This document discusses food security in developing economies and policy initiatives to address it. It begins by defining food security as access to sufficient nutritious food. Over 800 million people in developing countries lack adequate food. Food security indicators measure availability, access, and utilization. The FAO reported that in 2010-2012, almost 870 million people were undernourished, with higher rates in developing countries. India has added 30 million hungry people since the 1990s and 46% of children are underweight. The document examines food security challenges and measures in developing economies and the US, and initiatives by UN agencies to improve global food security.
Addressing food and nutrition security in developing countries depends on livelihood security, vulnerability, and coping strategies. Food security exists when all people have reliable access to sufficient nutritious food. Key elements of food security assessments include livelihoods, vulnerability to risks and shocks, and coping strategies. The three pillars of food security are availability of food, access to food, and utilization of food. Malnutrition is a global problem impacting health, growth, and development. An integrated approach blending traditional and modern agricultural and nutrition practices can help support food and nutrition security.
Food insecurity remains a global challenge. Achieving food security requires accurately measuring the incidence, nature, and causes of food insecurity. This allows for prioritizing interventions and targeting assistance. Conceptual frameworks help analyze the complex underlying causes of food insecurity and guide appropriate responses. Understanding factors like availability, access, utilization, and stability is key to selecting interventions to address problems like inadequate food, care practices, or health environments.
Food and nutrition are cornerstones that affect and define the health of all people, rich and poor. The right to food is one of the most consistently mentioned items in international human rights documents
Food security and its measurement in egyptwalled ashwah
- By 2050, the world will need to feed around 9 billion people, making food security a major global challenge. Many developing countries, especially in Africa, are net food importers and suffer from food insecurity.
- Egypt faces high rates of poverty, unemployment, and food insecurity. Around 17% of Egyptians experienced food insecurity in 2011. Child stunting rates in Egypt are above the regional average.
- Food insecurity in Egypt can be seen as mainly an economic access problem, as there is a high correlation between poverty and food insecurity. 74% of chronically food insecure households live in the poorest Egyptian region of Rural Upper Egypt.
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Abstract
The paper investigates Nigeria’s attempt at improving food security using the agricultural promotion policy and Sustainable Development Goal 2. It situates the discussion via empirical and cross-national review that juxtaposes Nigeria with seven other countries. The study relied on secondary sources of data, which were textually analysed. It is observable from the review that food insecurity results from a plethora of factors, namely: poor funding of agriculture; top-bottom approach to policy formulation and implementation; inadequate appreciation of the role of science and technology; natural disasters; and human-induced afflictions such as insurgency, banditry and general security deficits within and across national borders. To ameliorate these, strategic planning; robust technology adoption/adaptation; resuscitation of agricultural co-operative societies and funding institutions operating at reduced or free-interest on loans to practising farmers are canvassed by this paper. Other suggestions proffered are capable of redressing food security deficits identified.
Keywords: Agriculture, Food, Food Security, Policy, Nigeria
Food safety and food security is a determinant of the well-being of the citizens of a country and how it translates to the development and transformation of the economy in a country specifically Nigeria was critically examined. Recent FAO figures indicate that over 60% of the world undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. Also there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment prevalence rate is over 35%. Hunger, food insecurity (chronic or transitory), malnutrition involving micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are some of the issues arising from food insecurity. Lack or absence of minerals and vitamins like Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A affects the growth and development of humans. The study revealed that several factors contributing to food insecurity includes wars, natural disasters, unemployment inadequate technological deployment and high post-harvest losses. Steps were taken to examine how agriculture contributes to food security, effects of various policies by past and present government on the food security and food safety situation in Nigeria. Also the emerging issue in combating food insecurity especially the use of biotechnology was further explained. Useful recommendations for enhancement of food security and safety includes: reduction of post-harvest losses through proper utilisation, processing and packaging of agricultural products, food fortification and supplementation to combat micronutrient and protein energy malnutrition, increased use of biotechnology; formulation of good agricultural policies including creation of agric cooperatives and the new Nigerian Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) that can lead to transformation of the economy.
Addressing food and nutrition security in developing countries depends on livelihood security, vulnerability, and coping strategies. Food security exists when all people have reliable access to sufficient nutritious food. Key elements of food security assessments include livelihoods, vulnerability to risks and shocks, and coping strategies. The three pillars of food security are availability of food, access to food, and utilization of food. Malnutrition is a global problem impacting health, growth, and development. An integrated approach blending traditional and modern agricultural and nutrition practices can help support food and nutrition security.
Food insecurity remains a global challenge. Achieving food security requires accurately measuring the incidence, nature, and causes of food insecurity. This allows for prioritizing interventions and targeting assistance. Conceptual frameworks help analyze the complex underlying causes of food insecurity and guide appropriate responses. Understanding factors like availability, access, utilization, and stability is key to selecting interventions to address problems like inadequate food, care practices, or health environments.
Food and nutrition are cornerstones that affect and define the health of all people, rich and poor. The right to food is one of the most consistently mentioned items in international human rights documents
Food security and its measurement in egyptwalled ashwah
- By 2050, the world will need to feed around 9 billion people, making food security a major global challenge. Many developing countries, especially in Africa, are net food importers and suffer from food insecurity.
- Egypt faces high rates of poverty, unemployment, and food insecurity. Around 17% of Egyptians experienced food insecurity in 2011. Child stunting rates in Egypt are above the regional average.
- Food insecurity in Egypt can be seen as mainly an economic access problem, as there is a high correlation between poverty and food insecurity. 74% of chronically food insecure households live in the poorest Egyptian region of Rural Upper Egypt.
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Abstract
The paper investigates Nigeria’s attempt at improving food security using the agricultural promotion policy and Sustainable Development Goal 2. It situates the discussion via empirical and cross-national review that juxtaposes Nigeria with seven other countries. The study relied on secondary sources of data, which were textually analysed. It is observable from the review that food insecurity results from a plethora of factors, namely: poor funding of agriculture; top-bottom approach to policy formulation and implementation; inadequate appreciation of the role of science and technology; natural disasters; and human-induced afflictions such as insurgency, banditry and general security deficits within and across national borders. To ameliorate these, strategic planning; robust technology adoption/adaptation; resuscitation of agricultural co-operative societies and funding institutions operating at reduced or free-interest on loans to practising farmers are canvassed by this paper. Other suggestions proffered are capable of redressing food security deficits identified.
Keywords: Agriculture, Food, Food Security, Policy, Nigeria
Food safety and food security is a determinant of the well-being of the citizens of a country and how it translates to the development and transformation of the economy in a country specifically Nigeria was critically examined. Recent FAO figures indicate that over 60% of the world undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. Also there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment prevalence rate is over 35%. Hunger, food insecurity (chronic or transitory), malnutrition involving micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are some of the issues arising from food insecurity. Lack or absence of minerals and vitamins like Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A affects the growth and development of humans. The study revealed that several factors contributing to food insecurity includes wars, natural disasters, unemployment inadequate technological deployment and high post-harvest losses. Steps were taken to examine how agriculture contributes to food security, effects of various policies by past and present government on the food security and food safety situation in Nigeria. Also the emerging issue in combating food insecurity especially the use of biotechnology was further explained. Useful recommendations for enhancement of food security and safety includes: reduction of post-harvest losses through proper utilisation, processing and packaging of agricultural products, food fortification and supplementation to combat micronutrient and protein energy malnutrition, increased use of biotechnology; formulation of good agricultural policies including creation of agric cooperatives and the new Nigerian Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) that can lead to transformation of the economy.
1) Food security exists when all people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs for an active and healthy life.
2) Around 870 million people, or 12.5% of the global population, were undernourished between 2010-2012. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia have the highest levels of hunger.
3) India alone accounts for over half of all malnutrition-related child deaths worldwide despite growing enough food to meet its population's needs. High poverty, lower incomes, and poor infrastructure contribute to India's food insecurity challenges.
Risk management orientated food security information system reportShubham Agrawal
This document is a report submitted by Shubham Agrawal, a student at O.P. Jindal University, to Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh on the topic of a risk management oriented food security information system. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking Dr. Singh for his guidance and the university for the opportunity. It also includes a certificate signed by Dr. Singh certifying that the report was completed by Shubham Agrawal. The content page outlines 5 chapters on topics related to climate change impacts on agriculture and food security. Tables and figures are also listed to be included.
Food security a global & national perspective by ayaz soomroAyaz Ali
Food insecurity in Pakistan specially in Sindh province which is contributing high share of oil & gas but majority of masses is facing food insecurity.
