This document provides an overview of the concept of food security as conceived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1974. It discusses the four key pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability. The definition and understanding of food security has evolved over time to incorporate these demand-side factors in addition to initial supply-side focuses. The concept remains an important framework for addressing issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty around the world.
Food security has four main dimensions: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, adequate food utilization, and stability of the other three dimensions over time. There are differences in the duration of food insecurity, including chronic, transitory, and seasonal, and in the severity, ranging from acute food insecurity to famine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
The document discusses the Coping Strategies Index (CSI), a tool used to measure household food access and insecurity. The CSI identifies common coping strategies communities employ during food shortages and assigns weights based on perceived severity. It is constructed through focus groups to compile an area-specific list of strategies with frequency and severity scores. A CSI score is then calculated by combining frequency and severity values, with higher scores indicating greater food insecurity. While useful for emergency assessments and targeting, the CSI provides a localized measure and its results may not be comparable across communities without standardization.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
Food insecurity remains a global challenge. Achieving food security requires accurately measuring the incidence, nature, and causes of food insecurity. This allows for prioritizing interventions and targeting assistance. Conceptual frameworks help analyze the complex underlying causes of food insecurity and guide appropriate responses. Understanding factors like availability, access, utilization, and stability is key to selecting interventions to address problems like inadequate food, care practices, or health environments.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the effectiveness of government policy interventions in improving food security in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. The study analyzes food security at the regional and household levels from 2000-2008. At the regional level, the results of food balance sheets indicate that government interventions have helped improve regional food self-sufficiency. At the household level, empirical analysis using a logit model found that interventions like water harvesting schemes, employment programs, and technology promotion significantly increased the likelihood of household food security. The findings suggest government interventions have been effective in improving food security in Tigray at both household and regional scales.
Food security has four main dimensions: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, adequate food utilization, and stability of the other three dimensions over time. There are differences in the duration of food insecurity, including chronic, transitory, and seasonal, and in the severity, ranging from acute food insecurity to famine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
The document discusses the Coping Strategies Index (CSI), a tool used to measure household food access and insecurity. The CSI identifies common coping strategies communities employ during food shortages and assigns weights based on perceived severity. It is constructed through focus groups to compile an area-specific list of strategies with frequency and severity scores. A CSI score is then calculated by combining frequency and severity values, with higher scores indicating greater food insecurity. While useful for emergency assessments and targeting, the CSI provides a localized measure and its results may not be comparable across communities without standardization.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
Food insecurity remains a global challenge. Achieving food security requires accurately measuring the incidence, nature, and causes of food insecurity. This allows for prioritizing interventions and targeting assistance. Conceptual frameworks help analyze the complex underlying causes of food insecurity and guide appropriate responses. Understanding factors like availability, access, utilization, and stability is key to selecting interventions to address problems like inadequate food, care practices, or health environments.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the effectiveness of government policy interventions in improving food security in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. The study analyzes food security at the regional and household levels from 2000-2008. At the regional level, the results of food balance sheets indicate that government interventions have helped improve regional food self-sufficiency. At the household level, empirical analysis using a logit model found that interventions like water harvesting schemes, employment programs, and technology promotion significantly increased the likelihood of household food security. The findings suggest government interventions have been effective in improving food security in Tigray at both household and regional scales.
This document summarizes Maria Fonte's presentation on food security from the perspective of civic food networks. It discusses how the context around food security has become more complex since 2008 due to interconnected crises. While dominant policy thinking still focuses on sustainable intensification, an emerging view calls for a radical reconfiguration of the food system based on new social and ecological relations. Civic food networks and local food markets can contribute by addressing omissions around issues in the global North like food deserts, considering issues of scale and place rather than just large numbers, and envisioning a spatially localized food system built on civic values and proximity through their strategies of transition.
An Assessment on Food Security in Developing Economies-Problems and Policy In...IOSR Journals
This document discusses food security in developing economies and policy initiatives to address it. It begins by defining food security as access to sufficient nutritious food. Over 800 million people in developing countries lack adequate food. Food security indicators measure availability, access, and utilization. The FAO reported that in 2010-2012, almost 870 million people were undernourished, with higher rates in developing countries. India has added 30 million hungry people since the 1990s and 46% of children are underweight. The document examines food security challenges and measures in developing economies and the US, and initiatives by UN agencies to improve global food security.
