Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This is ppt based on Food security in third world countries. it contains different types of topic like food chain, food crises, global response on food chain and in third world countries, it is mainly categorize in environmental part.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This is ppt based on Food security in third world countries. it contains different types of topic like food chain, food crises, global response on food chain and in third world countries, it is mainly categorize in environmental part.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Food Insecurity and Government Intervention for Sustainable Food Access in Od...IJLT EMAS
This paper aims to find out the status and causes of food insecurity and policy measures taken by the government to reduce insecurity in Odisha. The data used in this paper have been collected from different secondary sources like books, journals, news papers, government reports etc.
The study shows that the main cause of food insecurity in Odisha is absence of purchasing power of people to purchase adequate amounts of foods to meet basic minimum food requirements. Purchasing power is absent because of poverty. 9%of the population are extremely food insecure consuming less than 1800 kcl per day. The vulnerability is high in southern and northern regions of the state as well as among SC and ST communities and is more experienced in rural areas than urban areas.
Government of Odisha intervene the situation to counter insecurity through different measures like subsidized distribution of food grains, nutrition provisioning through Anganwadis and mid-day meals, food for work programmes etc. Because of implementation of these measures calories intake of people of KBK regions has increased from 1674.6 kcl in 2004-05 to 1819.0 kcl in 2011-12 and that of non-KBK regions has increased from 2046.5 kcl in 2004-05 to 2076 kcl in 2011-12. Finally, the paper suggests that the government should focus on development of agriculture and employment generation and price stability.
Food insecurity and poverty trends, Association between food insecurity and poverty, causes and effects, food insecurity and poverty in the Ugandan context.
Very much interested in public policies as it affects community members greatly. This slide explains policy options that can be taken to address food security in the country.
The Hidden Epidemic Unveiling the Realities of Food Insecurity.pptAhmadTariq64
Food insecurity, a pervasive and often silent epidemic, continues to affect millions of individuals and families worldwide. Despite living in a world of abundance and technological advancements, the basic need for nourishment remains unmet for a significant portion of the global population. In this article, we delve into the realities of food insecurity, exploring its causes, consequences, and potential solutions.
Food safety and food security is a determinant of the well-being of the citizens of a country and how it translates to the development and transformation of the economy in a country specifically Nigeria was critically examined. Recent FAO figures indicate that over 60% of the world undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. Also there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment prevalence rate is over 35%. Hunger, food insecurity (chronic or transitory), malnutrition involving micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are some of the issues arising from food insecurity. Lack or absence of minerals and vitamins like Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A affects the growth and development of humans. The study revealed that several factors contributing to food insecurity includes wars, natural disasters, unemployment inadequate technological deployment and high post-harvest losses. Steps were taken to examine how agriculture contributes to food security, effects of various policies by past and present government on the food security and food safety situation in Nigeria. Also the emerging issue in combating food insecurity especially the use of biotechnology was further explained. Useful recommendations for enhancement of food security and safety includes: reduction of post-harvest losses through proper utilisation, processing and packaging of agricultural products, food fortification and supplementation to combat micronutrient and protein energy malnutrition, increased use of biotechnology; formulation of good agricultural policies including creation of agric cooperatives and the new Nigerian Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) that can lead to transformation of the economy.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Food Insecurity and Government Intervention for Sustainable Food Access in Od...IJLT EMAS
This paper aims to find out the status and causes of food insecurity and policy measures taken by the government to reduce insecurity in Odisha. The data used in this paper have been collected from different secondary sources like books, journals, news papers, government reports etc.
The study shows that the main cause of food insecurity in Odisha is absence of purchasing power of people to purchase adequate amounts of foods to meet basic minimum food requirements. Purchasing power is absent because of poverty. 9%of the population are extremely food insecure consuming less than 1800 kcl per day. The vulnerability is high in southern and northern regions of the state as well as among SC and ST communities and is more experienced in rural areas than urban areas.
Government of Odisha intervene the situation to counter insecurity through different measures like subsidized distribution of food grains, nutrition provisioning through Anganwadis and mid-day meals, food for work programmes etc. Because of implementation of these measures calories intake of people of KBK regions has increased from 1674.6 kcl in 2004-05 to 1819.0 kcl in 2011-12 and that of non-KBK regions has increased from 2046.5 kcl in 2004-05 to 2076 kcl in 2011-12. Finally, the paper suggests that the government should focus on development of agriculture and employment generation and price stability.