Global Food Security Challenges and OpportunitiesShenggen Fan
Global food security faces many challenges including volatile food prices, population growth, land and water constraints, climate change, and the increasing demand for biofuels. To address these issues, the document calls for a development agenda with greater support for food security through investments in agriculture, safety nets, land and water productivity, and climate change adaptation. It also emphasizes the crucial role policy research can play in informing investments and policies to promote food security through impacts on areas like poverty reduction, resource allocation, and agricultural technology development and adoption.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
This document provides an outline for a presentation on food security in Bangladesh. It begins with introductions of the teacher, Dr. Selina Ahmed, and the student, Shaikh Abdus Salam. The presentation outline defines food security, explains the four pillars of food security (availability, access, utilization, stability), and identifies challenges to food security in Bangladesh such as economic development and reducing natural disasters. It demonstrates issues around availability, access, and utilization of food and concludes that while Bangladesh may not achieve its food security goal by 2021, progress has been made in reducing hunger and malnutrition through efforts that should continue to focus on poverty reduction, food sufficiency, and disaster prevention.
Food security exists when all people have reliable physical, social, and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live an active and healthy life. Food security has three key pillars - availability, which examines if coordination of land and water governance improves food availability; access, which looks at if systems and policies enable access to available food; and utilization, which considers if acquired food can be properly used. Any assessment of food security must consider the specific context.
Food security in focus: Europe 2014 is an Economist
Intelligence Unit (EIU) report commissioned by
DuPont. The report discusses the major findings in
the 2014 Global Food Security Index (GFSI)) for the
26 countries of Europe included in the index.
Food Security in Focus: Central & South AmericaDuPont
Food security in focus: Central & South America 2014
is an Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) report
commissioned by DuPont. The report discusses the
major findings in the 2014 Global Food Security
Index (GFSI) for the 18 countries of Central &
South America included in the index.
Food security in focus: North America 2014 is an
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) report
commissioned by DuPont. The report discusses the
major findings in the 2014 Global Food Security
Index (GFSI) for the three countries of North
America included in the index.
The document discusses food insecurity in South Africa and the city of Tshwane. While South Africa produces enough food, 14 million people still experience food insecurity due to poverty. In Tshwane, about 35% of the population of over 1 million people are food insecure. The document outlines strategies to address food insecurity through supporting small-scale agriculture, improving incomes and social services, disaster mitigation, and promoting nutrition. The key causes of food insecurity are identified as lack of access to food due to poverty, unemployment, and an inability to produce or purchase enough food.
The thrust of this paper is to provide an alternative strategy for solving the problem of food insecurity
in Nigeria through the social entrepreneurship initiative which is gaining prominence in recent times. The paper
explains the numerous efforts adopted by government to engender food security in the country but which yielded
infinitesimal results. It concludes that the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria can be solved with collective
efforts of the relevant stakeholders: international donors, government, professional institutions, banks,
nongovernmental organisations, faith based institutions, schools, families, farmers, and media. The paper
recommends the adoption of social entrepreneurship initiative by all stakeholders as an alternative strategy for
achieving the dream of food security in Nigeria.
This document provides an overview of the concept of food security as conceived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1974. It discusses the four key pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability. The definition and understanding of food security has evolved over time to incorporate these demand-side factors in addition to initial supply-side focuses. The concept remains an important framework for addressing issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty around the world.
The document discusses the challenges of achieving global food security. It notes that the number of undernourished people has risen to over 1 billion and food access issues should be addressed by ensuring availability of food and quality/safety of food. A multi-dimensional approach is needed that considers the economics, politics, environment, and societal aspects of food security. Key challenges include poverty reduction, population growth, unequal income distribution, effects of climate change such as reduced crop yields, and use of food crops for non-food purposes like biofuels. Coordinated political action is required to effectively address the complex, interconnected issues related to achieving worldwide food security.
The document discusses food security policies in Ghana over the past decade. It defines food security as access to sufficient nutritious food. A 2009 survey found that 34%, 10%, and 15% of people in Ghana's northern regions experienced food insecurity. To address this, Ghana implemented emergency measures like input subsidies during the 2007 global food crisis. It also pursued longer-term policies including the Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy, National Social Protection Strategy programs like LEAP and school feeding, and initiatives to boost domestic food production. However, the document concludes that more remains to be done to achieve food security goals.
An Evaluation of the Effect of Epoxidized Thevetia Nerrifolia Seed Oil Modifi...IOSR Journals
1) Thevetia Nerifolia seed oil was extracted and characterized, with an iodine value of 92.46 indicating it contains predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids.
2) The oil was then epoxidized, lowering its iodine value to 19.65 due to reduced unsaturation.
3) Soybean adhesive was modified by adding 20% epoxidized Thevetia Nerifolia oil, improving its water resistance over three soak cycles compared to the unmodified adhesive.
The document describes an experiment to optimize cutting parameters during CNC turning of AISI 8620 alloy steel using response surface methodology. Speed, feed rate, and depth of cut were varied as factors in a 3-level factorial design. The response variable was surface roughness, which was measured after each experimental run. Regression analysis in Minitab was used to develop a model relating the factors to surface roughness. Response optimization was then used to determine the optimal settings of the factors to minimize surface roughness. The goal of the experiment was to evaluate the best cutting parameter settings for achieving a smooth surface finish during CNC turning of AISI 8620 alloy steel.
This document presents an approach for an automatic visitor counting system using video camera. It discusses how traditional manual counting systems are labor intensive and inaccurate over long periods of time in crowded areas. An automated system using video camera and image processing techniques can continuously count visitors in real-time by segmenting and detecting objects in images. The proposed system would use a video camera to capture live video, send the images to a computer via USB, and utilize image processing in MATLAB Simulink to segment, eliminate backgrounds, detect blobs, and count the visitors efficiently.
This document summarizes and analyzes several existing image-based relational database watermarking techniques. It begins with background on database watermarking, including applications, classifications of techniques, and desired characteristics. It then reviews four specific algorithms that embed image watermarks into databases by modifying attribute values. The algorithms are analyzed for robustness against different attacks like deletion, modification, and addition of tuples. The document provides an overview of the field of image-based database watermarking.
1) Food security exists when all people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs for an active and healthy life.
2) Around 870 million people, or 12.5% of the global population, were undernourished between 2010-2012. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia have the highest levels of hunger.
3) India alone accounts for over half of all malnutrition-related child deaths worldwide despite growing enough food to meet its population's needs. High poverty, lower incomes, and poor infrastructure contribute to India's food insecurity challenges.
Risk management orientated food security information system reportShubham Agrawal
This document is a report submitted by Shubham Agrawal, a student at O.P. Jindal University, to Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh on the topic of a risk management oriented food security information system. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking Dr. Singh for his guidance and the university for the opportunity. It also includes a certificate signed by Dr. Singh certifying that the report was completed by Shubham Agrawal. The content page outlines 5 chapters on topics related to climate change impacts on agriculture and food security. Tables and figures are also listed to be included.
Food security a global & national perspective by ayaz soomroAyaz Ali
Food insecurity in Pakistan specially in Sindh province which is contributing high share of oil & gas but majority of masses is facing food insecurity.
Global Food Security Challenges and OpportunitiesShenggen Fan
Global food security faces many challenges including volatile food prices, population growth, land and water constraints, climate change, and the increasing demand for biofuels. To address these issues, the document calls for a development agenda with greater support for food security through investments in agriculture, safety nets, land and water productivity, and climate change adaptation. It also emphasizes the crucial role policy research can play in informing investments and policies to promote food security through impacts on areas like poverty reduction, resource allocation, and agricultural technology development and adoption.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
This document provides an outline for a presentation on food security in Bangladesh. It begins with introductions of the teacher, Dr. Selina Ahmed, and the student, Shaikh Abdus Salam. The presentation outline defines food security, explains the four pillars of food security (availability, access, utilization, stability), and identifies challenges to food security in Bangladesh such as economic development and reducing natural disasters. It demonstrates issues around availability, access, and utilization of food and concludes that while Bangladesh may not achieve its food security goal by 2021, progress has been made in reducing hunger and malnutrition through efforts that should continue to focus on poverty reduction, food sufficiency, and disaster prevention.
Food security exists when all people have reliable physical, social, and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live an active and healthy life. Food security has three key pillars - availability, which examines if coordination of land and water governance improves food availability; access, which looks at if systems and policies enable access to available food; and utilization, which considers if acquired food can be properly used. Any assessment of food security must consider the specific context.
Food security in focus: Europe 2014 is an Economist
Intelligence Unit (EIU) report commissioned by
DuPont. The report discusses the major findings in
the 2014 Global Food Security Index (GFSI)) for the
26 countries of Europe included in the index.
Food Security in Focus: Central & South AmericaDuPont
Food security in focus: Central & South America 2014
is an Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) report
commissioned by DuPont. The report discusses the
major findings in the 2014 Global Food Security
Index (GFSI) for the 18 countries of Central &
South America included in the index.
Food security in focus: North America 2014 is an
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) report
commissioned by DuPont. The report discusses the
major findings in the 2014 Global Food Security
Index (GFSI) for the three countries of North
America included in the index.
The document discusses food insecurity in South Africa and the city of Tshwane. While South Africa produces enough food, 14 million people still experience food insecurity due to poverty. In Tshwane, about 35% of the population of over 1 million people are food insecure. The document outlines strategies to address food insecurity through supporting small-scale agriculture, improving incomes and social services, disaster mitigation, and promoting nutrition. The key causes of food insecurity are identified as lack of access to food due to poverty, unemployment, and an inability to produce or purchase enough food.