Food security is defined as all people having access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. Revolutions in agricultural technology, including mechanization, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and high-yielding crop varieties, have fulfilled the needs of growing populations by boosting food production. Advances in food preservation through techniques like canning have further revolutionized food security by allowing food to be safely stored and distributed over long periods and distances.
Food security is defined as reliable access to adequate food and depends on food supply and an individual's ability to access it. Concerns over food security date back throughout history as evidenced by ancient civilizations storing food in granaries during times of famine. While initially defined based on adequate worldwide food supply, modern definitions of food security also incorporate demand and individuals' access to food. Food security is measured using country-level household surveys to estimate caloric availability and capture components of availability, access, and adequacy of food.
Rao 1a the basic concept and dimensions of food securitySizwan Ahammed
The document discusses key concepts related to food security including definitions of food security, food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition. It examines the main dimensions of food security including availability, access, utilization and stability and how they relate to issues like poverty, gender, and different levels of analysis. The concept of food entitlements is introduced as the proximate basis for food security or insecurity at the household and individual levels.
This document presents a research proposal that aims to investigate how permaculture can be used as an adaptive strategy to mitigate food insecurity arising from climate variability in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The proposal outlines the problem statement regarding food insecurity in Kinshasa due to rapid urbanization and climate change impacts. It then presents the research questions, objectives, and theoretical considerations regarding permaculture and indigenous agriculture. The proposed methodology includes analyzing mechanisms to enhance permaculture approaches at household levels and examining its effectiveness in promoting new agricultural systems and indigenous knowledge to adapt to food insecurity and climate change.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires addressing availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires ensuring availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
The document presents findings from the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) and discusses threats to global food security. It finds that after several years of improvement, global food security declined over the past year due to factors like rising food prices and migration. Climate change and natural resource depletion further threaten food security by increasing exposure, sensitivity and reducing resilience. International collaboration is needed to address these challenges and work towards the UN's goal of ending hunger by 2030.
Food security is measured by the availability, accessibility, and affordability of food. Historically, central authorities ensured food security during famines by releasing food from storage. The 1974 World Food Conference defined food security as adequate food supplies to sustain consumption. Later definitions added the importance of demand and access. The 1996 World Food Summit defined food security as physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. Food security is assessed based on the availability, access, utilization, and stability of food sources. Changes in climate and extreme weather can disrupt stability and livelihoods, challenging food security.
Serge Savary and Richard Strange
SPECIAL EVENT
The Shape of Food Security – A Presentation on the Creation, Life, and Publications of Food Security
JUN 4, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:30 PM EDT
Nutrition security is an integral component of food securitySibelle El Labban
This review argues that nutrition is an integral component of food security, and should be embedded within all four of its dimensions – availability, access, utilization, and stability. The review highlights current food insecurity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, as exacerbated by the triple burden of malnutrition, where undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight/obesity coexist. Previous efforts to address food security in MENA have focused on food
availability, overlooking the other three dimensions and leaving nutrition considerations aside. Meanwhile, the literature has recognized the need to highlight nutrition as fundamental, and opted for the term ‘food and nutrition security’. To achieve food and nutrition security in MENA, a nutrition lens must be applied across all four dimensions – from assessment, to policy and programming, to capacity building. For example, MENA countries can adopt policies and programs including well-structured food subsidies, dietary guidelines, public awareness, and education campaigns to increase availability and accessibility of nutritious and safe foods, and stimulate consumer demand for those. To accomplish this, MENA needs to build stakeholders’ capacity and equip them to address
the challenges that are hindering the achievement of food and nutrition security now and into the future.
Addressing food and nutrition security in developing countries depends on livelihood security, vulnerability, and coping strategies. Food security exists when all people have reliable access to sufficient nutritious food. Key elements of food security assessments include livelihoods, vulnerability to risks and shocks, and coping strategies. The three pillars of food security are availability of food, access to food, and utilization of food. Malnutrition is a global problem impacting health, growth, and development. An integrated approach blending traditional and modern agricultural and nutrition practices can help support food and nutrition security.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of food security. It defines food security according to the FAO as all people having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. It identifies the four pillars of food security as availability, access, stability, and utilization and their key determinants. It also outlines major challenges to achieving food security and strategies to address micronutrient deficiencies through food-based approaches.
