The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material composed of glass powder and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. It sets via an acid-base reaction between the glass and acid. The cement is used for various applications like luting, restorations, liners, and sealants. It bonds chemically to tooth structure through an ion exchange mechanism. The cement continues to mature over time, increasing in strength and resistance to moisture as the setting reaction progresses in the first 24 hours.
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental restorative material. It consists of a powder made of glass particles containing fluoride and an acidic liquid such as polyacrylic acid. The powder and liquid react via an acid-base reaction during setting to form the cement. The cement releases fluoride over time and bonds chemically to tooth structure. It has advantages such as fluoride release, adhesion to tooth, and biocompatibility, though it is more brittle than dental composites. Many variations of glass ionomer cement have since been developed.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Glass ionomer cement was introduced in 1970 as a tooth-colored luting and restorative material. It bonds chemically to enamel and dentine, is esthetic, and releases fluoride over time which is anticariogenic. However, glass ionomer cement is also brittle and susceptible to erosion and wear. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing calcium, aluminum, and fluoride ions to cross-link with polyacrylic acid chains and form the cement matrix. The set cement has unreacted glass particles embedded in a hydrated calcium/aluminum polyacrylate gel. It is important to protect the sensitive cement from moisture during setting for 24 hours to allow full hardening.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass and polyacrylic acid. It has several advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, biocompatibility, and ability to set with minimal cavity preparation. Glass ionomer cement comes in various types and has applications such as restorations, liners, bases, luting agent, and sealant. Its advantages are counterbalanced by some disadvantages like low fracture resistance and initial water sensitivity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Introduction
Classification
Composition
Properties Of GIC
Clinical Application Of GIC & GIC In Endodontics
Contraindication Of GIC
Types Of GIC
Recent Advances
Conclusion
References.
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement (GIC), including its composition, classification, setting mechanism, applications and uses, advantages/disadvantages, and modifications/advancements. Specifically:
- GIC is composed of fluoroalumino silicate glass powder and an ionic polymer of polyacrylic acid. It sets via an acid-base reaction between the glass and polymer.
- GIC is classified based on its powder/liquid ratio and intended use, such as luting cement (Type I), restorative cement (Type II), or lining/base cement (Type III).
- The setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass powder, precipitation of salts, and hydration of
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material composed of glass powder and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. It sets via an acid-base reaction between the glass and acid. The cement is used for various applications like luting, restorations, liners, and sealants. It bonds chemically to tooth structure through an ion exchange mechanism. The cement continues to mature over time, increasing in strength and resistance to moisture as the setting reaction progresses in the first 24 hours.
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental restorative material. It consists of a powder made of glass particles containing fluoride and an acidic liquid such as polyacrylic acid. The powder and liquid react via an acid-base reaction during setting to form the cement. The cement releases fluoride over time and bonds chemically to tooth structure. It has advantages such as fluoride release, adhesion to tooth, and biocompatibility, though it is more brittle than dental composites. Many variations of glass ionomer cement have since been developed.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Glass ionomer cement was introduced in 1970 as a tooth-colored luting and restorative material. It bonds chemically to enamel and dentine, is esthetic, and releases fluoride over time which is anticariogenic. However, glass ionomer cement is also brittle and susceptible to erosion and wear. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing calcium, aluminum, and fluoride ions to cross-link with polyacrylic acid chains and form the cement matrix. The set cement has unreacted glass particles embedded in a hydrated calcium/aluminum polyacrylate gel. It is important to protect the sensitive cement from moisture during setting for 24 hours to allow full hardening.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass and polyacrylic acid. It has several advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, biocompatibility, and ability to set with minimal cavity preparation. Glass ionomer cement comes in various types and has applications such as restorations, liners, bases, luting agent, and sealant. Its advantages are counterbalanced by some disadvantages like low fracture resistance and initial water sensitivity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Introduction
Classification
Composition
Properties Of GIC
Clinical Application Of GIC & GIC In Endodontics
Contraindication Of GIC
Types Of GIC
Recent Advances
Conclusion
References.
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement (GIC), including its composition, classification, setting mechanism, applications and uses, advantages/disadvantages, and modifications/advancements. Specifically:
- GIC is composed of fluoroalumino silicate glass powder and an ionic polymer of polyacrylic acid. It sets via an acid-base reaction between the glass and polymer.
- GIC is classified based on its powder/liquid ratio and intended use, such as luting cement (Type I), restorative cement (Type II), or lining/base cement (Type III).
- The setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass powder, precipitation of salts, and hydration of
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) was developed to combine properties of silicate and polycarboxylate cements. It sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. The setting reaction forms a matrix of hydrated calcium and aluminum polysalts surrounding unreacted glass particles. GIC has advantages like aesthetics, fluoride release, and chemical bonding to tooth structure. However, its early formulations had limitations like opacity, discoloration over time, and moisture sensitivity during setting. Modifications to GIC include resin-modified, cermet, compomer, and giomer to improve properties while maintaining benefits like fluoride release.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that sets via an acid-base reaction between a basic glass powder and an acidic polymer liquid. It was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971 as a tooth-colored alternative to amalgam. Glass ionomer cement adheres well to tooth structure and releases fluoride to help prevent decay. It is used for applications such as luting, lining, filling cavities, and sealing fissures. The material consists of a calcium aluminofluorosilicate glass powder and an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid or other polymers. When mixed, an acid-base reaction occurs where ions are extracted from the glass and migrate into the liquid phase to precipitate as polyan
Glass ionomer cements are tooth-colored materials that bond chemically to dental hard tissues and release fluoride for a relatively long period. They are composed of a powder made of calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. When mixed, the acid in the liquid dissolves the glass particles, releasing ions that crosslink with the polyacid to form a silicate gel matrix. This setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass, precipitation of salts to form the initial set, and hydration of the salts over 24 hours as the cement matures. Glass ionomers bond to tooth structure, are biocompatible, and provide fluoride release, making them useful for restorations and
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material developed in the 1970s. It sets through an acid-base reaction between powdered glass and liquid polyacrylic acid. Glass ionomer cement is used as a liner, base, or restorative material. It bonds chemically to tooth structure and other dental materials. Some advantages are good physical properties, fluoride release, and aesthetic qualities. Some disadvantages include higher cost and solubility in the first 24 hours. It is presented as a powder and liquid that are mixed manually or inside a capsule that is vibrated. Common brands include Fuji, Meron, and Type 1 luting cement.
1. Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored luting and restorative material introduced in 1972 by Wilson and Kent. It consists of a powder made of fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid.
2. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing ions that react with the polyacrylic acid to form the cement. The cement bonds chemically to tooth structure and has beneficial properties like fluoride release and biocompatibility.
3. Over the years, several modifications have been made to glass ionomer cement including resin-modified, metal-modified, water-settable, and giomers to improve properties like strength, working
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement (GIC), including:
1. The history and development of GIC from its invention in 1972 to current modifications.
2. Classifications of GIC based on various criteria such as type, clinical use, and curing method.
3. The composition of GIC including glass powder, polyacrylic acid liquid, and their roles in the setting reaction.
4. Key properties of GIC such as working time, strength, fluoride release, biocompatibility, and indications/contraindications for use.
5. Modifications to traditional GIC including water-hardening and metal-modified versions.
Glass ionomer cement with recent advancements Nadeem Aashiq
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental filling material with adhesive properties and the ability to release fluoride. It consists of a basic glass powder and an acidic polymer liquid that sets through an acid-base reaction. The setting reaction involves the glass particles being broken down by the polyacid, releasing ions like aluminum, calcium, and fluoride that cross-link the polyacid chains. Glass ionomer cement bonds to tooth structure through ionic bonding and can take up fluoride from topical treatments to provide continual fluoride release. It has lower mechanical properties than composites but continues to strengthen over time.
GIC is the Direct Aesthetic restorative material hsving a variety of Applications in Dentistry. Most important properties are F release and chemical bonding with tooth structure. In this presentation Dr Rashid covers all the aspects of GIC.