Food insecurity and poverty trends, Association between food insecurity and poverty, causes and effects, food insecurity and poverty in the Ugandan context.
Very much interested in public policies as it affects community members greatly. This slide explains policy options that can be taken to address food security in the country.
The Hidden Epidemic Unveiling the Realities of Food Insecurity.pptAhmadTariq64
Food insecurity, a pervasive and often silent epidemic, continues to affect millions of individuals and families worldwide. Despite living in a world of abundance and technological advancements, the basic need for nourishment remains unmet for a significant portion of the global population. In this article, we delve into the realities of food insecurity, exploring its causes, consequences, and potential solutions.
Food safety and food security is a determinant of the well-being of the citizens of a country and how it translates to the development and transformation of the economy in a country specifically Nigeria was critically examined. Recent FAO figures indicate that over 60% of the world undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. Also there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment prevalence rate is over 35%. Hunger, food insecurity (chronic or transitory), malnutrition involving micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are some of the issues arising from food insecurity. Lack or absence of minerals and vitamins like Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A affects the growth and development of humans. The study revealed that several factors contributing to food insecurity includes wars, natural disasters, unemployment inadequate technological deployment and high post-harvest losses. Steps were taken to examine how agriculture contributes to food security, effects of various policies by past and present government on the food security and food safety situation in Nigeria. Also the emerging issue in combating food insecurity especially the use of biotechnology was further explained. Useful recommendations for enhancement of food security and safety includes: reduction of post-harvest losses through proper utilisation, processing and packaging of agricultural products, food fortification and supplementation to combat micronutrient and protein energy malnutrition, increased use of biotechnology; formulation of good agricultural policies including creation of agric cooperatives and the new Nigerian Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) that can lead to transformation of the economy.
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Public health is directly or indirectly affected by the food supply. Food safety is a public health
issue which has become a global problem. Since food is necessary for human survival, a food safety crisis can
cause widespread social panic and heavy casualties. Food safety has been a major concern for governments,
the food service industry, and academia. This paper provides an introduction to food safety.
Food security is a multifaceted and manifold paradox that includes social,
biological, nutritional and economic aspects. Food is not only related to dietetic
sources but also plays numerous roles in social life and is closely linked to cultural
differentials. Despite its multi-dimensional approach, food security has been
molded in a number of ways since its dawn. However, food security was
transformed from a micro to a macro level during the World Food Conference of
1974. Food security exists “when all people at all times have physical, economic
and social access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food, essential for meeting their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. The present
study was conducted in light of a sociological perspective in the district of Torghar,
Northern Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan to assess the household food security
status. A sample of 379 household head was selected out of 26464 as per the
proportional allocation method. Moreover, descriptive and inferential statistics was
further used at descriptive and bivariate analysis. With regards to demographic
profile of the respondents 37% of household heads were between the ages of 46-
55, with 42% of illiterates, 70% of household heads were part of a joint family
system, and 84 percent were waiting for rain to irrigate their agricultural area.
Explains the concept of food security,describes the challenges it is facing at global level and comes up with a set of recommendations to respond to these challenges at country level and at the global level
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity
Multi products storage using randomnessIJRTEMJOURNAL
The following Project shows the benefits of a research established into a multi-products
warehouse belongs to an automotive industry supplier. The main goal was applied a tool recognizing the rules
for distribution and material storage. Once the research was completed, the benefits were, the idle times
reduction per hours/week by the two initial processes. The politics for storage assignment and location, propose
a system to improve the space into this areain order to avoid material management and flow issues. It is
important to mention, the system proposed could be applied into warehouses with storage size and space
restricted by sorting area, also different material types, production settings and physical specifications for
which set warehouses with traditional management of distribution without slack, involves lack of materials,
pieces without records, incorrect location assigned, stock error.
Existence results for fractional q-differential equations with integral and m...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This paper concerns a new kind of fractional q-differential equation of arbitrary order by
combining a multi-point boundary condition with an integral boundary condition. By solving the equation which
is equivalent to the problem we are going to investigate, the Green’s functions are obtained. By defining a
continuous operator on a Banach space and taking advantage of the cone theory and some fixed-point theorems,
the existence of multiple positive solutions for the BVPs is proved based on some properties of Green’s functions
and under the circumstance that the continuous functions f satisfy certain hypothesis. Finally, examples are
provided to illustrate the results.