This document summarizes a paper about food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It begins with an introduction discussing how population growth is outpacing food production, leading to food crises. It then discusses the concept of sustainable development and how environmental, economic, and social sustainability are interrelated when it comes to agriculture and food security. Finally, it defines food security and sustainable food security, noting that the latter requires sufficient food availability now and in the future, as well as access through income or social support programs, and proper nutrient absorption.
Land sparing versus land sharing: moving forwardjoernfischer
This document discusses five points of friction in the debate around land sparing versus land sharing approaches to addressing food production and biodiversity conservation: 1) The focus on food, 2) Limitations of trade-off analysis, 3) Challenges in measuring biodiversity, 4) Issues of scale, and 5) Problems arising from framing the debate. It argues that understanding these points of friction can help avoid unproductive debate by focusing the discussion on how to move forward in addressing the nexus of agriculture, food security, and biodiversity protection given socioeconomic and landscape contexts.
This document describes the Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) strategy for improving reading comprehension. CSR is a 4-stage process: 1) Before reading involves previewing the text to build background knowledge and make predictions. 2) During reading has students identify what they understand ("clicks") and don't understand ("clunks"), using strategies to address clunks. 3) Students work to get the main idea of each paragraph and the overall text. 4) After reading, students generate and answer questions about the text. The document outlines the specific goals and activities within each stage of CSR.
The next big thing! Have your own business on your own terms, share the vision of top industry leaders, work with a proven business model, and a name known all over the world in skincare. Consumers treat common skincare concerns at home with clinical results, guaranteed. No appointment or prescription necessary.
This document summarizes Maria Fonte's presentation on food security from the perspective of civic food networks. It discusses how the context around food security has become more complex since 2008 due to interconnected crises. While dominant policy thinking still focuses on sustainable intensification, an emerging view calls for a radical reconfiguration of the food system based on new social and ecological relations. Civic food networks and local food markets can contribute by addressing omissions around issues in the global North like food deserts, considering issues of scale and place rather than just large numbers, and envisioning a spatially localized food system built on civic values and proximity through their strategies of transition.
An Assessment on Food Security in Developing Economies-Problems and Policy In...IOSR Journals
This document discusses food security in developing economies and policy initiatives to address it. It begins by defining food security as access to sufficient nutritious food. Over 800 million people in developing countries lack adequate food. Food security indicators measure availability, access, and utilization. The FAO reported that in 2010-2012, almost 870 million people were undernourished, with higher rates in developing countries. India has added 30 million hungry people since the 1990s and 46% of children are underweight. The document examines food security challenges and measures in developing economies and the US, and initiatives by UN agencies to improve global food security.
Food security is defined as all people having access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. Revolutions in agricultural technology, including mechanization, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and high-yielding crop varieties, have fulfilled the needs of growing populations by boosting food production. Advances in food preservation through techniques like canning have further revolutionized food security by allowing food to be safely stored and distributed over long periods and distances.
Food security is defined as reliable access to adequate food and depends on food supply and an individual's ability to access it. Concerns over food security date back throughout history as evidenced by ancient civilizations storing food in granaries during times of famine. While initially defined based on adequate worldwide food supply, modern definitions of food security also incorporate demand and individuals' access to food. Food security is measured using country-level household surveys to estimate caloric availability and capture components of availability, access, and adequacy of food.
Rao 1a the basic concept and dimensions of food securitySizwan Ahammed
The document discusses key concepts related to food security including definitions of food security, food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition. It examines the main dimensions of food security including availability, access, utilization and stability and how they relate to issues like poverty, gender, and different levels of analysis. The concept of food entitlements is introduced as the proximate basis for food security or insecurity at the household and individual levels.