Recent advances in direct tooth coloured restoration [autosaved]Dr. Asmat Fatima
The document discusses recent advances in direct tooth colored restorative materials. It provides a history of developments including silicate cements in the 1870s, acrylic resins in the 1940s-1950s, and glass ionomer cements developed in the 1970s. It describes the properties and types of esthetic restorative materials including silicate cements, acrylic resins, glass ionomers, composites, and recent advances such as resin-modified glass ionomers, giomers, and nano-composites. Recent advances provide improved esthetics, bonding, and fluoride release while maintaining strength.
This document discusses glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, properties, applications, and mechanisms. Glass ionomer cement is formed from a reaction between glass powder and a polyacrylic acid liquid. It sets rapidly, bonds chemically to tooth structure, and has favorable biocompatibility. Its properties make it useful for applications such as luting, liners, temporary restorations, and sealing pits and fissures.
Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored dental restorative material that chemically binds to tooth structure. It was invented in 1969 and is based on the reaction between silicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid. Glass ionomer cement has several advantages, such as adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, and biocompatibility. However, its disadvantages include low fracture resistance and wear resistance compared to other materials. It is commonly used for restorations, linings, luting, and for its anticariogenic properties with fluoride release.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that uses glass powder and an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid. It has several advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, and continuous fluoride release. Glass ionomer cement has applications as luting agents, restorative materials, liners, and bases. It has adequate physical properties for these uses but is more brittle than other restorative materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Glass ionomer cement has several applications in dentistry. It can be used as a luting agent, for orthodontic brackets, as pit and fissure sealants, as a liner or base, for core buildup, for temporary restorations, and as a permanent restoration in non-stress bearing areas. Glass ionomer cement adheres well to tooth structure, releases fluoride to inhibit caries, and requires minimal cavity preparation, making it useful for restorations in children and in areas without access to advanced dental equipment.
Glass ionomer cements come in several types and modifications. Traditional types include Type I for luting, Type II for restoration, and Type III for liners and bases. Metal-modified types include silver alloy additions for improved strength. Resin-modified versions contain methacrylate monomers for light curing and reduced water sensitivity after setting. Compomers are composite resins that use glass ionomer filler and setting via light curing rather than the acid-base reaction. Giomers incorporate prereacted glass ionomer fillers for immediate fluoride release without water. Modifications aim to improve properties like strength, esthetics, and polymerization methods while maintaining the chemical adhesion and fluoride release of glass ionomers.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored dental restorative material introduced in 1972. It bonds chemically to tooth structure and releases fluoride for a long period. It sets via an acid-base reaction between glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. Glass ionomer cement has properties like adhesion to tooth structure, anticariogenic activity due to fluoride release, and biocompatibility. However, its strength and esthetics are inferior to dental composites. Modifications to glass ionomer cement include resin-modified and metal-modified varieties to improve strength. The sandwich technique combines the benefits of glass ionomer cement with those of composite resin.
The document discusses various types of dental cements. It begins by introducing dental cements and their uses. It then covers the history, ideal properties, and classifications of dental cements. The classifications are based on ingredients and application, bonding mechanism, and setting reaction. Specific cement types discussed in detail include silicate cement, zinc phosphate cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement, zinc oxide eugenol cement, and calcium hydroxide cement. For each cement, the document outlines composition, setting reaction, properties, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses modifications to some cements, such as fluoridated zinc phosphate cement.
This document provides an overview of dental cements. It begins with definitions of dental cements and discusses their history. It describes ideal cement properties and classifications including based on ingredients/application, bonding mechanism, and setting reaction. Specific cement types are then outlined - silicate, zinc phosphate, zinc polycarboxylate, zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and their compositions, reactions, properties and uses. The document provides a detailed comparison of zinc phosphate and zinc polycarboxylate cements. In summary, it is a comprehensive review of different dental cement types, their characteristics and applications.
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) was developed to combine properties of silicate and polycarboxylate cements. It sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. The setting reaction forms a matrix of hydrated calcium and aluminum polysalts surrounding unreacted glass particles. GIC has advantages like aesthetics, fluoride release, and chemical bonding to tooth structure. However, its early formulations had limitations like opacity, discoloration over time, and moisture sensitivity during setting. Modifications to GIC include resin-modified, cermet, compomer, and giomer to improve properties while maintaining benefits like fluoride release.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that sets via an acid-base reaction between a basic glass powder and an acidic polymer liquid. It was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971 as a tooth-colored alternative to amalgam. Glass ionomer cement adheres well to tooth structure and releases fluoride to help prevent decay. It is used for applications such as luting, lining, filling cavities, and sealing fissures. The material consists of a calcium aluminofluorosilicate glass powder and an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid or other polymers. When mixed, an acid-base reaction occurs where ions are extracted from the glass and migrate into the liquid phase to precipitate as polyan
Glass ionomer cements are tooth-colored materials that bond chemically to dental hard tissues and release fluoride for a relatively long period. They are composed of a powder made of calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. When mixed, the acid in the liquid dissolves the glass particles, releasing ions that crosslink with the polyacid to form a silicate gel matrix. This setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass, precipitation of salts to form the initial set, and hydration of the salts over 24 hours as the cement matures. Glass ionomers bond to tooth structure, are biocompatible, and provide fluoride release, making them useful for restorations and
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material developed in the 1970s. It sets through an acid-base reaction between powdered glass and liquid polyacrylic acid. Glass ionomer cement is used as a liner, base, or restorative material. It bonds chemically to tooth structure and other dental materials. Some advantages are good physical properties, fluoride release, and aesthetic qualities. Some disadvantages include higher cost and solubility in the first 24 hours. It is presented as a powder and liquid that are mixed manually or inside a capsule that is vibrated. Common brands include Fuji, Meron, and Type 1 luting cement.
1. Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored luting and restorative material introduced in 1972 by Wilson and Kent. It consists of a powder made of fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid.
2. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing ions that react with the polyacrylic acid to form the cement. The cement bonds chemically to tooth structure and has beneficial properties like fluoride release and biocompatibility.
3. Over the years, several modifications have been made to glass ionomer cement including resin-modified, metal-modified, water-settable, and giomers to improve properties like strength, working
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement (GIC), including:
1. The history and development of GIC from its invention in 1972 to current modifications.
2. Classifications of GIC based on various criteria such as type, clinical use, and curing method.
3. The composition of GIC including glass powder, polyacrylic acid liquid, and their roles in the setting reaction.
4. Key properties of GIC such as working time, strength, fluoride release, biocompatibility, and indications/contraindications for use.
5. Modifications to traditional GIC including water-hardening and metal-modified versions.
Glass ionomer cement with recent advancements Nadeem Aashiq
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental filling material with adhesive properties and the ability to release fluoride. It consists of a basic glass powder and an acidic polymer liquid that sets through an acid-base reaction. The setting reaction involves the glass particles being broken down by the polyacid, releasing ions like aluminum, calcium, and fluoride that cross-link the polyacid chains. Glass ionomer cement bonds to tooth structure through ionic bonding and can take up fluoride from topical treatments to provide continual fluoride release. It has lower mechanical properties than composites but continues to strengthen over time.
GIC is the Direct Aesthetic restorative material hsving a variety of Applications in Dentistry. Most important properties are F release and chemical bonding with tooth structure. In this presentation Dr Rashid covers all the aspects of GIC.
Recent advances in direct tooth coloured restoration [autosaved]Dr. Asmat Fatima
The document discusses recent advances in direct tooth colored restorative materials. It provides a history of developments including silicate cements in the 1870s, acrylic resins in the 1940s-1950s, and glass ionomer cements developed in the 1970s. It describes the properties and types of esthetic restorative materials including silicate cements, acrylic resins, glass ionomers, composites, and recent advances such as resin-modified glass ionomers, giomers, and nano-composites. Recent advances provide improved esthetics, bonding, and fluoride release while maintaining strength.