A study on financial aspect of supply chain managementIJRTEMJOURNAL
The more common approaches used in the SCM consider only the physical logistic operations
and ignore the financial aspects of the supply chain. The main objective to incorporate financial aspects in
supply chain management is to strengthen managerial decisions concerning financial flows in supply chains,
while empirical knowledge about financial supply chain management (FSCM) is in its early stages. This paper
presents a model for FSCM which financial planning in addition to operation planning is decided in it. The
main contribution of this paper is to define two approaches for Financial Supply Chain Management and to
compare them. This financial approaches are: Traditional financial approach and new financial approach.
Traditional financial approach integrates physical goods flows and financial flows. New financial approach
considers in making decisions other financial indicators such as market to book value, liquidity ratios, capital
structure ratios, and return on equity, sales margin, turnover ratios and stock security ratios, among others.
Moreover, the new approach applies the change in equity instead of the traditional approach measures of profit
as the objective function to be maximized in the presented model. To show the attributes of the presented
approaches, the results of the new approach and the traditional approach is compared. The findings indicate
that the traditional approach leads to lower change in equity compared to the financial approach. Also, the
results clearly reveal the better improvement of using the new approach over the traditional approach, and
convince the decision makers to take advantage of the new approach.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry.
Assessment of Building Failure: The Case of Saint Thomas’s Anglican Church, A...IJRTEMJOURNAL
There have been incessant reports of the collapse of buildings resulting in the loss of lives and
properties globally. However, there has been a dearth of information regarding any findings about the collapse
of building structures. An extensive study of causes of selected building collapse in Nigeria and abroad is carried
out in this work by visiting some locations of building collapse, reading journals and newspaper articles on
structural defects and testing rubbles collected from collapsed areas. This study therefore examined the general
causes of the collapse of some buildings particularly the reasons for the collapse of Saint Thomas’s 2-storey
Church Hall, Akure. Laboratory testing was carried out in this study to investigate the causes of collapse using
samples from the site of the collapsed building. An appraisal of the structural drawings of the collapsed building
was also investigated. Findings revealed that the building collapsed due to poor design, bad construction
materials and inadequate supervision. The paper concludes that buildings collapse can be reduced in Nigeria by
avoiding all. It recommended use of only duly registered professionals in the building industry for construction.
Data warehousing is a technique for collecting and managing data from multiple internal and
external sources to provide meaningful business insights. Data warehouses are designed to give a long-range
view of data over time and provide a decision support system environment. They are a vital component of
business intelligence, which is designed for data analysis and reporting. They are used to provide greater
insight into the performance of a business. This paper provides a brief introduction on data warehousing
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Survivin Immunoreactivity in the Gastric Mucosa of Rats Feedind with Carpet S...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Survivin has been studied many times because of its overexpression in several types of cancer
including lung, kidney, skin, endometrium, stomach, colon, breast, prostate, over, hematologic, head and neck
cancers, histopathology features and polymorphisms in the promoter region which belongs to the inhibitör of
apoptosis gene family by researchers. There is no study of survivin immunoreactivity in the gastric mucosa of the
rats fed with carpet shell clam grown in the Dardanelles. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of
carpet shell clam fed rats on survivin production in the gastric mucosa. The carpet shell clam given as food to the
rats were removed from the Dardanelles Çardak region. Four groups of rats are included in the study, group 1
(n=6), control group fed with standard rat food, group 2 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat
food daily, group 3 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every two days, group 4 (n=6), 75%
carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every three days. To detect survivin localization in the tissues, the
LAB-SA Detection System was used. Survivin immunoreactivity was detected of epithelial cells in the gastric
mucosa of rats fed with carpet shell clam. After the immunohistochemical staining processing all gastric tissue
samples are evaluated in terms of survivin immunoreactivity with light microscopy and image analysis software.
Survivin immunoreactivity was detected 0% in the first group, 83.33% in the second group, 61.83% in the third
group and 32.67% in the fourth group. There was statistically significant difference between the survivin
immunoreactivity in the gastric gland cells of the rats in the experimental and control groups (p> 0.05). Survivin
production in the gastric mucosa of rats suggests that consumption of carpet shell clam may cause tissue damage.