The thrust of this paper is to provide an alternative strategy for solving the problem of food insecurity
in Nigeria through the social entrepreneurship initiative which is gaining prominence in recent times. The paper
explains the numerous efforts adopted by government to engender food security in the country but which yielded
infinitesimal results. It concludes that the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria can be solved with collective
efforts of the relevant stakeholders: international donors, government, professional institutions, banks,
nongovernmental organisations, faith based institutions, schools, families, farmers, and media. The paper
recommends the adoption of social entrepreneurship initiative by all stakeholders as an alternative strategy for
achieving the dream of food security in Nigeria.
This document provides an overview of the concept of food security as conceived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1974. It discusses the four key pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability. The definition and understanding of food security has evolved over time to incorporate these demand-side factors in addition to initial supply-side focuses. The concept remains an important framework for addressing issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty around the world.
The document discusses the challenges of achieving global food security. It notes that the number of undernourished people has risen to over 1 billion and food access issues should be addressed by ensuring availability of food and quality/safety of food. A multi-dimensional approach is needed that considers the economics, politics, environment, and societal aspects of food security. Key challenges include poverty reduction, population growth, unequal income distribution, effects of climate change such as reduced crop yields, and use of food crops for non-food purposes like biofuels. Coordinated political action is required to effectively address the complex, interconnected issues related to achieving worldwide food security.
The document discusses food security policies in Ghana over the past decade. It defines food security as access to sufficient nutritious food. A 2009 survey found that 34%, 10%, and 15% of people in Ghana's northern regions experienced food insecurity. To address this, Ghana implemented emergency measures like input subsidies during the 2007 global food crisis. It also pursued longer-term policies including the Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy, National Social Protection Strategy programs like LEAP and school feeding, and initiatives to boost domestic food production. However, the document concludes that more remains to be done to achieve food security goals.
An Evaluation of the Effect of Epoxidized Thevetia Nerrifolia Seed Oil Modifi...IOSR Journals
1) Thevetia Nerifolia seed oil was extracted and characterized, with an iodine value of 92.46 indicating it contains predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids.
2) The oil was then epoxidized, lowering its iodine value to 19.65 due to reduced unsaturation.
3) Soybean adhesive was modified by adding 20% epoxidized Thevetia Nerifolia oil, improving its water resistance over three soak cycles compared to the unmodified adhesive.
The document describes an experiment to optimize cutting parameters during CNC turning of AISI 8620 alloy steel using response surface methodology. Speed, feed rate, and depth of cut were varied as factors in a 3-level factorial design. The response variable was surface roughness, which was measured after each experimental run. Regression analysis in Minitab was used to develop a model relating the factors to surface roughness. Response optimization was then used to determine the optimal settings of the factors to minimize surface roughness. The goal of the experiment was to evaluate the best cutting parameter settings for achieving a smooth surface finish during CNC turning of AISI 8620 alloy steel.
This document presents an approach for an automatic visitor counting system using video camera. It discusses how traditional manual counting systems are labor intensive and inaccurate over long periods of time in crowded areas. An automated system using video camera and image processing techniques can continuously count visitors in real-time by segmenting and detecting objects in images. The proposed system would use a video camera to capture live video, send the images to a computer via USB, and utilize image processing in MATLAB Simulink to segment, eliminate backgrounds, detect blobs, and count the visitors efficiently.
This document summarizes and analyzes several existing image-based relational database watermarking techniques. It begins with background on database watermarking, including applications, classifications of techniques, and desired characteristics. It then reviews four specific algorithms that embed image watermarks into databases by modifying attribute values. The algorithms are analyzed for robustness against different attacks like deletion, modification, and addition of tuples. The document provides an overview of the field of image-based database watermarking.
This document describes an Android application designed to improve women's safety. The application uses GPS and GPRS to track a user's location and schedule. If the user presses an alarm, it will send alerts including their contact details and location to relatives, police, and volunteers. The system provides a low-cost solution for real-time emergency notification using simple smartphone interfaces. It aims to address issues women face in dangerous situations where they may not have time to call for help conventionally.
This document summarizes an algorithm for automatically generating search-based test data using metaheuristic search techniques. The algorithm aims to generate test data that satisfies test adequacy criteria like statement, branch, and condition coverage. It uses an evolutionary algorithm approach where the test adequacy criteria define the fitness function and the program's input domain forms the search space. Test data is encoded as potential solutions that are evaluated and evolved over generations to find ones that maximize coverage based on the fitness function. The algorithm is evaluated on 50 real-world C programs and is found to generate test data faster and with better coverage than random testing.
This document describes a vision-based system using a robotic arm to identify and sort objects based on their dimensions. A camera captures images of objects on a pallet, which are then processed using LabVIEW software to identify the object's width and height in pixels. These measured dimensions are compared to pre-defined values to determine if the object should be sorted into an "accepted" or "rejected" pile. The system aims to accurately sort objects by size using image processing and a robotic arm, with potential applications in industrial material handling.
Use of Polyvinylindene Fluoride (PVDF) and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) In S...IOSR Journals
The document discusses the use of polyvinylindene fluoride (PVDF) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) in structural health monitoring. Smart composite systems have been developed using surface mounted and embedded PZT and PVDF to sense and actuate vibrations in braided composite cantilever beams. Testing showed that PZT structures were effective for vibration measurement and actuation, while delamination between PZT and the structure affected this. PVDF composites were very effective for vibration sensing but not as good for actuation. The document provides background on piezoelectric materials and discusses previous related research on using piezoelectrics in composite structures.
This document studies the use of industrial wastes like crusher dust, aggregates, and ground granulated waste tires (GGWT) as materials for granular subbase (GSB) in flexible pavement construction. Five gradations (GSB11 to GSB15) were developed using different sieve sizes and mixes of crusher dust, aggregates, and 0-2% GGWT by weight were tested. Compaction and CBR tests found that optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher GGWT content. CBR values increased up to 1% GGWT then decreased. GSB13 with 1.5% GGWT achieved the highest CBR of 58%, meeting requirements for heavier traffic roads. Using industrial wastes
The document analyzes the use of a dual boundary element method (DBEM) for shape optimization of two-dimensional linear elastic structures. The DBEM uses two independent boundary integral equations - the displacement and stress boundary integral equations. This allows for high accuracy in computing boundary stresses. The optimization objective is to minimize structural compliance subject to an area constraint. Sensitivities are computed using analytical expressions from optimality conditions. Numerical examples demonstrate the DBEM can accurately and efficiently perform shape optimization.
This document provides an overview and comparison of three types of solar cells: crystalline silicon solar cells, plasmonic solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells. Plasmonic solar cells use metal nanoparticles to increase light absorption and scattering in thin-film solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells separate the functions of light absorption and charge transport to provide a potentially low-cost alternative to traditional p-n junction photovoltaics. The document discusses the operating principles, advantages, and design considerations of plasmonic and dye-sensitized solar cells, with a brief overview of conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaics provided for context.
This document discusses techniques for detecting blood vessels in images of the retina to diagnose diabetic retinopathy. It begins by explaining that diabetic retinopathy is a disease caused by uncontrolled diabetes that can lead to vision loss if left untreated. Early detection of blood vessels is important for diagnosing and classifying the severity of diabetic retinopathy. The document then describes several approaches that have been used for detecting blood vessels, including pattern recognition techniques, model-based approaches, tracking-based approaches, and artificial intelligence methods. It provides details on some specific techniques within each category, such as multi-scale, skeleton-based, region growing, and differential geometry-based pattern recognition approaches.
RAPD Analysis Of Rapidly Multiplied In Vitro Plantlets of Anthurium Andreanum...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variation in Anthurium andreanum plantlets multiplied through in vitro culture. Seeds were germinated and a single plantlet was cultured on MS medium supplemented with hormones and used as the mother plant. Shoots were transferred to four media including MS medium and proliferated over 10 cycles. RAPD analysis found the mother plant was genetically identical to plantlets in some media but unique band patterns in others indicated mutations, showing in vitro culture induced genetic variability compared to the original mother plant.
This document discusses dynamic power factor correction in a non-linear environment through simulation of an ideal shunt active power filter (APF). It begins with an introduction to power quality problems caused by non-linear loads drawing non-sinusoidal currents. It then describes simulation of an ideal shunt APF for a 3-phase, 3-wire system in MATLAB to eliminate harmonics and improve power factor. Waveforms are presented showing the compensator currents injected to make the source currents harmonic-free. Simulation of a shunt APF using p-q theory is also carried out and waveforms shown demonstrating reactive power supply by the compensator and balanced source currents. The document concludes the shunt APF successfully filters harmonics
Physical Fitness Index of Indian Judo Players assessed by Harvard step test.IOSR Journals
This study assessed the physical fitness index of 31 Indian judo players using the Harvard step test and compared it to 31 sedentary controls. The judo players were divided into two groups based on duration of training: Group A trained for 5 years or less, Group B trained for over 5 years. Group B showed a significantly higher physical fitness index than Group A. Both judo player groups had a higher index than the controls. A positive correlation was also found between physical fitness index and performance in a special judo fitness test, suggesting higher fitness is associated with better judo performance. The results indicate that longer training duration has a positive effect on physical fitness levels in judo players.