This document discusses glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, properties, applications, and mechanisms. Glass ionomer cement is formed from a reaction between glass powder and a polyacrylic acid liquid. It sets rapidly, bonds chemically to tooth structure, and has favorable biocompatibility. Its properties make it useful for applications such as luting, liners, temporary restorations, and sealing pits and fissures.
Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored dental restorative material that chemically binds to tooth structure. It was invented in 1969 and is based on the reaction between silicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid. Glass ionomer cement has several advantages, such as adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, and biocompatibility. However, its disadvantages include low fracture resistance and wear resistance compared to other materials. It is commonly used for restorations, linings, luting, and for its anticariogenic properties with fluoride release.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that uses glass powder and an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid. It has several advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, and continuous fluoride release. Glass ionomer cement has applications as luting agents, restorative materials, liners, and bases. It has adequate physical properties for these uses but is more brittle than other restorative materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Glass ionomer cement has several applications in dentistry. It can be used as a luting agent, for orthodontic brackets, as pit and fissure sealants, as a liner or base, for core buildup, for temporary restorations, and as a permanent restoration in non-stress bearing areas. Glass ionomer cement adheres well to tooth structure, releases fluoride to inhibit caries, and requires minimal cavity preparation, making it useful for restorations in children and in areas without access to advanced dental equipment.
Glass ionomer cements come in several types and modifications. Traditional types include Type I for luting, Type II for restoration, and Type III for liners and bases. Metal-modified types include silver alloy additions for improved strength. Resin-modified versions contain methacrylate monomers for light curing and reduced water sensitivity after setting. Compomers are composite resins that use glass ionomer filler and setting via light curing rather than the acid-base reaction. Giomers incorporate prereacted glass ionomer fillers for immediate fluoride release without water. Modifications aim to improve properties like strength, esthetics, and polymerization methods while maintaining the chemical adhesion and fluoride release of glass ionomers.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored dental restorative material introduced in 1972. It bonds chemically to tooth structure and releases fluoride for a long period. It sets via an acid-base reaction between glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. Glass ionomer cement has properties like adhesion to tooth structure, anticariogenic activity due to fluoride release, and biocompatibility. However, its strength and esthetics are inferior to dental composites. Modifications to glass ionomer cement include resin-modified and metal-modified varieties to improve strength. The sandwich technique combines the benefits of glass ionomer cement with those of composite resin.
The document discusses various types of dental cements. It begins by introducing dental cements and their uses. It then covers the history, ideal properties, and classifications of dental cements. The classifications are based on ingredients and application, bonding mechanism, and setting reaction. Specific cement types discussed in detail include silicate cement, zinc phosphate cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement, zinc oxide eugenol cement, and calcium hydroxide cement. For each cement, the document outlines composition, setting reaction, properties, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses modifications to some cements, such as fluoridated zinc phosphate cement.
This document provides an overview of dental cements. It begins with definitions of dental cements and discusses their history. It describes ideal cement properties and classifications including based on ingredients/application, bonding mechanism, and setting reaction. Specific cement types are then outlined - silicate, zinc phosphate, zinc polycarboxylate, zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and their compositions, reactions, properties and uses. The document provides a detailed comparison of zinc phosphate and zinc polycarboxylate cements. In summary, it is a comprehensive review of different dental cement types, their characteristics and applications.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that sets via an acid-base reaction between glass powder and a polyacid liquid. It has several advantages over other materials like adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, biocompatibility, and ability to set with minimal cavity preparation. Glass ionomer cement comes in various types and has applications such as restorations, luting agents, liners, and bases. It is particularly suitable for restoring early caries lesions, sealing pits and fissures, and restoring primary teeth due to its physical properties and ability to release fluoride.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses glass ionomer cements, including their definitions, composition, and scientific/clinical development. It defines glass ionomer cement as a cement consisting of a basic glass and an acidic polymer that sets via an acid-base reaction. The basic components are calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glasses containing fluoride. The acidic components are polyelectrolytes made of polymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids like poly(acrylic acid). The document traces the scientific development of glass ionomer cements from early experiments in the 1960s to modern resin-modified varieties.
Cements in orthodontics (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND ITS RECENT ADVANCES- by Dr. JAGADEESH KODITYALAJagadeesh Kodityala
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, classification, setting reaction, properties, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Glass ionomer cement was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971, consisting of a glass powder and aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.
- It is classified based on its intended use, such as luting cement, restorative cement, or liner/base material.
- The setting reaction involves an acid-base reaction between the glass powder and polyacrylic acid, forming bonds through a calcium polyacrylate matrix that continues to harden over time.
- Properties include adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, fluoride
Glass Ionomer cement & it's advancement.Sk Aziz Ikbal
Glass ionomer cement was introduced in 1972 as a tooth-colored filling material that bonds chemically to tooth structure and releases fluoride. There have since been several advancements to glass ionomer cement, including metal-modified versions to increase strength, resin-modified varieties to enhance setting properties and reduce sensitivity, and polyacid-modified composite resins that combine the benefits of glass ionomer with the durability of composites. These various types of glass ionomer cements each have advantages and uses in dental restoration.
Restorative materials used in paediatric dentistrykamini singh
This document provides an overview of restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry, including recent advancements. It discusses the need for restoration in deciduous teeth and the requirements of ideal restorative materials. The main materials covered are glass ionomer cement, composite resins, and amalgam. For glass ionomer cement, it describes the composition, setting reaction, properties, classifications, and recent modifications like resin-modified, nano, and compomer versions. Recent advancements discussed include alternatives to amalgam and improvements to composites and glass ionomer cement.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
All details about the dental cements
Introduction
Definitions
Ideal properties
Classification
Based on Ingredients & Application(craig)
Based on Bonding mechanism(william O’Brien)
Based on setting reaction (Anusavice)
Silicate cement
Zinc phosphate cement
This document provides information about cement, including its history, definition, manufacture, and composition. It discusses the four main processes used to manufacture cement: wet, semi-wet, semi-dry, and dry. The wet and dry processes are described in more detail. It also summarizes the classification of cements as hydraulic or non-hydraulic, and provides examples of their applications. Finally, it outlines the key functions of cement and its main constituent materials like lime, silica, alumina, and others.
Tooth Colored Restorative Materials describes in brief regarding the various materials used as cements and crown for loss of tooth structure either by caries or other factors like trauma, GERD, Abrasion etc
A REVIEW BASED ON DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER BINDER ACTIVATED IN...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on the development of fly ash-based geopolymers activated with sewage sludge. It discusses how geopolymers can be an alternative cement binder produced from waste materials like fly ash and sludge. The review covers the chemistry and production of geopolymers from fly ash using alkaline activators like sodium silicate or sewage sludge. It also discusses the classification of fly ashes and prior research showing fly ash and sludge can be used to develop geopolymers with cementitious properties. The objective of the research was to produce fly ash geopolymers using sewage sludge as the primary alkaline activator.
Cement is the most used building material. Learn about the 13 types of cements.
Furthermore, you will also learn about the chemical composition and how cement gains strength (Bogue's Compounds).
By the end, you will get a snapshot of the field and lab tests to ascertain the quality of cement.
Recent advances in glass ionomer cements include the development of low viscosity/flowable glass ionomer cements that have increased flow and are used for linings, pit and fissure sealing, and sealing of hypersensitive cervical areas. Another advancement is the incorporation of fibers, such as alumina and silica fibers, which increases strength, depth of cure, and reduces polymerization shrinkage. The addition of nanoparticles, such as nano-hydroxyapatite, nano-fluorapatite, titanium dioxide, and zirconia, to glass ionomer cement powders has also improved mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity.
This document discusses different types of intermediary liners and bases used in operative dentistry. It describes suspension liners that have constituents suspended in water rather than dissolved, producing a thicker film than varnish liners. Cement liners, including calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), glass ionomer cement (GIC) and resin modified GIC, are placed in medium thickness to provide pulpal medication and protection. Cement bases, applied in thick sections, substitute lost dentin and provide thermal and mechanical pulpal protection, including resinous calcium hydroxide and reinforced ZOE. The properties, functions, and uses of various liners and bases are outlined.