Security and Crime Management in University Libraries in NigeriaIJRTEMJOURNAL
Security and prevention of crime in university library is very paramount duties of librarian. The
survival of a library depends to a large extend on how secured its collections are, security of library resources
constitutes serious challenge facing university libraries in Nigeria. The paper, therefore, investigates security and
crime management in university libraries in Nigeria using university of Jos and university of Ilorin libraries. The
study adopted a descriptive survey method. The population of the study comprised 108 library personnel and
16,012 registered library users in two university libraries. While the sample size consisted of all the 108 library
personnel, and 2% of the registered users to make a total of 428 respondents. Questionnaire and interview with
the university librarians of the selected university libraries were the instruments used for data collection. Data
were analysed using frequency distribution and percentages. Results revealed that security breaches included
stealing/theft of library materials, mutilation of library materials, and non-return of borrowed items. It also
showed inadequate funding, selfish interest of the culprits and lack of institutional security policy in the library.
Base on the findings, that staff security training, electronic security system should be introduced and improve
funding of university libraries among others. Recommendation orientation of users and staff should be done from
time to time in university libraries to mention but few.
Influence of heat treatment on Vitamin C Levels in Oyster MushroomIJRTEMJOURNAL
The study was conducted to investigate the influence of heat treatment during drying process of
Oyster mushroom in the tropics. Mushroom growing is carried out under carefully controlled conditions mostly
in bulk in specific designed tunnels with aerated floors. There are two main purposes, firstly pasteurization; to
free the compost from undesirable microbes and pests and secondly conditioning; to become mushroom specific
by getting clear of ammonia and free of readily available carbohydrates. Through proper manipulation of
temperature and ventilation these two primary objectives are accomplished. Mushrooms have been identified as
an underutilized crop in Africa, with many nutritive and health benefits. It does not require much land and
investment. However, it is highly perishable and there is need to process it to lengthen its shelf life by drying.
However, there is need to ensure that the nutrients are not lost in the process. It is for this reason that this
project investigated the effect of drying on nutrient levels in mushroom. Vitamin C levels were monitored in the
course of drying at 80⁰C, 60⁰C, 50⁰C, 40⁰C and in direct sunlight. It was concluded that the temperature that
gave the best drying rate with minimal nutrient loss was 60⁰C. In general, more than half the Vitamin C is lost
during the range of drying temperatures investigated.
Optimization of Design Parameters for Crane Hook Using Finite Element AnalysisIJRTEMJOURNAL
The Crane hooks are very at risk segments that are regularly utilized for mechanical purposes.
In this way such segments in an industry must be produced and composed in an approach to convey most extreme
execution without failure. Failure of a crane hook essentially relies upon three central point i.e. measurement,
material, overload. The undertaking is worried towards expanding the safe load by fluctuating the cross-sectional
measurements of the four distinct segments and diverse materials. The chose areas are square, circle, and
trapezoidal. The territory stays consistent while changing the measurements of the four unique segments. The
crane hook is demonstrated utilizing catia programming. The pressure and life investigation is finished utilizing
ANSYS 18.1 workbench. The ordinary worry along add up to misshaping, stress and life’s according to the
materials considered. It is discovered that trapezoidal cross segment yields most extreme load of 4000 KG to 5000
KG for steady cross segment zone among four cross segment.