This document presents a research proposal that aims to investigate how permaculture can be used as an adaptive strategy to mitigate food insecurity arising from climate variability in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The proposal outlines the problem statement regarding food insecurity in Kinshasa due to rapid urbanization and climate change impacts. It then presents the research questions, objectives, and theoretical considerations regarding permaculture and indigenous agriculture. The proposed methodology includes analyzing mechanisms to enhance permaculture approaches at household levels and examining its effectiveness in promoting new agricultural systems and indigenous knowledge to adapt to food insecurity and climate change.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires addressing availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires ensuring availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
The document presents findings from the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) and discusses threats to global food security. It finds that after several years of improvement, global food security declined over the past year due to factors like rising food prices and migration. Climate change and natural resource depletion further threaten food security by increasing exposure, sensitivity and reducing resilience. International collaboration is needed to address these challenges and work towards the UN's goal of ending hunger by 2030.
Food security is measured by the availability, accessibility, and affordability of food. Historically, central authorities ensured food security during famines by releasing food from storage. The 1974 World Food Conference defined food security as adequate food supplies to sustain consumption. Later definitions added the importance of demand and access. The 1996 World Food Summit defined food security as physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. Food security is assessed based on the availability, access, utilization, and stability of food sources. Changes in climate and extreme weather can disrupt stability and livelihoods, challenging food security.
Serge Savary and Richard Strange
SPECIAL EVENT
The Shape of Food Security – A Presentation on the Creation, Life, and Publications of Food Security
JUN 4, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:30 PM EDT
Nutrition security is an integral component of food securitySibelle El Labban
This review argues that nutrition is an integral component of food security, and should be embedded within all four of its dimensions – availability, access, utilization, and stability. The review highlights current food insecurity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, as exacerbated by the triple burden of malnutrition, where undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight/obesity coexist. Previous efforts to address food security in MENA have focused on food
availability, overlooking the other three dimensions and leaving nutrition considerations aside. Meanwhile, the literature has recognized the need to highlight nutrition as fundamental, and opted for the term ‘food and nutrition security’. To achieve food and nutrition security in MENA, a nutrition lens must be applied across all four dimensions – from assessment, to policy and programming, to capacity building. For example, MENA countries can adopt policies and programs including well-structured food subsidies, dietary guidelines, public awareness, and education campaigns to increase availability and accessibility of nutritious and safe foods, and stimulate consumer demand for those. To accomplish this, MENA needs to build stakeholders’ capacity and equip them to address
the challenges that are hindering the achievement of food and nutrition security now and into the future.
Addressing food and nutrition security in developing countries depends on livelihood security, vulnerability, and coping strategies. Food security exists when all people have reliable access to sufficient nutritious food. Key elements of food security assessments include livelihoods, vulnerability to risks and shocks, and coping strategies. The three pillars of food security are availability of food, access to food, and utilization of food. Malnutrition is a global problem impacting health, growth, and development. An integrated approach blending traditional and modern agricultural and nutrition practices can help support food and nutrition security.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of food security. It defines food security according to the FAO as all people having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. It identifies the four pillars of food security as availability, access, stability, and utilization and their key determinants. It also outlines major challenges to achieving food security and strategies to address micronutrient deficiencies through food-based approaches.
This document summarizes a paper about food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It begins with an introduction discussing how population growth is outpacing food production, leading to food crises. It then discusses the concept of sustainable development and how environmental, economic, and social sustainability are interrelated when it comes to agriculture and food security. Finally, it defines food security and sustainable food security, noting that the latter requires sufficient food availability now and in the future, as well as access through income or social support programs, and proper nutrient absorption.
Land sparing versus land sharing: moving forwardjoernfischer
This document discusses five points of friction in the debate around land sparing versus land sharing approaches to addressing food production and biodiversity conservation: 1) The focus on food, 2) Limitations of trade-off analysis, 3) Challenges in measuring biodiversity, 4) Issues of scale, and 5) Problems arising from framing the debate. It argues that understanding these points of friction can help avoid unproductive debate by focusing the discussion on how to move forward in addressing the nexus of agriculture, food security, and biodiversity protection given socioeconomic and landscape contexts.
This document describes the Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) strategy for improving reading comprehension. CSR is a 4-stage process: 1) Before reading involves previewing the text to build background knowledge and make predictions. 2) During reading has students identify what they understand ("clicks") and don't understand ("clunks"), using strategies to address clunks. 3) Students work to get the main idea of each paragraph and the overall text. 4) After reading, students generate and answer questions about the text. The document outlines the specific goals and activities within each stage of CSR.