Glass ionomer cement was originally developed as a replacement for silicate cements. It is produced through an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and a polyacrylic acid solution. Glass ionomer cement adheres well to tooth structure through ion exchange and has properties similar to enamel such as fluoride release and recharge. It has a variety of dental applications as a luting agent, restorative material, liner, and core build-up material due to its adhesion, biocompatibility, and ability to release fluoride.
This document discusses raw materials used in cement manufacturing. The main raw materials are limestone, clay or shale, and gypsum. Limestone provides calcium oxide, an important ingredient that contributes to cement strength. Clay and shale supply silica, alumina, and iron oxide. Gypsum controls the setting time of cement. Other materials sometimes used include fly ash, silica fume, iron ore, bauxite, and mill scale. The exact composition depends on the type of cement being produced.
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Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
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1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
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Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
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skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Modern dental cements are based on inventions
made in the middle of the 19th century. As early
as in 1856, Sorel presented a formulation for a
magnesium chloride cement.
The ensuing search for improved materials initiated
numerous developments, such that by the 1920s
three main categories of cements had become
established: zinc phosphate cements, zinc oxide
eugenol cements, and silicate cements.
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3. In 1966, D.C. Smith introduced yet another class of
cement, in which the liquid of the zinc phosphate
cement was replaced by aqueous polyacrylic acid.
This so-called carboxylate cement opened up new
prospects for self-adhesive dental materials.
On the basis of these developments, Wilson et al.
introduced glass ionomer cementing materials in
1969, a material class which remains very
successful today.
The first glass ionomer cement product, ASPA
(Alumino-Silicate-Poly-Acrylate), introduced in
the 1970s, was formulated by adding polyacrylic
acid as the liquid component to finely ground
silicate powder. www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Invention of glass ionomer cement inInvention of glass ionomer cement in 19691969
Wilson & KentWilson & Kent
Term to glass ionomer cement wasTerm to glass ionomer cement was
coined by B.E. Kent.coined by B.E. Kent.
1972 Wilson & Crisp found that tartaric1972 Wilson & Crisp found that tartaric
acid improves manipulative propertiesacid improves manipulative properties
1974 Mc. Lean & Wilson proposed1974 Mc. Lean & Wilson proposed
clinical use of GICclinical use of GIC
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5. CLASSIFICATION
According to Wilson and McLean inAccording to Wilson and McLean in
19881988
1.1. Type I – Luting CementType I – Luting Cement
2.2. Type II – Restorative cementsType II – Restorative cements
a.a. Restorative estheticRestorative esthetic
b. Restorative reinforced.b. Restorative reinforced.
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6. According to McLean etal in 1994According to McLean etal in 1994
1.1. Glass Ionomer Cements ( Traditional)Glass Ionomer Cements ( Traditional)
2. Resin modified glass Ionomer2. Resin modified glass Ionomer
CementCement
3.3. Poly acid modified composite ResinPoly acid modified composite Resin
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7. According to the characteristics specifiedAccording to the characteristics specified
by the manufacturer.by the manufacturer.
Type I – Luting cement e.g. Fuji ketakType I – Luting cement e.g. Fuji ketak
Cement.Cement.
Type II – Restorative material eg. Ketac Fil,Type II – Restorative material eg. Ketac Fil,
Fuji II, Fuji IXFuji II, Fuji IX
Type III –Type III – Bases & Liners -Bases & Liners -
Type IV. Admixture eg. Ketac silver miracleType IV. Admixture eg. Ketac silver miracle
mix.mix.
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8. Newer Classification
I.I. Traditional Glass IonomerTraditional Glass Ionomer
A.A. Type I – LutingType I – Luting
B.B. Type II – RestorativeType II – Restorative
C.C. Type III – Liner & basesType III – Liner & bases
II.II. Metal Modified glass Ionomer.Metal Modified glass Ionomer.
A.A. Miracle mixMiracle mix
B.B. CementCement
III.III. Light cure glass Ionomer Cement HEMA added to liquidLight cure glass Ionomer Cement HEMA added to liquid
IV.IV. Hybrid glass Ionomer / Resin modified GICHybrid glass Ionomer / Resin modified GIC
A.A. Composite resin in which fillers are substituted with GICComposite resin in which fillers are substituted with GIC
particles.particles.
B.B. Precured glasses blended into composite.Precured glasses blended into composite.
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9. According to Application
Type I – LutingType I – Luting
Type II – RestorativeType II – Restorative
Aesthetic RestorativeAesthetic Restorative
Reinforced materialReinforced material
Type III – Lining cementType III – Lining cement
Type IV – Fissure SealantType IV – Fissure Sealant
Type V – Orthodontic cementType V – Orthodontic cement
Type VI – Corebuild up cementType VI – Corebuild up cement
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11. LIQUID
Originally was 40 to 50% aqueous solution ofOriginally was 40 to 50% aqueous solution of
polyacrylic acid.polyacrylic acid.
Current cements the acid is in the form ofCurrent cements the acid is in the form of
copolymer withcopolymer with
Maleic, Increase the reactivity of liquidMaleic, Increase the reactivity of liquid
Itaconic, Decrease the viscosityItaconic, Decrease the viscosity
Tricarboxylic Reduce the tendency for gelatinTricarboxylic Reduce the tendency for gelatin
AcidsAcids
Tartaric acid improves the handlingTartaric acid improves the handling
characteristics & increase working time, butcharacteristics & increase working time, butwww.indiandentalacademy.com
12. DISPENSING
Traditionally as powder & liquid bottlesTraditionally as powder & liquid bottles
Various shades ( 2-3) were providedVarious shades ( 2-3) were provided
Convenient preproportioned capsules forConvenient preproportioned capsules for
mechanical mixing are provided. They comemechanical mixing are provided. They come
with a nozzle for dispensing the cementwith a nozzle for dispensing the cement
directly in the cavity from a gun by injection.directly in the cavity from a gun by injection.
Water settable cements were powder & liquidWater settable cements were powder & liquid
having either water or water & tartaric acidhaving either water or water & tartaric acid
Compomers – Are polyacid modified resins. TheyCompomers – Are polyacid modified resins. They
are provided as single pastes in bulk as tubes orare provided as single pastes in bulk as tubes or
compules for single use.compules for single use.www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. CHEMISTRY OF THE SETTING
On mixing powder and liquid, the acid attacks
the glass resulting in surface degradation of
the glass and release of metal ions (e.g.,
strontium, calcium,
aluminium), fluoride ions and silicic acid.
The metal ions react with the carboxyl (COO-)
groups to form a polyacid salt, which
becomes the cement matrix, and the surface
of the glass becomes a silica hydrogel.
The unreacted cores of the glass particles
remain as a filler.www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Although the clinical set is completed within a
few minutes, a continuing ‘maturation’ phase
occurs over subsequent months.
This is predominantly due to the slow reaction
of the aluminium ions, and is the cause of the
set material’s sensitivity to water balance.
The set material needs to be protected from
salivary contamination for several hours,
otherwise the surface becomes weak and
opaque.
From water loss for several months, otherwise
the material shrinks and cracks and may
debond.
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17. THE ROLE OF WATER
It is an essential part of the cement structure.It is an essential part of the cement structure.
Water forms the reaction medium into which theWater forms the reaction medium into which the
cement forming cations – calcium & aluminumcement forming cations – calcium & aluminum
are leached & in which they are transported toare leached & in which they are transported to
react with the polyacid to form a polyacrylatereact with the polyacid to form a polyacrylate
matrix.matrix.
Water also serves to hydrate the siliceous hydrogelWater also serves to hydrate the siliceous hydrogel
& the metal polyacrylate salts formed.& the metal polyacrylate salts formed.
If water is lost from the cement by desiccation whileIf water is lost from the cement by desiccation while
it is setting, the cement forming reaction willit is setting, the cement forming reaction will
stop.stop.