Macroeconomic stability in the DRC: highlighting the role of exchange rate an...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study is part of a macroeconomic approach and seeks to identify the role of the rate of
economic growth and the exchange rate in controlling the macroeconomic framework. The approaches adopted
in this paper are part of Keynesian thinking on macroeconomic stability using the macroeconomic stability
index proposed by Burnside and Dollars (2004) and A. Amine (2005). Our results argue that economic growth
is causing macroeconomic stability and that the exchange rate is negatively and significantly accounting for
macroeconomic stability in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Reserves Estimating Carbon in Forest City District Village Bongohulawa GorontaloIJRTEMJOURNAL
The estimation of Carbon stock and carbon sink in the City Forest of Bongohulawa village,
Regency of Gorontalo (Guided by. The research was aimed to know volume growth of trees planted in the
Village District Bongohulawa Gorontalo, to calculate the volume and content of carbon biomass in the city
forest and green line (left-right path) and average carbon sequestration/tree/species. Research was conducted
in village of Bongohulawa during 4 (fourth) month; started from March until June 2011. The execution of data
collecting [of] was performed within this research area-location through observation and measurement of trees
and forest stand. For green line research area 100% inventory was upllied and for City Forest line plot
sampling was implemented. For city forest sample plots measurement was conducted in 10 sample units (each
unit sampling of 0.25 ha). Tree diameter, tree hight (total and commercial hight) and crown diameter of all tree
species within research line (green line) and research plots (city forest) was measured. Based on the research
data and its calculation, the results show that: Casuarina junghuhiana can store more carbon than other tree
species. From the inventory conducted in 3 km of green line along the road (6 meters width observations) of the
village Bongohulawa, 366 trees (consist of 7 tree species) were measured. Those tree species namely Casuarina
junghuiana 102 trees, sandalwood 46 trees, mango 7 trees, jackfruit 6 trees, Albizia 1 tree, mahogany 202 trees,
headland 2 trees. Crown cover of those tree species is 3032.54 m2
. The result of calculation also indicated that
Casuarina has higher carbon stock than other tree species that is 33.56 tons (equal with 52% of total crbon
stock). Further calculation indicated that during the period of 19 years (since 1992) Casuarina can strocked
carbon average of 1.77 tons/year. The average diameter increment of individual Casuarina tree species is about
1.72 cm/year. Furthermore, for Swietenia magrophilla King, with an average diameter increment of 1.40
cm/year, the leaves of this tree species can absorbed carbon of 18.1233 tons within green line of both sides of
the road. For research plots within City Forest which located in the valey the results of the research show that
the crown cover of 124 trees is about 1,359.67 m2, then carbon absorbtion is about 0.15 ton/tree or about 7.8
kg/tree/year. Within the research area of City Forest (located both in the valey and hill) totally there are 1,353
trees (consist of 13 tree species) and carbon absorption of the canopy is about 25.521 tons. Further calculation
results also indicated that carbon absorption of small trees ( poles) is about 25.521 tons and for sapling is
about 78.163 tons or 39,0815 tons/ha then fionally for mature trees is about 39.813 tons or 15,925 tons/ha.
An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe and Caucasus: A Study ...IJRTEMJOURNAL
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Tourism Competitiveness Index and its Indicators in 37 European countries. The cross-sectional data of the 37
European countries are collected from the World Economic Forum report- 2015. The statistical software
package, SPSS v. 20.0 is used to analyze the data. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Multi-co-linearity, Multiple
Regression, and Residual Analysis are the tools used to analyze to achieve out the objective of the study. RR:
Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index is used as the dependent variable and TI:
Tourism Services Infrastructure, GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT:
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism, and CR: Cultural resources & business travel are used as the independent
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European countries and the respective agents of these countries should be made aware of learning the findings
of this study to promote their countries which can be victorious in lowering their Regional Rank of the Travel
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influence on the non-repayment of loans, while the age and size of SMEs exert significant negative influence on
the non-repayment of loans by Cameroonian SMEs.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
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6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 2 Issue 7 ǁ July 2018 ǁ PP 16-19
|Volume 2| Issue 7 | www.ijrtem.com | 16 |
Food Security: A Primer
Matthew N. O. Sadiku1
, Sarhan M. Musa1
, and Osama M. Musa2
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77446
2
Ashland Inc. Bridgewater, NJ 08807
ABSTRACT: Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
KEY WORDS: food security, food insecurity, food systems
I. INTRODUCTION
Food is a basic, global necessity affecting public health and well-being of people. The lack of food security is a
major problem faced by many nations. It is a critical factor in avoiding hunger, poverty, and deprivation.
National governments as well as international organizations are concerned about food safety, food security, and
food insecurity, which are major challenges in the world. Food safety is the discipline that describes handling,
preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness. Food security occurs when all people in
a community have access to sufficient, safe, and affordable food. Food secure individuals and households do not
have to resort to begging, stealing or scavenging for food. In contrast, food insecurity occurs when there is a
lack of access to enough good, healthy, and appropriate food. Food insecurity is a global challenge affecting
over one billion people. The consequences of food insecurity include poverty, hunger, malnutrition, and quality
of life [1].