This document summarizes various stemming algorithms used for information retrieval. It discusses rule-based stemming algorithms like the Porter stemmer and Lovins stemmer which use language rules to remove suffixes and extract word stems. It also describes statistical stemming methods which use machine learning on text corpora to identify morphological variants. Finally, it analyzes different techniques for conflating words during stemming, such as affix removal, successor variety, table lookup, and n-gram methods.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an algorithm to predict epileptic seizures up to 5 minutes in advance using EEG data. The algorithm analyzes EEG recordings to extract seizure prediction characteristics and correlates these with seizure occurrence times. The algorithm could enable preventative therapies by triggering deep brain stimulation to avoid imminent seizures. When tested on 21 patients, the algorithm achieved 81.7% accuracy in predicting seizures up to 5 minutes beforehand, ranging from 80.7-81.5% accuracy for individual brain channels. If validated, this type of advanced seizure prediction could help minimize injuries from sudden seizures.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a multi-account embedded ATM card with enhanced security. Key points include:
1) The proposed system would embed multiple bank accounts onto a single smart ATM card, allowing customers to access all accounts from any ATM without carrying multiple cards.
2) Security would be enhanced through fingerprint authentication instead of just a PIN. A fingerprint scanner would be integrated into the ATM to verify customers' identities.
3) This would provide more convenience for customers while reducing fraud risks compared to traditional single-account cards authenticated solely with PINs.
Development of an Algorithm for 16-Bit WTMIOSR Journals
This document describes the development of an algorithm for a 16-bit Wallace tree multiplier (WTM). It begins with an overview of binary multiplication methods and why the Wallace tree structure is advantageous in reducing propagation delay. The document then discusses improvements made to the basic WTM algorithm, including a new method for generating partial products using fewer logic gates. It presents the design, synthesis and testing of WTM circuits of varying sizes on a Spartan-3E FPGA board. Performance metrics like delay, area, power-delay product and area-delay product are measured and compared to other multipliers. The 16-bit WTM is found to have superior performance to the other multipliers in terms of delay, area and speed.
This document summarizes a study that implemented various lean strategies at a furniture manufacturing factory in Bangladesh to improve productivity. The strategies of Single-Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED), Gemba (observing the production process firsthand), and Short Interval Control were utilized. Initial observations found redundant worker tasks, long wait times, and lack of supervision. SMED was applied first by separating setup activities into internal and external tasks. This reduced internal setup activities by converting some to external prep work. Overall, the lean strategies decreased processing times and distances traveled by workers while increasing productivity, output, and profits for the factory.
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
Nutrition security is an integral component of food securitySibelle El Labban
This review argues that nutrition is an integral component of food security, and should be embedded within all four of its dimensions – availability, access, utilization, and stability. The review highlights current food insecurity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, as exacerbated by the triple burden of malnutrition, where undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight/obesity coexist. Previous efforts to address food security in MENA have focused on food
availability, overlooking the other three dimensions and leaving nutrition considerations aside. Meanwhile, the literature has recognized the need to highlight nutrition as fundamental, and opted for the term ‘food and nutrition security’. To achieve food and nutrition security in MENA, a nutrition lens must be applied across all four dimensions – from assessment, to policy and programming, to capacity building. For example, MENA countries can adopt policies and programs including well-structured food subsidies, dietary guidelines, public awareness, and education campaigns to increase availability and accessibility of nutritious and safe foods, and stimulate consumer demand for those. To accomplish this, MENA needs to build stakeholders’ capacity and equip them to address
the challenges that are hindering the achievement of food and nutrition security now and into the future.
Food Insecurity and Government Intervention for Sustainable Food Access in Od...IJLT EMAS
This paper aims to find out the status and causes of food insecurity and policy measures taken by the government to reduce insecurity in Odisha. The data used in this paper have been collected from different secondary sources like books, journals, news papers, government reports etc.
The study shows that the main cause of food insecurity in Odisha is absence of purchasing power of people to purchase adequate amounts of foods to meet basic minimum food requirements. Purchasing power is absent because of poverty. 9%of the population are extremely food insecure consuming less than 1800 kcl per day. The vulnerability is high in southern and northern regions of the state as well as among SC and ST communities and is more experienced in rural areas than urban areas.
Government of Odisha intervene the situation to counter insecurity through different measures like subsidized distribution of food grains, nutrition provisioning through Anganwadis and mid-day meals, food for work programmes etc. Because of implementation of these measures calories intake of people of KBK regions has increased from 1674.6 kcl in 2004-05 to 1819.0 kcl in 2011-12 and that of non-KBK regions has increased from 2046.5 kcl in 2004-05 to 2076 kcl in 2011-12. Finally, the paper suggests that the government should focus on development of agriculture and employment generation and price stability.
Food Security, Self-Sufficiency and Sustainable Agriculture in a Changing WorldFrancois Stepman
26-27 September 2017. Lleida, Spain. Knowledge Management and Communication in Food Security and Agriculture discussed in Spain at the occasion of the Plant Inter Cluster meeting.
Keynote presentation:
Dr Joan Girona, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA, Spain), "Food Security, Self-Sufficiency and Sustainable Agriculture in a Changing World"
The document presents findings from the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) and discusses threats to global food security. It finds that after several years of improvement, global food security declined over the past year due to factors like rising food prices and migration. Climate change and natural resource depletion further threaten food security by increasing exposure, sensitivity and reducing resilience. International collaboration is needed to address these challenges and work towards the UN's goal of ending hunger by 2030.
Public health is directly or indirectly affected by the food supply. Food safety is a public health
issue which has become a global problem. Since food is necessary for human survival, a food safety crisis can
cause widespread social panic and heavy casualties. Food safety has been a major concern for governments,
the food service industry, and academia. This paper provides an introduction to food safety.
Linkage of agriculture nutrition education and incomesayednaim
1. The document discusses the linkages between agriculture, nutrition, education, and income in developing countries like Afghanistan. It provides a framework for understanding how these sectors influence each other.
2. Agriculture can impact nutrition through increased food production and household income, as well as women's empowerment and time for childcare. Better nutrition also enhances agricultural productivity.
3. Education influences nutrition by empowering individuals with knowledge about health and feeding practices, and nutrition education specifically improves diets and choices. Maternal education leads to better child nutrition.
4. Income generated from agriculture or other means allows for greater food access and purchasing of nutritious foods, linking income to improved nutrition outcomes.
This is ppt based on Food security in third world countries. it contains different types of topic like food chain, food crises, global response on food chain and in third world countries, it is mainly categorize in environmental part.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS IN UGANDA Johan Lorenzen
UBOS collects agricultural and food security data through various surveys and censuses to analyze Uganda's food security situation. This includes data on crop and livestock production, prices, sales, and household food consumption collected through censuses, sample surveys, and permanent data collection systems. This data is used by the IPC National Working Group to assess food security, classify areas by phase, and develop policy recommendations. While over half of households experience seasonal food shortages, the data shows differences in impacts and coping strategies across regions.
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
Food Scarcity In India
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This document compares food security in India to other countries and identifies areas for improvement. While India has high food production, 29% of the world's undernourished people are in India. India also has high rates of underweight and stunted children compared to other nations. Gender inequality is also a factor, as women have less access to resources. To improve, India can learn from community farming practices and promoting indigenous crops in other countries. It can also strengthen public storage and food distribution through public-private partnerships while revising policies to better target the food insecure population. Giving women more economic opportunities could boost agricultural output and reduce hunger.
Food security is measured by the availability, accessibility, and affordability of food. Historically, central authorities ensured food security during famines by releasing food from storage. The 1974 World Food Conference defined food security as adequate food supplies to sustain consumption. Later definitions added the importance of demand and access. The 1996 World Food Summit defined food security as physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. Food security is assessed based on the availability, access, utilization, and stability of food sources. Changes in climate and extreme weather can disrupt stability and livelihoods, challenging food security.
This document compares post-harvest losses between traditional and modern markets in India from the perspective of consumers. It finds that traditional markets, which still dominate Indian retail, experience significant losses during the multi-step process of transporting perishable fruits and vegetables from farmers to consumers. Modern markets offer centralized distribution but have also failed to gain widespread popularity in India due to cultural preferences for local shopping experiences. Reducing food losses across both supply chains will be important for improving food security in India.