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18. Water present in the set cement has been classifiedWater present in the set cement has been classified
into two forms.into two forms.
1.1. Loosely bound waterLoosely bound water, which is readily, which is readily
removed by desiccationremoved by desiccation
2.2. Tightly boundTightly bound watewater, which cannot be removed.r, which cannot be removed.
Tightly bound water is associated with hydrationTightly bound water is associated with hydration
shell of the cation-polyacrylate bond,shell of the cation-polyacrylate bond,
particularly that of aluminum & some silica gelparticularly that of aluminum & some silica gel
water.water.
As the cement ages the ratio of tightly bound toAs the cement ages the ratio of tightly bound to
loosely bound water increases.loosely bound water increases.
This is accompanied by an increase in strength & aThis is accompanied by an increase in strength & a
decrease in plasticitydecrease in plasticity
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19. SURFACE PROTECTION
Certain materials are applied on the GICCertain materials are applied on the GIC
restoration surface immediately after removalrestoration surface immediately after removal
of matrix in order to prevent excessiveof matrix in order to prevent excessive
imbibition or desiccation of the cement, theseimbibition or desiccation of the cement, these
areare
Petroleum JellyPetroleum Jelly
Cocoa ButterCocoa Butter
Dentin Bonding agentsDentin Bonding agents
Dental Varnish.Dental Varnish.
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24. WEAR
These materials exhibit a greater wear as compared to otherThese materials exhibit a greater wear as compared to other
restorative materials like composites.restorative materials like composites.
The limited wear resistance of GIC on chewing surfaces isThe limited wear resistance of GIC on chewing surfaces is
thought to be due to insufficient strength directly afterthought to be due to insufficient strength directly after
placement.placement.
It may require few weeks or even months to achieve itsIt may require few weeks or even months to achieve its
maximal strength. Another mechanism that affects wear ofmaximal strength. Another mechanism that affects wear of
GIC is action of dietary acids on GIC which directly attackGIC is action of dietary acids on GIC which directly attack
the surface of GIC.the surface of GIC.
Unlike Composite resins setting reaction of GIC continuesUnlike Composite resins setting reaction of GIC continues
over a period of several months.over a period of several months.
This continuing improvement in mechanical properties isThis continuing improvement in mechanical properties is
probably the result of the slow displacement of calciumprobably the result of the slow displacement of calcium
ions by aluminum ions, which further enhances theions by aluminum ions, which further enhances the
cohesion of the matrix.cohesion of the matrix.
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25. ADHESION
An ionic bond occurs between the carboxyl
(COO-) ions in the cement acid and the calcium
(Ca++) ions in enamel and dentine.
Phosphate ions (negatively charged) and calcium
ions (positively charged) are displaced from the
hydroxyapatite, and are absorbed into the unset
cement.
This results in an intermediate layer between the
‘pure’ GIC and the ‘pure’ hydroxyapatite; the so
called ‘ion-exchange’ layer
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26. The ion-exchange
layer appears to
consist of calcium
and phosphate ions
from the tooth, and
aluminium, silicic,
fluoride and calcium
and/or strontium
ions (depending on
glass composition)
from the GIC.
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27. Ionic bonding between the carboxyl ions from
the
cement acid and the calcium ions from the
tooth
structure has been confirmed using X-ray
photon
spectrometry, and ionic bonding to the collagen
of dentine has been proposed but not
investigated.
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28. FLUORIDE IN GIC - ( UPTO 28%)
Incorporation of fluoride is useful in all stages.Incorporation of fluoride is useful in all stages.
1.1. It acts as a flux during sintering of powderIt acts as a flux during sintering of powder
particles, alsoparticles, also
2.2. increases cement strength & translucency.increases cement strength & translucency.
3.3. During setting the fluoride ions produced fromDuring setting the fluoride ions produced from
strong soluble aluminofluoride complexes likestrong soluble aluminofluoride complexes like
A1 FA1 F2+2+
prevent premature gelation of polyions byprevent premature gelation of polyions by
aluminium ions.aluminium ions.
4.4. Prolongs working time.Prolongs working time.
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29. The initial high burst of fluoride release is dueThe initial high burst of fluoride release is due
to the high concentration of fluoride that existsto the high concentration of fluoride that exists
in the matrix immediately after the cementin the matrix immediately after the cement
placement.placement.
Most of the fluoride is released as sodium fluoride,
which is not critical to the cement matrix, and thus
does not result in weakening or disintegration of
the set cement.
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30. BIOCOMPATIBILITY
‘The ability of a material to elicit an
appropriate biological response in a specific
application.’
Therefore, in the context of restorative
materials it is important to identify the tissues
with
which the material may come into contact.
For GIC, these tissues are:
Dentine (and therefore pulp),
Gingivae and www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Hydroxethylmethacrylate (HEMA) is released
from
RM-GICs induce allergic and toxic responses.
Ph:
As the reaction proceeds, the pHAs the reaction proceeds, the pHincreases from initialincreases from initial
values near 1 to a range of 4 to 5. As the setting reactionvalues near 1 to a range of 4 to 5. As the setting reaction
nears completion the final PH value reaches 6.7 to 7.nears completion the final PH value reaches 6.7 to 7.
Because the acid groups are attached to polymerBecause the acid groups are attached to polymer
molecules that have limited diffusibility, the potentialmolecules that have limited diffusibility, the potential
pulp effects of the low initial PH are limited to areaspulp effects of the low initial PH are limited to areas
immediately adjacent to the material.immediately adjacent to the material.
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32. If the remaining dentine thickness is less than 0.5If the remaining dentine thickness is less than 0.5
mm, it may be necessary to protect dentinmm, it may be necessary to protect dentin
surfaces from direct contact with unset GIC bysurfaces from direct contact with unset GIC by
using a calcium hydroxide liner.using a calcium hydroxide liner.
Once the setting reaction is complete theOnce the setting reaction is complete the
cement ph becomes 6.7 to 7 & cementcement ph becomes 6.7 to 7 & cement
causes very less inflammation or irritationcauses very less inflammation or irritation
as compared to other restorative cements.as compared to other restorative cements.
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33. MANIPULATION CONSIDERATION
FOR GIC
To achieve long lasting restorations, the followingTo achieve long lasting restorations, the following
conditions must be satisfiedconditions must be satisfied::
Surface of the tooth must be clean & drySurface of the tooth must be clean & dry
Consistency of the cement must allow completeConsistency of the cement must allow complete
coating of the surfaces irregularitiescoating of the surfaces irregularities
Surface must be finished without excessiveSurface must be finished without excessive
dryingdrying
Surface protection must be done properly.Surface protection must be done properly.
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34. SURFACE PREPARATION
Tooth surface cleanedTooth surface cleaned – With pumice slurry– With pumice slurry
ConditioningConditioning – With (34% to 37%) phosphoric– With (34% to 37%) phosphoric
acid or an organic acid like polyacrylic acidacid or an organic acid like polyacrylic acid
(10 to 20%) for 10 to 20 seconds, followed by(10 to 20%) for 10 to 20 seconds, followed by
a 20 to 30 sec of water rinsing.a 20 to 30 sec of water rinsing.
Drying by gentle air blowDrying by gentle air blow
Excessive air blow causing desiccationExcessive air blow causing desiccation
should be avoided.should be avoided.
Any further contamination with saliva or bloodAny further contamination with saliva or blood
impairs bonding.impairs bonding.
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35. PREPARATION OF THE
MATERIAL
P/L ratio recommended by the manufacturerP/L ratio recommended by the manufacturer
should be followedshould be followed
( usually 4 :1)( usually 4 :1)
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36. Mixing is usually done on plastic
crafted paper pad.
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39. Mix should be glossy at this time which indicatesMix should be glossy at this time which indicates
unreacted polyacid on the surface. This residual acidunreacted polyacid on the surface. This residual acid
on the surface is critical for bonding to the tooth.on the surface is critical for bonding to the tooth.
A dull appearance indicates inadequacy of free acid forA dull appearance indicates inadequacy of free acid for
bonding.bonding.
