of orderly distributed micropores in molecular
dimensions.
•In simpler words, they're solids with a relatively open, three-dimensional crystal
structure built from the elements aluminum, oxygen, and silicon, with alkali or alkaline-
Earth metals (such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium) plus water molecules
trapped in the gaps between them.
They have been widely used as highly efficient catalysts, adsorbents, and
ion exchangers in petrochemical industries and in our daily life.
4. ZEOLITES AS GREEN CATALYST
1.BRONSTED ACID
CATALYST
2.LEWIS ACID
CATALYST
3.MULTIFUNCTIONAL
CATALYST
HIGH MELTING
POINT
RESISTANT TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
DON'T DISSOVE
IN WATER
DOESN'T OXIDISE
5. BRONSTED
ACID
CATALYSTS
Bronsted acid sites are highly polarized HYDROXYL GROUPS in zeolite frameworks, which are
very active to many catalytic reactions as proton donors
APPLICATIONS
1.the oil-refining and petrochemical industries.
2.Bronsted acidic zeolites are playing an important role in many processes of biomass
conversion
Bronsted acidic zeolites can be used to catalyze the conversion of microbially produced lactic
acid (LA) into lactide, which is the key building block for biodegradable and renewable polylactic
acid.
The traditional method for lactide synthesis from LA requires a time- and energy-intensive two-
stage process involving polycondensation and transesterification at high temperatures in vacuo.
Moreover, different lengths of LA oligomers form as the side products
6. LEWIS ACID CATALYST
Besides Brønsted acid sites, substituting Si atoms in zeolite frameworks
with tetrahedrally coordinated Ti, Sn, or Zr atoms can produce Lewis acid
sites, which can accept electron pairs from guest molecules, facilitating
many biomass conversion processes
Traditional strategies for production of diacids and diesters from biomass-
derived molecules suffered from poor selectivity and inefficient carbon
utilization. With zeolites Sn-, Zr-, and Hf-beta as the
catalysts, ethyl pyruvate was condensed into diethyl 2-methyl-4-oxopent-2-
enedioate and diethyl 2-methylene-4-oxopentanedioate. In particular, Zr-
and Hf-beta exhibited the best catalytic performance, giving the highest
ethyl pyruvate conversions (>80%) with comparable selectivities (>64%)
toward diesters.
7. MULTIFUNCTIONAL CATALYST
The transformation of biomass into chemicals and fuels often undergoes multistep
reactions, each of which might require a distinct catalyst. Zeolite catalysts can be fine-
tuned with combined active sites to allow multistep reactions occurring in a “one-pot”
way.
For instance, zeolite Sn-Al-beta contains both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites because
of the presence of both tetrahedral AlIII and SnIV, respectively, which can be used for the
cooperative catalysis of multistep conversion of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone into ethyl lactate
. During this multistep reaction, the Brønsted AlIII acid sites accelerated the dehydration
of dihydroxyacetone to form pyruvic aldehyde, and the Lewis SnIV acid sites catalyzed
the hydride shift of pyruvic aldehyde into ethyl lactate with ethanol.
9. Environmental pollution and destruction on a global scale have drawn attention to the
vital need for totally new environmentally friendly, clean chemical technologies and
processes, the most important challenge facing chemical scientists in the field of green
chemistry. Strong contenders as environmentally harmonious catalysts are photocatalysts
that operate at room temperature and in a clean manner, while applications of such safe
photocatalytic systems are urgently desired for the purification of polluted water, the
decomposition of offensive atmospheric odors as well as toxins, the fixation of CO2, and
the decomposition of NOx and chlorofluorocarbons on a huge global scale.
One of the most ideal catalytic processes is the so-called ‘
artificial photosynthesis’which
has the potential to realize safe and clean chemical processes and systems with the use
of limitless solar energy
10. ADVANTAGES
, TiO2 is the most attractive due to its low cost
Availability
high photocatalytic reactivity
chemical stability
LIMITATION
TiO2 has a large bandgap with an absorption edge in UV regions shorter than 380 nm
TiO2 semiconductors absorb only 3–4% of the solar light that reaches the Earth
11.
12. Working
semiconducting metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO and Fe2O3 are known to act as sensitizers for light-
induced redox processes due to their unique electronic structure characterized by a filled valence band
and an empty conduction band
when semiconducting metal oxide absorbs a photon having an energy larger than its bandgap, an
electron is promoted from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving a hole
The holes in the valence band act as powerful oxidants, while the electrons in the conduction band are
good reductants
When the TiO2 is irradiated by UV light (l < 380 nm) in water, H+ is reduced to H2 by the photo-formed
electrons, while OH is oxidized to OH radicals by the photo-formed holes to produce O2 through
several reaction steps. In this way, TiO2 can decompose water into H2 and O2
It should be noted that the irradiation of vacuum UV light (l < 165 nm) is necessary for the direct
photolysis of water molecules into H2 and O2 [1–6].
On the other hand, when TiO2 is irradiated by UV light in the presence of air and reactant molecules
such as organic compounds in water, the photo-formed electrons react with O2 to form O2 , while OH
is oxidized into OH q radicals. The oxygen radicals formed can easily react with the organic
compounds, decomposing them into CO2 and H2O
13. Direct Photocatalytic Decomposition of
NO into N2 and O2
When the TiO2 photocatalyst is irradiated by UV light in the presence of NO in
atmospheric conditions, NO is oxidized into NO2 and then further oxidized into NO3 .
This NO3 species on the TiO2 surface can be removed as HNO3 by water in the form
of, for example, raindrops
14. MODIFICATION FOR
TiO2 PHOTOCATALYST
A modification of the electronic properties of Ti/zeolite photocatalysts by bombarding
them with high-energy metal ions led to the discovery that metal ion implantation with
various transition metal ions such as V and Cr, accelerated by high electric fields, can
produce a large shift in the absorption band toward visible light regions
16. WHY DO WE NEED NANO-
CATALYSIS?
Homogeneous
catalysts
Cumbersome
purification process
Difficulty in recovery
and recycling
Expensive
Heterogeneous
catalysts
Reduced contacts
between catalyst
and substrates
Inferior catalytic
performance
compared to
homogeneous
catalysts
Leaching of active
species
17. PROPERTIES OF
NANOCATALYSTS
Nano size ie,high surface area
Contact between reactants and
catalysts increases dramatically
Mimicking homogeneous catalysts
Insoluble in reaction solvent
Tailormade physical and chemical
properties
18. APPLICATIONS OF NANOCATALYSTS
Biomass gasification to produce high syn gas and biomass pyrolysis for production of bio-oil
Process Improvements: • Novel Al2O3 supported NiO catalyst reduces tar yield significantly and
increases tar removal efficiency to 99% • Significant increase in gas yield • Lighter fractions of H2 & CO
are increased in the syn gas composition while heavier fractions of CH4 & CO are reduced, thus
improving syn gas quality
Catalyst: Nano NiO catalyst supported on γ- Al2O3 microspheres of 3 mm size (Johnson Mathey
Company, greater than 99% purity)
Application: Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil
Process Improvements: • Esterification of fatty acids (FFAs) and transesterification of triglycerides to
biodiesel in one pot • Solid acid nanocatalysis of Al0.9H0.3PW12O40 nanotubes with double acid sites
yield 96% of biodiesel from waste cooking oil as compared to 42.6% with conventional
H3PW12O40 catalyst Catalyst: Aluminium dodeca-tungsto-phosphate (Al0.9H0.3PW12O40) nanotubes
as solid catalysts with surface area of 278 m2/g