The importance of food is increasingly included on the urban agenda in many nations. Food systems consists of the various processes and infrastructures involved in feeding the society, including growing and harvesting, production, processing, transportation, distribution, and consumption. Food policy is designed to influence the operation of the food systems. Food insecurity access to adequate food for all is a global problem. So is the food policy. Global interdependence in the worlds food market makes analysis of food policies more difficult. For example, China, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka are committed to solving the pressing problems of hunger and poverty in their nations. This paper provides a brief introduction on food policy at the global level. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa ""Global Food Policy: A Primer"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30134.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/30134/global-food-policy-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
Nutirtion as an input and outcome of resilience2020resilience
This document discusses integrating nutrition into resilience programming. It notes that many countries face high levels of food insecurity and malnutrition, and that resilience efforts cannot succeed without also addressing nutrition. The document calls for making resilience programs more nutrition-sensitive by strengthening nutrition in policies and information systems, and by designing multi-sectoral prevention, preparedness and response efforts based on nutritional vulnerability analyses. Key actions include monitoring nutritional status indicators, integrating nutrition education into programs, and linking social protection to resilience and nutrition frameworks.
Persuasive Essay On Food Insecurity
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Global food production and consumption have witnessed significant changes in the past five decades. Paying attention to rising crop yields and enhancing cultivation practices have brought about enhanced life expectancy, reduced rates of infant and child mortality, and reduced world poverty (Whitmee et al. 2015; Steffen et al. 2015; Willett et al. 2019). However, these health-related advantages are being jeopardized by global shifts toward unhealthy diets mostly in the developed countries and carbohydrate dense foods in the developing countries (Global Panel 2016; IFPRI 2017). These dietary shifts are partly caused by increasing urbanization, rise in incomes, and inadequate or lack of access to nutritious and healthy foods. Movement toward unhealthy diets increases the burden of obesity and diet-related NCDs coupled with imparting the environment negatively (Tilman and Clark 2014; Springmann et al. 2016; Willett et al. 2019). With increased growth and progress in food industry, food systems are becoming more complex with possible adverse effects on human health and nutrition especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) already faced with chronic hunger and multiple forms of malnutrition (Global Panel 2016; HLPE 2017; Otekunrin et al. 2019a, b, c; Otekunrin et al. 2020c; Global Nutrition Report 2020). Sustainable food systems will lead to sustainable healthy diets.
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This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
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This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
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The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
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1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
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Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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An Assessment on Food Security in Developing Economies-Problems and Policy Initiatives
1. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 6, Issue 1. Ver. I (Jan.-Feb. 2015), PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06110110 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
An Assessment on Food Security in Developing Economies-
Problems and Policy Initiatives
Dr. G.L. Parvathamma
Associate professor, Department of Economics, Bangalore UniversityP.G.Centre, Kolar-563101
Abstract: Food is a basic necessity of life. Yet more than 800 million people in developing countries are not
getting enough of it. Food security is a condition related to the ongoing availability of food. According to the
Food (FAO), food security "exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy
life". Individuals who are food secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Food security indicators and
measures are derived from country level household income and expenditure surveys to estimate per capita
caloric availability. In general the objective of food security indicators and measures is to capture some or all
of the main components of food security in terms of food availability, access and utilization or adequacy. With
its prevalence of undernourishment (POU) indicator, the FAO reported that almost 870 million people were
chronically undernourished in the years 2010-2012. This represents 12.5% of the global population, or 1 in 8
people. Higher rates occur in developing countries, where 852 million people (about 15% of the population) are
chronically undernourished. The report noted that Asia and Latin America have achieved reductions in rates of
undernourishment that put these regions on track for achieving the Millennium Development Goal of halving
the prevalence of undernourishment by 2015. The UN noted that about 2 billion people do not consume a
sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals. In India, the second-most populous country in the world, 30 million
people have been added to the ranks of the hungry since the mid-1990s and 46% of children are underweight(
Data source: FAO).The present paper mainly focused on the present situation of Food security in USA and
developing economies, the main issues of World summit on food security .The study also highlights about the
main Pillars of food security, Effects of food security, Challenges to achieving food security and Risks to
achieve Food Security. Finally concluded by giving some of the Approaches under taken by the United Nation
Agency for International Development,(FAO) By the Food and Agriculture Organization and By the World
Food Programme to achieve food security.
Key words: Food security,FAO, World summit on food security, World Food Programme
I. Introduction
Food is a basic necessity of life. Yet more than 800 million people in developing countries are not getting
enough of it. Food security is a condition related to the ongoing availability of food. Concerns over food
security have existed throughout history; there is evidence of granaries being in use over 10,000 years ago, with
central authorities in civilizations including Ancient China and Ancient Egypt being known to release food from
storage in times of famine. Yet it was only at the 1974 World Food Conference that the term 'food security' was
established as a formal concept. Originally, food security was understood to apply at the national level, with a
state being food secure when there was sufficient food to "sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and
to offset fluctuations in production and prices". A new definition emerged at 1996 World Food Summit; this
time with the emphasis being on individuals enjoying food security, rather than the nation. According to the
Food (FAO), food security "exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy
life". Individuals who are food secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Food insecurity, on the other
hand, is a situation of "limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or
uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways", according to the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food security incorporates a measure of resilience to future disruption or
unavailability of critical food supply due to various risk factors including droughts, shipping disruptions, fuel
shortages, economic instability, and wars. In the years 2011-2013, an estimated 842 million people were
suffering from chronic hunger. The United Nations (UN) recognized the Right to food in the Declaration of
Human Rights in 1948, and has since noted that it is vital for the enjoyment of all other rights.
Food security indicators and measures are derived from country level household income and expenditure
surveys to estimate per capita caloric availability. In general the objective of food security indicators and
measures is to capture some or all of the main components of food security in terms of food availability, access
and utilization or adequacy. While availability (production and supply) and utilization/adequacy (nutritional
status/anthropometric measures) seemed much easier to estimate, thus more popular, access (ability to acquire
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sufficient quantity and quality) remain largely elusive. The factors influencing household food access are often
context specific. Thus the financial and technical demands of collecting and analyzing data on all aspects of
household's experience of food access and the development of valid and clear measures remain a huge
challenge. Nevertheless several measures have been developed that aim to capture the access component of food
security, with some notable examples developed by the USAID-funded Food and Nutrition Technical
Assistance (FANTA) project, collaborating with Cornell and Tufts University and Africare and World Vision.
These include:
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) - continuous measure of the degree of food insecurity
(access) in the household in the previous month
Household Dietary Diversity Scale (HDDS) - measures the number of different food groups consumed over a
specific reference period (24hrs/48hrs/7days).
Household Hunger Scale (HHS) - measures the experience of household food deprivation based on a set of
predictable reactions, captured through a survey and summarized in a scale.
Coping Strategies Index (CSI) - assesses household behaviors and rates them based on a set of varied
established behaviors on how households cope with food shortages. The methodology for this research is base
on collecting data on a single question: "What do you do when you do not have enough food, and do not have
enough money to buy food /
The FAO, World Food Programme (WFP), and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
collaborate to produce The State of Food Insecurity in the World. The 2012 edition described improvements
made by the FAO to the prevalence of undernourishment (POU) indicator that is used to measure rates of food
insecurity. New features include revised minimum dietary energy requirements for individual countries, updates
to the world population data, and estimates of food losses in retail distribution for each country. Measurements
that factor into the indicator include dietary energy supply, food production, food prices, food expenditures, and
volatility of the food system. The insecurity range from food secure situations to full-scale famine.
Rates
Number of people affected by undernourishment, 2010–12 (by region, in millions)
With its prevalence of undernourishment (POU) indicator, the FAO reported that almost 870 million
people were chronically undernourished in the years 2010-2012. This represents 12.5% of the global population,
or 1 in 8 people. Higher rates occur in developing countries, where 852 million people (about 15% of the
population) are chronically undernourished. The report noted that Asia and Latin America have achieved
reductions in rates of undernourishment that put these regions on track for achieving the Millennium
Development Goal of halving the prevalence of undernourishment by 2015. The UN noted that about 2 billion
people do not consume a sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals. In India, the second-most populous
country in the world, 30 million people have been added to the ranks of the hungry since the mid-1990s and
46% of children are underweight( Data source: FAO)
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Food security in USA
The United States Department of Agriculture defines food insecurity as "limited or uncertain
availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in
socially acceptable ways. National Food Security Surveys are the main survey tool used by the USDA to
measure food security in the United States. Based on respondents' answers to survey questions, the household
can be placed on a continuum of food security defined by the USDA. This continuum has four categories: high
food security, marginal food security, low food security, and very low food security.[41]
Economic Research
Service report number 155 (ERS-155) estimates that 14.5 percent (17.6 million) of US households were food
insecure at some point in 2012. The prevalence of food insecurity has been relatively in the United States since
the economic recession 2008.In 2012:49.0 million People lived in food-insecure households.12.4 million Adults
lived in households with very low food security.8.3 million Children lived in food-insecure households in which
children, along with adults, were food insecure.977,000 children lived in households in which one or more child
experienced very low food security.