Preproportioned capsule of GIC are also available.Preproportioned capsule of GIC are also available.
They are used with amalgamators or specialy designedThey are used with amalgamators or specialy designed
triturators.triturators.
The preproportioned capsules have nozzles so that theThe preproportioned capsules have nozzles so that the
mixed material can directly be injected in the preparedmixed material can directly be injected in the prepared
cavity.cavity.
Advantages of mechanical mixing areAdvantages of mechanical mixing are
ConvenienceConvenience
Consistent control over P/L ratioConsistent control over P/L ratio
Elimination of variation associated withElimination of variation associated with
hand spatulation.hand spatulation.
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40. PLACEMENT OF RESTORATION
& REMOVAL OF EXCESS
Cement is placed using a plastic instrumentCement is placed using a plastic instrument
or injected into cavityor injected into cavity
Cavities are slightly overfilled & surfaceCavities are slightly overfilled & surface
immediately covered by using plastic matriximmediately covered by using plastic matrix
at least for 5 minutes.at least for 5 minutes.
Excess is trimmed off.Excess is trimmed off.
Surface protection is done immediately.Surface protection is done immediately.
Further finishing procedure if needed shouldFurther finishing procedure if needed should
be delayed for at least 24 hrs.be delayed for at least 24 hrs.
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41. METAL REINFORCED GICS
The main shortcoming of GIC that limitsThe main shortcoming of GIC that limits
its use in stress bearing areas is itsits use in stress bearing areas is its
lack of fracture toughness. To improvelack of fracture toughness. To improve
upon it metal reinforced GICs wereupon it metal reinforced GICs were
developed.developed.
They are mainly of two types:They are mainly of two types:
1.1. Miracle MixMiracle Mix
2.2. CermetsCermets
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42. MIRACLE MIX
This was introduced by Simmons in the year 1983.This was introduced by Simmons in the year 1983.
Initially it was prepared by incorporation of silver tinInitially it was prepared by incorporation of silver tin
alloy into GIC powder. Glass is generally brittle &alloy into GIC powder. Glass is generally brittle &
silver was expected to improve the toughness of thesilver was expected to improve the toughness of the
cement by acting as a stress absorber.cement by acting as a stress absorber.
Most properties of the cement including the compressiveMost properties of the cement including the compressive
strength, flexural strength, solubility & abrasivestrength, flexural strength, solubility & abrasive
resistance remained without improvement.resistance remained without improvement.
In fact it gave a grey or blackish color to the cementIn fact it gave a grey or blackish color to the cement
which was aesthetically unacceptable.which was aesthetically unacceptable.
Advantage of this material slight increase in the fluorideAdvantage of this material slight increase in the fluoride
release because of increase surface area of the matrixrelease because of increase surface area of the matrix
for ion exchange due to incorporation of mutualfor ion exchange due to incorporation of mutual
particlesparticles
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43. CERMETS
This was introduced by Mc Lean & Gaser in theThis was introduced by Mc Lean & Gaser in the
year 1985. Glass & metal powders are sintered atyear 1985. Glass & metal powders are sintered at
a high temperature.a high temperature.
This could be made to react with polyacrylic acid toThis could be made to react with polyacrylic acid to
form improved GIC.form improved GIC.
This was attempted to improve the wear resistanceThis was attempted to improve the wear resistance
& Flexural strength at the same time maintain the& Flexural strength at the same time maintain the
aesthetics. Sometimes other metals like titaniumaesthetics. Sometimes other metals like titanium
oxide is added in small proportions (5%) asoxide is added in small proportions (5%) as
whitening agent.whitening agent.
Fluoride release with cement is less as comparedFluoride release with cement is less as compared
to miracle mix because a portion of glass particleto miracle mix because a portion of glass particle
is metal coated which decreased the effectiveis metal coated which decreased the effective
surface area for ionic exchange.surface area for ionic exchange.
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44. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
OF METAL MODIFIED GICS
Presence of metal filler makes the material radiopaque.Presence of metal filler makes the material radiopaque.
They have been suggested for limited use as an alternativeThey have been suggested for limited use as an alternative
to amalgam for posterior restorations.to amalgam for posterior restorations.
However clinical data indicated that these materials fallHowever clinical data indicated that these materials fall
short of expectations.short of expectations.
They exhibit frequent fractures when used for Class IIThey exhibit frequent fractures when used for Class II
restorations, as to the Conventional GICS.restorations, as to the Conventional GICS.
They are used as core build up materials, Because of theirThey are used as core build up materials, Because of their
high fracture toughness & low brittleness, they are nothigh fracture toughness & low brittleness, they are not
recommended in cases where the cement will constituterecommended in cases where the cement will constitute
greater than 40% of total core build ups.greater than 40% of total core build ups.
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45. RESIN MODIFIED GICS
(HYBRID IONOMERS)
In order to overcome the disadvantages of traditional GICsIn order to overcome the disadvantages of traditional GICs
Moisture sensitivity &Moisture sensitivity &
Low early strength along withLow early strength along with
Less fracture toughnessLess fracture toughness
Solubility.Solubility.
The goal was achieved by incorporating water soluble resinThe goal was achieved by incorporating water soluble resin
monomers into an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.monomers into an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.
In this way the system undergoes early activatedIn this way the system undergoes early activated
polymerization of resin monomer, while the acid basepolymerization of resin monomer, while the acid base
reaction continues to take its own course & time.reaction continues to take its own course & time.
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46. COMPOSITION
PowderPowder – Same as traditional GICS i.e. ion– Same as traditional GICS i.e. ion
reachable fluoroaluminosilicate glass particles.reachable fluoroaluminosilicate glass particles.
Initiators of light curing – e.g. Visible light cureInitiators of light curing – e.g. Visible light cure
camphoroquione or chemical curing e.g. amine.camphoroquione or chemical curing e.g. amine.
LiquidLiquid – Same as traditional GIC modified with– Same as traditional GIC modified with
methacrylate or Hydroxyethymethacrylatemethacrylate or Hydroxyethymethacrylate
monomers (HEMA)monomers (HEMA)
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47. SETTING REACTION
Initial setting reaction of the material occurs by theInitial setting reaction of the material occurs by the
polymerization of methacrylate groups which willpolymerization of methacrylate groups which will
eliminate all problems related to traditional GICs likeeliminate all problems related to traditional GICs like
low early strength, high solubility, of setting waterlow early strength, high solubility, of setting water
inhibition, loss of translucency & color instability etc.inhibition, loss of translucency & color instability etc.
The slow acid base reaction will ultimately be responsibleThe slow acid base reaction will ultimately be responsible
for the unique maturing process & final strength.for the unique maturing process & final strength.
These materials are considered dual cure only if oneThese materials are considered dual cure only if one
polymerization mechanism is used if both mechanismspolymerization mechanism is used if both mechanisms
are used they are considered tricured materials.are used they are considered tricured materials.
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48. ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID
IONOMERS
Improvement of translucency because theImprovement of translucency because the
inclusion of monomer brings the refractiveinclusion of monomer brings the refractive
index of the liquid close to that of the particles.index of the liquid close to that of the particles.
Fluoride release is similar to that of theFluoride release is similar to that of the
particles.particles.
Tensile strength more than conventional GICsTensile strength more than conventional GICs
(conventional – 6.6MPA, Hybrid-20MPA). This(conventional – 6.6MPA, Hybrid-20MPA). This
increase in strength is mainly attributed toincrease in strength is mainly attributed to
addition of resins which permit the greateraddition of resins which permit the greater
amount of plastic deformation that can beamount of plastic deformation that can be
sustained before fracture occurs.sustained before fracture occurs.
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49. ADHESION TO TOOTH
STRUCTURES
The mechanism for bonding to tooth structure isThe mechanism for bonding to tooth structure is
the same as that for conventional GICs.the same as that for conventional GICs.