Food security is a fundamental human right. It means that you are not worried about when the next meal is
coming, nor do you need to cut back on food in order to pay the bills. Governments around the globe have a
moral responsibility to feed the people under their jurisdiction through food self-sufficiency, which is the
nation’s ability to provide basic food for its citizens. Meeting the increasing demand for food is potentially
constrained by several factors such as climate change and water scarcity. Although sustainable agricultural food
production is a global concern, the impact of food insecurity will be more pronounced in developing nations [2].
Food security can be achieved by increasing food production (cultivating cash crops and rearing livestock) and
food diversity.
The concept of “food security” is relatively recent; it originated in the mid-1970s. Since then, the concept has
become progressively more relevant. It is related to food insecurity, which refers to missing meals or reduction
in the quantity and quality of food intake due to financial constraints. The two concepts are related in USDA's
description of the ranges of food security [3]:
• High food security
• Marginal food security
• Low food security (food insecurity without hunger)
• Very low food security (food insecurity with hunger)
II. WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY?
People are regarded as food secure when they have continuous access to safe and nutritious food to maintain a
healthy life. People are food secure when they do not live in hunger. The global food security system is
dominated by the United Nations (UN). The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) identified the four
pillars of food security as availability, access, utilization, and stability [4]. They are illustrated in Figure 1 [5]
and explained as follows.
• Food availability: This pillar refers to the amount of food in a community either through domestic
production or importation. It is the overall abundance of food at local and global levels. Food must be
available in sufficient amounts. Food security is the availability, at all times, of an adequate world supply of
2. Food Security: A Primer
|Volume 2| Issue 7 | www.ijrtem.com | 17 |
basic foodstuffs. Diseases affecting livestock or crops clearly can have a great impact on food availability.
The right to food is an international human right which imposes a duty of the state to provide for its citizens
when they are unable due to factors beyond their control. Being sure that there is adequate supply of food
reduces stress and other adverse health outcomes.
• Food access: Food access refers to the affordability and allocation of food. People must have access to food
in sufficient quantity and quality through purchase, barter, gifts, borrowing or food aid. Access incorporates
reliability of supply to account for adverse situations and relies on the resilience of the people affected. A
household is food secure when all members have reliable access to food to maintain active and healthy
lives. In contrast, a household is food insecure if it has periodic inadequate access to food due to adverse
weather conditions, political instability or unemployment. Poor access to food in developing nations is a
pressing concern.
• Food utilization: This pillar refers to how well individuals utilize the food and nutrients that they can
access. It is the proper biological use of food and water. Food utilization primarily falls under the discipline
of nutrition. Effective food utilization depends on age, health, and disease as well as the quality of food
intake. Diseases such as malaria, cholera, and diarrhea are known to undermine nutritional status and
contribute heavily to malnutrition among children. In order to achieve food security, the consumed food
must be safe and healthy. Food must have a positive nutritional impact on people.
• Food Stability: To be secure, food availability must be stable over time. Food stability refers to the ability
to sustain food supplies and distribute them throughout the year. Natural disasters such as famine, drought,
and flood result in crop failure and decrease food availability. An unstable food supply can compromise
food security and put individuals at risk for health consequences. Inflation and spikes in food prices affect
food security status of vulnerable consumers and push them toward poverty and food insecurity. Food
stability may be at risk from climate change due to variability in growing conditions.
Food security represents a major indicator of economic and health disparities. Education, gender, technology
adoption, land quality, and income are important variables affecting food security [6]. Other factors include
population growth, environmental change, globalization, urbanization, food sovereignty, and demographic
patterns. Prices of electricity, gasoline, petroleum, and natural gas determine cost of energy and transportation
and may indirectly affect food security.
III. CHALLENGES
Global food security poses an enormous challenge with social and economic implications. The complexity of
the concept of food security raises the challenge of measuring and addressing it. It is problematic when the
phenomenon we wish to measure is not directly observable. In order to promote food security, it is important
that we are able to measure it in a reliable way [7].
Global climate change and ozone air pollution are having a drastic impact on food security. In fact, climate
change is regarded as a food security risk [8]. Climate change is likely to increase water scarcity in the coming
decades and threaten the ability of some nations to compete in global food systems. Climate change will affect
all four pillars of food security, namely food availability, access, utilization, and stability [9].