Feed the Future programme
The government of the United States has taken up an initiative along with other local government
agencies as well as global partners, the G8 countries, and donors to reduce global hunger and to improve food
security condition in the world. Exploiting the G8 Summit of 2009 held in L'Aquila, Italy, and President Barack
Obama insisted global leaders to revert the three-decade old trend of reduced agricultural investments, and
instead, choose to increase cash flow in their respective agricultural sectors in a drive to bolster global food
security. This led to the birth of the "Feed the Future" program.
Initially, the U.S had been successful in
collecting above $18 billion as funds for the program from the G8 countries as well as other donors. The "Feed
the Future" initiative is presently led by the U.S Agency for International Development and has the support of
other government-funded bodies like the State Department, Peace Corps, Millennium Challenge Corporation,
the Treasury Department, U.S. Trade Representative, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, the U.S. African
Development Foundation, and the U.S Department of Agriculture. The target group of this initiative is the
smallholder farmers, especially women. Feed the Future has plans to help partner countries to develop their
agricultural sector with an aim to improve their agricultural output. Spurt in economic growth would ultimately
lead to higher income and help into eradicate hunger, poverty as well as under nutrition from the society. This
initiative is expected to work on the basis of country-led priorities that call for consistent support by the
governments, donor organizations, the private sector, and the civil society to accomplish its long-term goals.
World summit on food security
The world summit on food security held in Rome in 1996, noted that "food should not be used as an
instrument for political and economic pressure". According to the International Centre for Trade and
Sustainable Development, failed agriculture market regulation and the lack of anti-dumping mechanisms
engenders much of the world's food scarcity and malnutrition. As of late 2007, export restrictions and panic
buying, US Dollar Depreciation, increased farming for use in biofuels, world oil prices at more than $100 a
barrel, global population growth, climate change, loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial
development, and growing consumer demand in China and India are claimed to have pushed up the price of
grain aimed to renew a global commitment to the fight against hunger. The Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO) called the summit in response to widespread under-nutrition and growing concern
about the capacity of agriculture to meet future food needs. The conference produced two key documents, the
Rome Declaration on World Food Security and the World Food Summit Plan of Action. The Rome Declaration
calls for the members of the United Nations to work to halve the number of chronically undernourished people
on the Earth by the year 2015. The Plan of Action sets a number of targets for government and non-
governmental organizations for achieving food security, at the individual, household, national, regional and
global levels. Another World Summit on Food Security took place in Rome between November 16 and 18,
2009. The decision to convene the summit was taken by the Council of FAO in June 2009, at the proposal of
FAO Director-General Dr Jacques Diouf. Heads of State and Government attended the summit, which took
place at the FAO's headquarters.
II. Pillars of food security
The WHO states that there are three pillars that determine food security: food availability, food access,
and food use. The FAO adds a fourth pillar: the stability of the first three dimensions of food security over
time .In 2009, the World Summit on Food Security stated that the "four pillars of food security are availability,
access, utilization, and stability".
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Availability
Food availability relates to the supply of food through production, distribution, and exchange is
determined by a variety of factors including land ownership and use; soil management; crop selection, breeding,
and management; livestock breeding and management; and harvesting. Crop production can be impacted by
changes in rainfall and temperatures.]
The use of land, water, and energy to grow food often competes with other
uses, which can affect food production. Land used for agriculture can be used for urbanization or lost to
desertification, salinization, and soil erosion due to unsustainable agricultural practices. Crop production is not
required for a country to achieve food security. Nations don't have to have the natural resources required to
produce crops in order to achieve food security, as seen in the examples of Japan]
and Singapore. Because food
consumers outnumber producers in every country, food must be distributed to different regions or nations. Food
distribution involves the storage, processing, transport, packaging, and marketing of food. Food-chain
infrastructure and storage technologies on farms can also impact the amount of food wasted in the distribution
process. Poor transport infrastructure can increase the price of supplying water and fertilizer as well as the price
of moving food to national and global markets. Around the world, few individuals or households are
continuously self-reliant for food. This creates the need for a bartering, exchange, or cash economy to acquire
food. The exchange of food requires efficient trading systems and market institutions, which can have an impact
on food security. Per capita world food supplies are more than adequate to provide food security to all, and thus
food accessibility is a greater barrier to achieving food security.
Access
Goats are an important part of the solution to global food security because they are fairly low
maintenance and easy to rise and farm. Food access refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as
the preferences of individuals and households. The UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
noted that the causes of hunger and malnutrition are often not a scarcity of food but an inability to access
available food, usually due to poverty. Poverty can limit access to food, and can also increase how vulnerable an
individual or household is to food price spikes. Access depends on whether the household has enough income to
purchase food at prevailing prices or has sufficient land and other resources to grow its own food. Households
with enough resources can overcome unstable harvests and local food shortages and maintain their access to
food.
There are two distinct types of access to food: direct access, in which a household produces food using
human and material resources, and economic access, in which a household purchases food produced
elsewhere. Location can affect access to food and which type of access a family will rely on .The assets of a
household, including income, land, products of labor, inheritances, and gifts can determine a household's access
to food. However, the ability to access to sufficient food may not lead to the purchase of food over other
materials and services Demographics and education levels of members of the household as well as the gender of
the household head determine the preferences of the household, which influences the type of food that are
purchased. A household's access to enough and nutritious food may not assure adequate food intake of all
household members, as intrahousehold food allocation may not sufficiently meet the requirements of each
member of the household. The USDA adds that access to food must be available in socially acceptable ways,
without, for example, resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies
Utilization
The final pillar of food security is food utilization, which refers to the metabolism of food by
individuals once food is obtained by a household, a variety of factors impact the quantity and quality of food
that reaches members of the household. In order to achieve food security, the food ingested must be safe and
must be enough to meet the physiological requirements of each individual. Food safety impacts food
utilization, and can by impacted by the preparation, processing, and cooking of food in the community and
household, Nutritional value of the household determine food choice. Access to healthcare is another
determinant of food utilization, since the health of individuals controls how the food is metabolized For
example, intestinal parasites can take nutrients from the body and decrease food utilization. Sanitation can also
decrease the occurrence and spread of diseases that can affect food utilization. Education about nutrition and
food preparation can impact food utilization and improve this pillar of food security.
Stability
Food stability refers to the ability to obtain food over time. Food security can be transitory, seasonal, or
chronic. In transitory food insecurity, food may be unavailable during certain periods of time .At the food
production level, natural disasters and drought result in crop failure and decreased food availability. Civil
conflicts can also decrease access to food. Instability in markets resulting in food-price spikes can cause
transitory food insecurity. Other factors that can temporarily cause food insecurity are loss of employment or
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productivity, which can be caused by illness. Seasonal food insecurity can result from the regular pattern of
growing seasons in food production. Chronic (or permanent) food insecurity is defined as the long-term,
persistent lack of adequate food. In this case, households are constantly at risk of being unable to acquire food to
meet the needs of all members. Chronic and transitory food insecurity is linked, since the reoccurrence of
transitory food security can make households more vulnerable to chronic food insecurity.
III. Effects of food security
"Famine and hunger are both rooted in food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity translates into a high
degree of vulnerability to famine and hunger; ensuring food security presupposes elimination of that
vulnerability."
Stunting and chronic nutritional deficiencies (Malnutrition)
Many countries experience ongoing food shortages and distribution problems. These result in chronic
and often widespread hunger amongst significant numbers of people. Human populations can respond to
chronic hunger and malnutrition by decreasing body size, known in medical terms as stunting or stunted growth.
This process starts in utero if the mother is malnourished and continues through approximately the third year of
life. It leads to higher infant and child mortality, but at rates far lower than during famines. Once stunting has
occurred, improved nutritional intake after the age of about two years is unable to reverse the damage. Stunting
itself can be viewed as a coping mechanism, bringing body size into alignment with the calories available during
adulthood in the location where the child is born. Limiting body size as a way of adapting to low levels of
energy (calories) adversely affects health in three ways:
1. Premature failure of vital organs during adulthood. For example, a 50-year-old individual might die of heart
failure because his/her heart suffered structural defects during early development; 2.Stunted individuals suffer a
higher rate of disease and illness than those who have not undergone stunting 3. Severe malnutrition in early
childhood often leads to defects in cognitive development.
IV. Challenges to achieving food security
Global water crisis; Water, which are already spurring heavy grain imports in numerous smaller countries, may
soon do the same in larger countries, such as China or India. The water tables are falling in scores of countries
(including northern China, the US, and India) due to widespread over pumping using powerful diesel and
electric pumps. Other countries affected include Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. This will eventually lead
to water scarcity and cutbacks in grain harvest. Even with the over pumping of its aquifers, China is developing
a grain deficit When this happens, it will almost certainly drive grain prices upward. Most of the 3 billion people
projected to be born worldwide by mid-century will be born in countries already experiencing water shortages.
After China and India, there is a second tier of smaller countries with large water deficits – Afghanistan,
Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Mexico, and Pakistan. Four of these already import a large share of their grain.