Less ionic activity is expected because of theLess ionic activity is expected because of the
reduction in carboxylic acid in the liquid ofreduction in carboxylic acid in the liquid of
resin modified GICsresin modified GICs
These material exhibits higher bond strength toThese material exhibits higher bond strength to
resin based composites, which is governed theresin based composites, which is governed the
residual nonpolymerized functional groupsresidual nonpolymerized functional groups
within them.within them.
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50. TYPES OF RESIN MODIFIED GICS
Restorative Hybrid IonomersRestorative Hybrid Ionomers
Fissure Sealant ApplicationsFissure Sealant Applications
Base & LinerBase & Liner
LutingLuting
Orthodontic Cementing materialOrthodontic Cementing material
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51. RESTORATIVE HYBRID
IONOMERS
Famous Brands are, Fuji II LC, Vitremer, photacFamous Brands are, Fuji II LC, Vitremer, photac
fil.fil.
There have four major improvements overThere have four major improvements over
traditional GICs such as:traditional GICs such as:
Decreased water sensitivityDecreased water sensitivity
Improved mechanical propertiesImproved mechanical properties
ManipulabilityManipulability
TranslucencyTranslucency
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52. FISSURE SEALANT
APPLICATIONS
Glass ionomers when used as pit & fissureGlass ionomers when used as pit & fissure
sealants offer advantages of chemically bondingsealants offer advantages of chemically bonding
to tooth structure & fluoride release to preventto tooth structure & fluoride release to prevent
caries.caries.
Resin modified glass ionomers fissure protectionResin modified glass ionomers fissure protection
material (FUJI III LC) have high fluidity &material (FUJI III LC) have high fluidity &
ability to penetrate into fissures.ability to penetrate into fissures.
It also exhibits better mechanical & handlingIt also exhibits better mechanical & handling
properties.properties.
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53. BASE & LINER
First use of hybrid ionomers after theirFirst use of hybrid ionomers after their
development was as a base & liner.development was as a base & liner.
Thin coating of the material is applied in theThin coating of the material is applied in the
cavity with a brush (10 to 40 μm) allowing thecavity with a brush (10 to 40 μm) allowing the
cement to work as both a bonding agent & acement to work as both a bonding agent & a
lining material.lining material.
The monomers penetrate into the demineralizedThe monomers penetrate into the demineralized
dentin, forming a hybrid layer which isdentin, forming a hybrid layer which is
expected to contribute to long term stable bondexpected to contribute to long term stable bond
of the cement to the tooth.of the cement to the tooth.
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54. LUTING
Monomers added to hybrid ionomers impartMonomers added to hybrid ionomers impart
good early strength & improved overallgood early strength & improved overall
mechanical properties.mechanical properties.
They also enhance better bonding to toothThey also enhance better bonding to tooth
structure by penetration of monomers into thestructure by penetration of monomers into the
conditioned dentine to form strong hybridconditioned dentine to form strong hybrid
layer.layer.
Fuji plus & vitremeter luting cements areFuji plus & vitremeter luting cements are
popular products in this category.popular products in this category.
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55. COMPOMERS
The search for a material that has the fluorideThe search for a material that has the fluoride
releasing capability of conventional GIC & thereleasing capability of conventional GIC & the
durability of composites has led to thedurability of composites has led to the
introduction of polyacid modified compositesintroduction of polyacid modified composites
or compomers.or compomers.
This material has a structure & physicalThis material has a structure & physical
properties similar to those of composites.properties similar to those of composites.
It also has ability to release fluoride, and itIt also has ability to release fluoride, and it
undergoes an acid-base reaction in presence ofundergoes an acid-base reaction in presence of
saliva (i.e. reaction between acidic monomer &saliva (i.e. reaction between acidic monomer &
basic glass filler).basic glass filler).
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56. COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY
Compomers is usually provided as a one-paste, light –Compomers is usually provided as a one-paste, light –
curable material for restorative applications.curable material for restorative applications.
It consists of silicate glass particles, sodium fluoride &It consists of silicate glass particles, sodium fluoride &
polyacid modified monomer without any water.polyacid modified monomer without any water.
It is sensitive to moisture so it is often packaged in aIt is sensitive to moisture so it is often packaged in a
moisture proof pouch.moisture proof pouch.
Setting is initiated by photo polymerization of the acidicSetting is initiated by photo polymerization of the acidic
monomer that yields a rigid material. During themonomer that yields a rigid material. During the
service life of restoration, the set material begins toservice life of restoration, the set material begins to
absorb water in the saliva that contributes the acidabsorb water in the saliva that contributes the acid
base reaction between the acidic functional groupsbase reaction between the acidic functional groups
within the matrix & silicate glass particles, thiswithin the matrix & silicate glass particles, this
reaction is responsible for fluoride release.reaction is responsible for fluoride release.www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMPOMERS
One paste compomers used as a restorativeOne paste compomers used as a restorative
material release less fluoride than domaterial release less fluoride than do
conventionals & hybrids.conventionals & hybrids.
This is because limited occurrence of acid baseThis is because limited occurrence of acid base
reaction in this system.reaction in this system.
Bond strength to the tooth is in the same rangeBond strength to the tooth is in the same range
of traditional GIC & hybrid because of use ofof traditional GIC & hybrid because of use of
dentin bonding agents.dentin bonding agents.
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58. CLINICAL USES OF GICS
Restoration of erosion / abrasion lesionsRestoration of erosion / abrasion lesions
without cavity preparationwithout cavity preparation
Sealing & filling of occlusal pits & fissures.Sealing & filling of occlusal pits & fissures.
Restoration of deciduous teethRestoration of deciduous teeth
Restoration of Class V carious lesions.Restoration of Class V carious lesions.
Restoration of Class III carious lesionsRestoration of Class III carious lesions
preferably using lingual approach.preferably using lingual approach.
Conservative cavities like, tunnel preparationsConservative cavities like, tunnel preparations
etc.etc.
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59. Restoration of root caries.Restoration of root caries.
Repair of defective margins in restorations.Repair of defective margins in restorations.
Core build up in few cases where sufficientCore build up in few cases where sufficient
dentine supports the material.dentine supports the material.
Sandwich technique with composites.Sandwich technique with composites.
Atraumatic Restorative Technique.Atraumatic Restorative Technique.
Co cure technique.Co cure technique.
Endodontic root perforations.Endodontic root perforations.
Retrograde root filling in endodonticsRetrograde root filling in endodontics..
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60. TUNNEL PREPARATION
The “tunnel” concept, which accesses proximalThe “tunnel” concept, which accesses proximal
dentinal cariesdentinal caries through a sound mesial or distalthrough a sound mesial or distal
occlusal pit, was describedocclusal pit, was described in 1984 (Hunt) toin 1984 (Hunt) to
preserve the overlying proximalpreserve the overlying proximal marginal ridgemarginal ridge
and maintain greater tooth integrity.and maintain greater tooth integrity.
This access has the potential to preserveThis access has the potential to preserve not only thenot only the
structural transverse marginal ridge, whichstructural transverse marginal ridge, which
maintains bucco-lingual tooth integrity, but alsomaintains bucco-lingual tooth integrity, but also
much of the outer proximal tooth surface.much of the outer proximal tooth surface.
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61. IT has been promoted for use in conjunction with
fluoride-releasing glass ionomer cements, in order
to provide compensatory caries-inhibition.
A further possible advantage is less risk of
iatrogenic damage to the adjacent tooth.
Two types of completed tunnel preparations are
possible
1) the “partial” tunnel with little or no external
perforation, sometimes sparing removal of surface
demineralised enamel and
2) the “total” tunnel” where the proximal enamel
has been perforated, with or without residual
demineralised enamel
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62. STUDIES ON TUNNEL PREPARATION
Table 1. The Proximal “Tunnel” Restoration. Clinical Studies.