As the world population continues to increase, agricultural productivity will be tasked to keep pace without
taxing environmental resources. Maize is one of the most important cereals for food security in some tropical
parts of the world, especially in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Climate change and changes in rainfall
distribution will influence the production of maize in the tropics [10]. With the ongoing changes in climate, food
insecurity is likely to become widespread. The solution to food insecurity in those regions of the world may not
be food donations or food aids from richer nations, but in creating sustainable agricultural development in their
backyards.
The available water supply directly affects food production and can ensure food security. Having sufficient
water ensures crop growth and livestock survival. Water resources are under pressure to meet the needs of an
increasing population. Increasing stresses on water resources may threaten food security [11].
3. Food Security: A Primer
|Volume 2| Issue 7 | www.ijrtem.com | 18 |
IV. CONCLUSION
For several individuals around the world, food is a privilege, not a right. Food security continues to be a
pressing economic and social concern. It is related to food problems which include poverty, famine, diseases,
lack of fertile soils, climate change, and water scarcity [12].
Food security is a multi-dimensional, complex phenomenon. Food production and supply are important for food
security. An increasing world population coupled with climate change creates pressure on global food systems
workers including food producers, manufacturers, researchers, teachers, and policy-makers. Achieving food
security is a major challenge of developing nations and is crucial to alleviating poverty.
For additional information on food security, one should consult [13] and other books on it available at
Amazon.com. One should also consult journals exclusively devoted to food and related issues: Food Control,
Food Security, Global Food Security, Journal of Food Security, Food and Energy Security, Agriculture & Food
Security, and African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security.
REFERENCES
[1] A. T. Modi, “A simple model to evaluate integrated vegetable production for food security in
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa,” Food Research International, vol. 76, 2015, pp. 946-952.
[2] J. A. Anderson, “Emerging agricultural biotechnologies for sustainable agriculture and food security,”
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 64, 2016, pp. 383-393.
[3] “Definitions of food security,”
https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/definitions-of-food-
security.aspx
[4] “Food security,” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security
[5] J. L. Leroy et al., “Measuring the food access dimension of food security: a critical review and
mapping indicators,” Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 36, no. 2, 2015, pp. 167-195.
[6] M. K. Bashir and S. Schilizzi, “Determinants of rural household food security: a comparative analysis
of African and Asian studies,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 93, February 2013,
pp. 1251-1258.
[7] C. Cafiero et al., “Validity and reliability of food security measures,” Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences, vol. 1331, 2014, pp. 230-248.
[8] U. L. C. Baldos and T. W. Hertel, “The role of international trade in managing food security risks from
climate change,” Food Security, vol. 7, 2015, pp. 275-290.
[9] J. Schmidhuber and F. N. Tubiello, “Global food security under climate change,” PNAS, vol. 104, no.
5, December 2007, pp. 19703-19708.
[10] B. Shiferaw et al., “Crops that feed the world 6. Past successes and future challenges to the role played
by maize in global food security,” Food Security, vol. 3, 2011, pp. 307-327.
[11] K. McNeill et al., “Food and water security: analysis of integrated modeling platforms,” Agricultural
Water Management, vol. 194, no. 3, 2011, pp. 281-303.
[12] U. Purushothaman, “Indian and American perspectives on food security,” International Studies, vol. 48,
no. 3&3, 2011, pp. 281-303.
[13] B. L. McDonald, Food Security. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2010.
AUTHORS
Matthew N.O. Sadiku is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Prairie View
A&M University, Prairie View, Texas. He is the author of several books and papers. His areas of research
interest include computational electromagnetics and computer networks. He is a fellow of IEEE.
Sarhan M. Musa is a professor in the Department of Engineering Technology at Prairie View A&M
University, Texas. He has been the director of Prairie View Networking Academy, Texas, since 2004. He is an
LTD Sprint and Boeing Welliver Fellow.
Osama M. Musa is currently Vice President and Chief Technology Officer for Ashland Inc. Dr. Musa also
serves as a member of the Advisory Board at Manhattan College’s Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering as well as a member of the Board of Trustees at Chemists' Club of NYC. Additionally, he sits on
the Advisory Board of the International Journal of Humanitarian Technology (IJHT).
4. Food Security: A Primer
|Volume 2| Issue 7 | www.ijrtem.com | 19 |
Figure 1. Pillars of food security [5].
Matthew N. O. Sadiku “Food Security: A Primer.” Invention Journal of Research Technology
in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM), 2(7), 16-19. Retrieved from www.ijrtem.com.