Regionally, Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place
on the globe and as of an estimated 800 million people who live in Africa, 300 million live in a water stressed
environment. It is estimated that by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people in Africa will be living in areas of
high water stress, which will likely displace anywhere between 24 million and 700 million people as conditions
become increasingly unlivable. Because the majority of Africa remains dependent on an agricultural lifestyle
and 80% to 90% of all families in rural Africa rely upon producing their own food water scarcity translates to a
loss of food securityh. A 2010 report concluded that the industry is not sustainable and accuses investors,
including the World Bank, of failing to take proper responsibility for the impact of their decisions on the water
resources of poorer countries. Diverting water from the headwaters of the Ica River to asparagus fields has also
led to a water shortage in the mountain region of Huancavelica, where indigenous communities make a marginal
living herding
Land degradation (Desertification); Intensive farming often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of soil
fertility and decline of agricultural yields. Approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously
degraded. In Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue the continent might be able to feed just 25% of
its population by 2025, according to UNU's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa.
Climate change and Agriculture; Extreme events, such as droughts and floods, are forecast to increase as
climate change takes hold. Ranging from overnight floods to gradually worsening droughts, these will have a
range of impacts on the agricultural sector. By 2040, almost the entire Nile region, which once included large
areas of irrigated agricultural land, is expected to become hot desert where cultivation is impossible due to water
limitation According to the Climate & Development owledge Network report Managing Climate Extremes and
Disasters in the Agriculture Sectors: Lessons from the IPCC SREX Report, the impacts will include changing
productivity and livelihood patterns, economic losses, and impacts on infrastructure, markets and food security.
Food security in future will be linked to our ability to adapt agricultural systems to extreme events. For example,
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the Garifuna women in Honduras are helping to ensure food security locally by reviving and improving
production of traditional root crops, building up traditional methods of soil conservation, carrying out training in
organic composting and pesticide use and creating the first Garifuna farmers' market. Sixteen towns have
worked together to establish tool and seed banks. Efforts to plant wild fruit trees along the coast are helping to
prevent soil erosion. The aim is to reduce the communities' vulnerability to the hazards of shifting weather
patterns
Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the drainage basin of the Himalayan rivers India, China,
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by severe droughts in
coming decades. In India alone, the Ganges provides water for drinking and farming for more than 500 million
people. The west coast of North America, which gets much of its water from glaciers in mountain ranges such as
the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, also would be affected. Glaciers aren't the only worry that the
developing nations have; sea level is reported to rise as climate change progresses, reducing the amount of land
available for agriculture. In other parts of the world, a big effect will be low yields of grain according to the
World Food Trade Model, specifically in the low latitude regions where much of the developing world is
located. From this the price of grain will rise, along with the developing nations trying to grow the grain. Due to
this, every 2–2.5% price hike will increase the number of hungry people by 1% Low crop yields are just one of
the problem facing farmers in the low latitudes and tropical regions. The timing and length of the growing
seasons, when farmers plant their crops, are going to be changing dramatically, per the USDA, due to unknown
changes in soil temperature and moisture conditions.
Agricultural diseases; Diseases affecting livestock or crops can have devastating effects on food availability
especially if there are no contingency plans in place. For example, Ug99, a lineage of wheat stem rust which can
cause up to 100% crop losses, is present in wheat fields in several countries in Africa and the Middle East and is
predicted to spread rapidly through these regions and possibly further afield, potentially causing a wheat
production disaster that would affect food security worldwide. The genetic diversity of the crop wild relatives of
wheat can be used to improve modern varieties to be more resistant to rust. In their centers of origin wild wheat
plants are screened for resistance to rust, then their genetic information is studied and finally wild plants and
modern varieties are crossed through means of modern plant in order to transfer the resistance genes from the
wild plants to the modern varieties.
Dictatorship and kleptocracy (Political corruption); Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has
observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring
events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often
even whether or not a famine will occur. The 20th century is full of examples of governments undermining the
food security of their own nations–sometimes intentionally. When governments come to power by force or
rigged elections, and not by way of fair and open elections, their base of support is often narrow and built
upon cronyism and patronage. Under such conditions "The distribution of food within a country is a political
issue. Governments in most countries give priority to urban areas, since that is where the most influential and
powerful families and enterprises are usually located. The government often neglects subsistence farmers and
rural areas in general. The more remote and underdeveloped the area the less likely the government will be to
effectively meet its needs. Many agrarian policies, especially the pricing of agricultural commodities,
discriminate against rural areas. Governments often keep prices of basic grains at such artificially low levels that
subsistence producers cannot accumulate enough capital to make investments to improve their production. Thus,
they are effectively prevented from getting out of their precarious situation
As pointed out by William Bernstein in his book The Birth of Plenty: "Individuals without property are
susceptible to starvation, and it is much easier to bend the fearful and hungry to the will of the state. If a
[farmer's] property can be arbitrarily threatened by the state, that power will inevitably be employed to
intimidate those with divergent political and religious opinions."
Food sovereignty;The approach known as food sovereignty views the business practices of multinational
corporations as a form of neocolonialism. It contends that multinational corporations have the financial
resources available to buy up the agricultural resources of impoverished nations, particularly in the tropics. They
also have the political clout to convert these resources to the exclusive production of cash crops for sale
to industrialized nations outside of the tropics, and in the process to squeeze the poor off of the more productive
lands.[
Under this view subsistence farmers are left to cultivate only lands that are so marginal in terms of
productivity as to be of no interest to the multinational corporations. Likewise, food sovereignty holds it to be
true that communities should be able to define their own means of production and that food is a basic human
right. With several multinational corporations now pushing agricultural technologies on developing countries,
technologies that include improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, crop production has become an
increasingly analyzed and debated issue. Many communities calling for food sovereignty are protesting the
imposition of Western technologies on to their indigenous systems and agency.
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V. Risks to Food Security
Population growth; Current UN projections show a continued increase in population in the near future (but a
steady decline in the population growth rate), with the global population expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9
billion by 2050. UN Population Division estimates for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion;
mathematical modeling supports the lower estimate. Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further
world population growth, highlighting the growing pressures on the environment, global food supplies, and
energy resources. Solutions for feeding the nine billion in the future are being studied and documented. One out
of every seven people on our planet goes to sleep hungry. People are suffering due to overpopulation, 25,000
people die of malnutrition and hunger related diseases every day.
Fossil fuel dependence: Agriculture and petroleum ; While agricultural output increased as a result of
the Green Revolution, the energy input into the process (that is, the energy that must be expended to produce a
crop) has also increased at a greater rate, so that the ratio of crops produced to energy input has decreased over
time. Green Revolution techniques also heavily rely on chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, some of
which must be developed from fossil fuels, making agriculture increasingly reliant on petroleum products.
Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, world grain
production increased by 250%. The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by fossil fuels in the form
of fertilizers (natural gas),pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon fueled irrigation. David Pimentel, professor of
ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, and Mario Giampietro, senior researcher at the National Research
Institute on Food and Nutrition (INRAN), place in their study Food, Land, Population and the U.S. Economy the
maximum U.S. population for a sustainable economy at 200 million. To achieve a sustainable economy and
avert disaster, the United States must reduce its population by at least one-third, and world population will have
to be reduced by two-thirds, says the study.The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural
crisis will only begin to impact us after 2020, and will not become critical until 2050. The oncoming peaking of
global oil production (and subsequent decline of production), along with the peak of North American natural gas
production will very likely precipitate this agricultural crisis much sooner than expected. Geologist Dale Allen
Pfeiffer claims that coming decades could see spiraling food prices without relief and massive starvation on a
global level such as never experienced before.
Hybridization, genetic engineering, and loss of biodiversity; In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green
Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield by creating "high-yielding
varieties". Often the handful of hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and was further hybridized
with local varieties in the rest of the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and
diseases. Local governments and industry have been pushing hybridization which has resulted in several of the
indigenous breeds becoming extinct or threatened. Disuse because of unprofitability and uncontrolled
intentional and unintentional cross-pollination and crossbreeding (genetic pollution), formerly huge gene pools
of various wild and indigenous breeds has collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion and genetic pollution.
This has resulted in loss of genetic and biodiversity as a whole.A genetically modified organism (GMO) is
an organism whose genetic material has been altered using the genetic engineering techniques generally known
as recombinant DNA technology. Genetically Modified (GM) crops today have become a common source for
genetic pollution, not only of wild varieties but also of other domesticated varieties derived from relatively
natural hybridization. Genetic erosion coupled with genetic pollution may be destroying unique genotypes,
thereby creating a hidden crisis which could result in a severe threat to our food security. Diverse genetic
material could cease to exist which would impact our ability to further hybridize food crops and livestock
against more resistant diseases and climatic changes.