Year Author Study
Design
Country,
Sample
Sampling Study
Period
Subjects Restorations
1992 Svanberg I
(small)
Sweden
Public
Health
Clinic
Volunteers
(caries-
active)
3yrs 18
(13-
16yrs)
18 tunnel
(Ketac
Silver)
18 amalgam
1995 Lumley
et al
II-1 UK
Dental
Faculty
Any
suitable
patients
5yrs 25
(19-
45yrs)
33 tunnel
(GI + KS)
14 amalgam
proximal
slots
1999 Pilebro
et al
II-3 Sweden
Mixed,
PHS plus
Faculty
Multicentre
All
tunnels
1992-93
3yrs 272
(10-
74yrs)
Mean
19yr
374
(Ketac
Silver)
1999 Pyk
et al
II-3 Sweden
P.Health
Clinic
All
tunnels
1987-93
2yrs 142
Mean
19yr
242 tunnel
(87%
K.Silver,
13% GI)
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63. Cont…
1998 Hasselrot
et al
II-
3
Sweden.
General
Practice
All
tunnels
1988-90
7yrs 193
young
adult
267
tunnel
(Ketac
Silver)
1998 Holst
et al
II-
3
Sweden
P.Health
Service
Any
suitable
patients
3yrs Not
given
322
(Ketac
Silver)
170
molars
145
bicuspid
1997 Nordbro
et al
II-
3
Norway
P.Health
Service
Any
suitable
patients
3-
4yr
Not
given
302
tunnel
(Ketac
Silver)
1996 Strand
et al
II-
3
Norway.
General
practive
Any
outer
third
dent.
caries
3yrs 117
(10-
30yrs)
230
tunnel
(Ketac
Silver)
1993 Wilkie
et al
II-
3
Australia
Dental
Faculty
Volunteer
patients
2yr 26
23 ‹
40yrs
3 ›
40yrs
42
tunnel
(Ketac
Silver)
44 Class
2
amalgam
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64. Table 1. The Proximal “Tunnel” Restoration. Clinical Studies.
Year Author Study
Design
Country,
Sample
Sampling Study
Period
Subjects Restorations
1992 Svanberg I
(small)
Sweden
Public
Health
Clinic
Volunteers
(caries-
active)
3yrs 18
(13-
16yrs)
18 tunnel
(Ketac
Silver)
18 amalgam
1995 Lumley
et al
II-1 UK
Dental
Faculty
Any
suitable
patients
5yrs 25
(19-
45yrs)
33 tunnel
(GI + KS)
14 amalgam
proximal
slots
1999 Pilebro
et al
II-3 Sweden
Mixed,
PHS plus
Faculty
Multicentre
All tunnels
1992-93
3yrs 272
(10-
74yrs)
Mean
19yr
374
(Ketac
Silver)
1999 Pyk
et al
II-3 Sweden
P.Health
Clinic
All tunnels
1987-93
2yrs 142
Mean
19yr
242 tunnel
(87%
K.Silver,
13% GI)
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65. 1998 Hasselrot
et al
II-
3
Sweden.
General
Practice
All tunnels
1988-90
7yrs 193
young
adult
267 tunnel
(Ketac Silver)
1998 Holst
et al
II-
3
Sweden
P.Health
Service
Any suitable
patients
3yrs Not
given
322
(Ketac Silver)
170 molars
145 bicuspid
1997 Nordbro
et al
II-
3
Norway
P.Health
Service
Any suitable
patients
3-
4yr
Not
given
302 tunnel
(Ketac Silver)
1996 Strand
et al
II-
3
Norway.
General
practive
Any outer
third dent.
caries
3yrs 117
(10-
30yrs)
230 tunnel
(Ketac Silver)
1993 Wilkie
et al
II-
3
Australia
Dental
Faculty
Volunteer
patients
2yr 26
23 ‹
40yrs
3 › 40yrs
42 tunnel
(Ketac Silver)
44 Class 2
amalgam
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66. Table 1 (cont.) The Proximal “Tunnel” Restoration. Clinical Studies.
Year Author Criteria Examiners Other Nos.
Lost
Findings
1992 Svanberg Clinical
Radiographic
Stone casts
1 dentist
No details
Not
stated
Tunnel - 5.5% marg.fracture,
0% rec.caries. Sig. reduced
adjacent proximal caries.
Amalgam 17% rec. caries
1995 Lumley
et al
Clinical
Radiographic
2 authors
No details
Bicuspids,
mes. 1st
molar only
None 3yrs, all satisfactory. 5yrs:
Tunnel - 21% failure (15%
rec.caries, 6% fractured ridge)
Amalgam - 0% failure
1999 Pilebro
et al
Clinical
radiographic
Clinical:
Each dentist.
Radiographic:
2 examiners
12 dentists 18.4% 8% residual caries
20% replacements at 3 yrs
(41% untreated progression,
14% ridge fract, 3% rec.caries
1999 Pyk
et al
Clinical
Radiographic
Life-table
method
Not
given
15.7% failures
(9.5% rec. caries, 4.2%
ridge fracture.)
1998 Hasselrot
et al
Clinical
Radiographic
1 dentist/
examiner.
No details
Tunnels:
Partial 87%
Total 13%
57% 50% failure at 6yrs.
(41% ridge fracture, 40% rec.
caries, 19% enamel cavitation.
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67. 1998 Holst
et al
USPHS
Radiographic
Clinicians
Trained &
calibrated
Partial &
total tunnels
16% 15.7% failures
(7.3% 1yr, 3.2% 2yr,
5.2% 3yr)
Rec. caries 8%, fracture 6%
1997 Nordbro
et al
Clinical
Radiographic
Not given Tunnels:
Partial 215
Total 87
Not
given
28% ridge fracture. 45% of res
rec. caries. Total tunnel better
than partial tunnel
1996 Strand
et al
Clinical
Radiographic
2 clinical +
2 radiographic
Consensus
30% 54% failures: 16% rec.caries,
14% ridge fracture, 24%
progression of residual demin.
enamel.
1993 Wilkie
et al
Clinical
radiographic
Colour photo
Replica casts
Clinical - 2
dentists.
Indirect - 1
Kappa .48-.86
Rubber
dam.
55% partial
tunnel
Not
given
KS material problems 48%
(voids, defects, wear)
Rec caries & ridge fracture 0%
Am 100% Comp 91% success
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68. SANDWITCH TECHNIQUE
It is the use of glass ionomer cement as a linerIt is the use of glass ionomer cement as a liner
below the composite resin restorationsbelow the composite resin restorations
AdvantagesAdvantages
GIC bonds to both tooth and compositeGIC bonds to both tooth and composite
increasing the retentionincreasing the retention
Fluoride content reduces the cariesFluoride content reduces the caries
GIC gives a better seal as it bonds with theGIC gives a better seal as it bonds with the
toothtooth
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69. ATRAUMATIC RESTORATIVE
TREATMENT
Since its development as part of a community-based primary oral healthSince its development as part of a community-based primary oral health
program carried out in Tanzania in the mid-1980s, the Atraumaticprogram carried out in Tanzania in the mid-1980s, the Atraumatic
Restorative Treatment (ART) technique has been used around theRestorative Treatment (ART) technique has been used around the
world.world.
Such approach consists of caries removal using hand instruments only,Such approach consists of caries removal using hand instruments only,
followed by restoration of the prepared cavity with adhesive fillingfollowed by restoration of the prepared cavity with adhesive filling
material, currently a glass-ionomer cement (GIC).material, currently a glass-ionomer cement (GIC).
The advantages of ART includeThe advantages of ART include
the use of easily available and inexpensive hand instruments rather thanthe use of easily available and inexpensive hand instruments rather than
the more expensive electrically-driven dental equipment,the more expensive electrically-driven dental equipment,
sound tooth tissue conservation due to the chemical adhesion of glass-sound tooth tissue conservation due to the chemical adhesion of glass-
ionomers,ionomers,
limitation of pain, minimizing the use of local anesthesia, andlimitation of pain, minimizing the use of local anesthesia, and
low cost.low cost.
Due to these features, many people living in less developed areas canDue to these features, many people living in less developed areas can
receive oral care through ART.receive oral care through ART.
In addition, it is also suitable for patient with permanent or temporaryIn addition, it is also suitable for patient with permanent or temporary
physical disabilitiesphysical disabilities44
..
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