The area sown to genetically engineered crops in developing countries is rapidly catching up with the
area sown in industrial nations. According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech
Applications (ISAAA), genetically engineered (biotech, GM) crops were grown by approximately 8.5 million
farmers in 21 countries in 2005; up from 8.25 million farmers in 17 countries in 2004. However, it should be
noted that the ISAAA is funded by organisations including prominent agricultural biotechnology corporations,
such as Monsanto and Bayer, and there have been several challenges made to the accuracy of ISAAA's global
figures. In a review of Borlaug's 2000 publication entitled Ending world hunger: the promise of biotechnology
and the threat of antiscience zealotry, the authors argued that Borlang's warnings were still true in 2010, GM
crops are as natural and safe as today's bread wheat, opined Dr. Borlaug, who also reminded agricultural
scientists of their moral obligation to stand up to the antiscience crowd and warn policy makers that global food
insecurity will not disappear without this new technology and ignoring this reality global food insecurity would
make future solutions all the more difficult to achieve.—Rozwadowski and Kagale
Intellectual property rights;There is much debate on whether IPRs hurt or harm independent development in
terms or agriculture and food production. Hartmut Meyer and Annette von Lossau describe both sides of the
issue, while saying "Among scholars, the thesis that the impetus to self-determined development and the
protection of intellectual property go hand in hand is disputed – to put it mildly. Many studies have concluded
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that there is virtually no positive correlation between establishing self-sustained economic growth and ensuring
protection of intellectual property rights.
Price setting; On April 30, 2008, Thailand, one of the world's biggest rice exporters, announces the project of
the creation of the Organization of Rice Exporting Countries with the potential to develop into a price-fixing
cartel for rice. It is a project to organize 21 rice exporting countries to create a homonymous organisation to
control the price of rice. The group is mainly made up of Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.
The organization attempts so serve the purpose of making a "contribution to ensuring food stability, not just in
an individual country but also to address food shortages in the region and the world". However, it is still
questionable whether this organization will serve its role as an effective rice price fixing cartel that is similar to
OPEC's mechanism for managing petroleum. Economic analysts and traders said the proposal would go
nowhere because of the inability of governments to cooperate with each other and control farmers' output.
Moreover, countries that are involved expressed their concern, that this could only worsen the food security.
Land use change; China needs not less than 120 million hectares of arable land for its food security. China has
recently reported a surplus of 15 million hectares. On the other side of the coin, some 4 million hectares of
conversion to urban use and 3 million hectares of contaminated land have been reported as well Furthermore, a
survey found that 2.5% of China's arable land is too contaminated to grow food without harm. In Europe, the
conversion of agricultural soil implied a net loss of potential. But the rapid loss in the area of arable soils
appears to be economically meaningless because EU is perceived to be dependent on internal food supply
anymore. During the period 2000-2006 the European Union loose the 0.27% of its cropland and 0.26% of its
crop productive potential. The loss of agricultural land during the same time was the highest in the Netherlands,
which lost 1.57% of its crop production potential within six years. The figures are quite alarming for Cyprus
(0.84%), Ireland (0.77%) and Spain (0.49%) as well In Italy, in the Emilia-Romagna plain (ERP), the
conversion of 15,000 ha of agricultural soil (period 2003-2008) implied a net loss of 109,000 Mg per year of
wheat, which accounts for the calories needed by 14% of ERP population (425,000 people). Such a loss in
wheat production is just 0.02% of gross domestic product (GDP) of the Emilia-Romagna region which is
actually a minor impact in financial terms. Additionally, the income from the new land use is often much higher
than the one guaranteed by agriculture, as in the case of urbanisation or extraction of raw materials.
VI. Approaches for food security
By the United Nation; The UN Millennium Development Goals are one of the initiatives aimed at achieving
food security in the world. The first Millennium Development Goal states that the UN "is to eradicate extreme
hunger and poverty" by 2015. Olivier De Schutter, the UN Special Reporter on the Right to Food, advocates for
a multidimensional approach to food security challenges. This approach emphasizes the physical availability of
food; the social, economic and physical access people have to food; and the nutrition, safety and cultural
appropriateness or adequacy of food.
By the Food and Agriculture Organization;The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
stated in The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2003 states that countries that have reduced hunger often had
rapid economic growth, specifically in their agricultural sectors. These countries were also characterized as
having slower population growth, lower HIV rates, and higher rankings in the Index. At that time, the FAO
considered addressing agriculture and population growth vital to achieving food security. In The State of Food
Insecurity in the World 2012, the FAO restated its focus on economic growth and agricultural growth to achieve
food security and added a focus on the poor and on "nutrition-sensitive" growth. For example, economic growth
should be used by governments to provide public services to benefit poor and hungry populations. The FAO
also cited smallholders, including women, as groups that should be involved in agricultural growth to generate
employment for the poor. For economic and agricultural growth to be "nutrition-sensitive", resources should be
utilized to improve access to diverse diets for the poor as well as access to a safe water supply and to healthcare.
The FAO has proposed a "twin track" approach to fight food insecurity that combines sustainable development
and short-term hunger relief. Development approaches include investing in rural markets and rural
infrastructure. The use of conditional or unconditional food or cash transfers was another approach the FAO
noted. Conditional transfers could include school feeding programs, while unconditional transfers could include
general food distribution, emergency or cash transfers. A third approach is the use of subsidies as safety nets to
increase the purchasing power of households. The FAO stated that "approaches should be human rights-based,
target the poor, promote gender equality, enhance long-term resilience and allow sustainable graduation out of
poverty.
The FAO noted that some countries have been successful in fighting food insecurity and decreasing the
number of people suffering from undernourishment. Bangladesh is an example of a country that has met the
Millennium Development Goal hunger target. The FAO credited growth in agricultural productivity and
macroeconomic stability for the rapid economic growth in the 1990s that resulted in an increase in food
security. Irrigation systems were established through infrastructure development programs. Two programs,
9. An Assessment on Food Security in Developing Economies-Peblems and Policy Intiatives
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06110110 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Harvest Plus and the Golden Rice Project, provided biofortified crops in order to decrease micronutrient
deficiencess.World Food Day was established on October 16, in honor of the date that the FAO was founded in
1945. On this day, the FAO hosts a variety of event at the headquarters in Rome and around the world, as well
as seminars with UN officials.
By the World Food Programme]
Fight Hunger: Walk the World campaign is a United Nations World Food Programme initiative.
The World Food Programme (WFP) is an agency of the United Nations that usesfood aid to promote
food security and eradicate hunger and poverty. In particular, the WFP provides food aid to refugees and to
others experiencing food emergencies. It also seeks to improve nutrition and quality of life to the most
vulnerable populations and promote self-reliance. An example of a WFP program is the "Food For Assets"
program in which participants work on new infrastructure, or learn new skills, that will increase food security, in
exchange for food.The WFP and the Government of Kenya have partnered in the Food For Assets program in
hopes of increasing the resilience of communities to shocks.
By the United States Agency for International Development; The United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) proposes several key steps to increasing agricultural productivity which is in turn key to
increasing rural income and reducing food insecurity. They include:1. Boosting agricultural science and
technology. Current agricultural yields are insufficient to feed the growing populations. Eventually, the rising
agricultural productivity drives economic growth.2.Securing property rights and access to
finance.3.Enhancing human capital through education and improved health.4.Conflict prevention and resolution
mechanisms and democracy and governance based on principles of accountability and transparency in public
institutions and the rule of law are basic to reducing vulnerable members of society. Since the 1960s, the U.S.
has been implementing a Food Stamp Program (now called the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) to
directly target consumers who lack the income to purchase food.
Improving agricultural productivity to benefit the rural poor; There are strong, direct relationships between
agricultural productivity, hunger, poverty, and sustainability. Three-quarters of the world's poor live in rural
areas and make their living from agriculture. Hunger and child malnutrition are greater in these areas than in
urban areas. Moreover, the higher the proportion of the rural population that obtains its income solely from
subsistence farming (without the benefit of pro-poor technologies and access to markets), the higher the
incidence of malnutrition. Therefore, improvements in agricultural productivity aimed at small-scale farmers
will benefit the rural poor first. Food and feed crop demand is likely to double in the next 50 years, as the global
population approaches nine billion. Growing sufficient food will require people to make changes such as
increasing productivity in areas dependent on rainfed agriculture; improving soil fertility management;
expanding cropped areas; investing in irrigation; conducting agricultural trade between countries; and reducing
gross food demand by influencing diets and reducing post-harvest losses.
VII. Conclusions
The achievement of food security for all, and especially for the most deprived, requires Policy
Coherence for Development at all levels. Coherent action should be implemented by advanced economies,
emerging economies and developing countries, as well as civil society and international organizations. Without
everyone pulling in the same direction, the challenge of raising incomes, ensuring sustainable and improved
agricultural production and equitable consumption can never be achieved. Choices made at European level
impact food availability and accessibility in LDCs. Biofuels, land grabbing, trade policies, are a few horizontal
issues that need to be tackled and challenged from different points of view. Europe and the OECD hold a shared
responsibility not to implement policies that counteract development. Development is related not only to
southern partners and humanitarian agencies, but also to European and OECD agriculture, environment, climate
and health policies. The cooperation of all these EU Directorate Generals should be welcomed and reinforced.
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