The next big thing! Have your own business on your own terms, share the vision of top industry leaders, work with a proven business model, and a name known all over the world in skincare. Consumers treat common skincare concerns at home with clinical results, guaranteed. No appointment or prescription necessary.
The next big thing! Have your own business on your own terms, share the vision of top industry leaders, work with a proven business model, partner with a name known all over the world.
Este documento describe los requisitos y procesos para convertirse en intérprete en las instituciones de la Unión Europea. Se requiere una especialización en interpretación de conferencias a través de una maestría, dominio de al menos dos idiomas de la UE, y titulación universitaria. Los intérpretes trabajan en el Parlamento Europeo, la Comisión Europea y el Tribunal de Justicia de la UE. El proceso incluye oposiciones cada pocos años o registrarse como intérprete autónomo después de aprobar una prueba.
Cardinal Bráz de Aviz will be attending a conference on consecrated life in Kenya over three days. The conference agenda includes presentations on topics such as living the evangelical counsels in East Africa, challenges of formation in the region, and the prophetic character of consecrated life. It will also feature reactions and discussions on the presentations, as well as a closing address from Cardinal Bráz de Aviz.
The document summarizes a biblical passage from Exodus describing how the Israelites were attacked by Amalekites. Moses held up his hands and the Israelites prevailed in battle, but grew tired and had Aaron and Hur hold up his hands so the Israelites continued to win. God then commands Moses to write about the defeat of the Amalekites in a book. The summary provides the key details and events from the biblical passage in under 3 sentences.
The document describes a web app created by Cameron Dodge, Abbey Giese, Chan Jong, and Adelaide Obasanya to address the problem of intimacy being lost as the TEDxUGA event grows in size. The web app allows attendees to create profiles, be matched with a "+1" to meet and share ideas with, track their points for social media engagement, and view tweets with the #TEDxUGA hashtag. The goal is to encourage interaction among attendees to spark discussions beyond the main stage presentations.
This document outlines the order of events for the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the Association of Sisterhoods Kenya held on October 20th, 2013 at the AMECEA grounds in CUEA. The celebrations included an entrance procession led by seminarians and a school band, district units processing in, liturgical dancers, and a Golden Jubilee altar. Bishop Philip Anyolo confirmed the important role sisters play in evangelization. The celebrations concluded with the solemn cutting of a golden cake and thanking God.
The gravitational force exerted by one body on another is directed towards the first body and is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted by the second body on the first. This relationship demonstrates that gravitational forces form Newton's third law action-reaction force pairs. While the masses of most everyday objects results in gravitational forces that are undetectable, the force becomes significant for objects with masses closer in size to each other.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Andrew Kuteesa Ssenyonga to Uganda Management Institute in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Master's degree in Project Planning and Management. The dissertation examines community participation and the sustainability of water sources in Kasambya Sub County, Uganda. It includes chapters on introduction and background, literature review, methodology, findings, analysis, conclusions and recommendations. The dissertation aims to determine how community participation at different stages of water projects impacts the long-term sustainability of water sources.
Michael Spirito analyzes AXA's digital marketing strategy and finds that while AXA's website is well designed and informative, the company lacks brand awareness and searches compared to competitors. Spirito recommends that AXA use tools like Google Analytics and ads to drive more traffic to their polished website in order to increase conversions. Strengths of the website include good structure and navigation, while weaknesses include low public awareness of the company. Opportunities exist in better understanding site users, and threats include decreased interest in life insurance and strong competitors.
This document outlines the schedule and activities for an ERASMUS+ student exchange program between several European countries taking place from October 2-8, 2016 in Italy. The schedule includes arrival dates and times, workshops on forensics and debate, recreational activities like sea bathing and hiking, cultural excursions to historical sites, religious sites, and craft workshops, sporting events, performances, and conferences on integration and education. Evaluation and planning sessions are scheduled for the final days before students' departures.
Understanding Food Security Pillars and Some Measurements.pdfsayedmustafa19
Abstract
This paper deals with the factors of generating food insecurity and hunger as part of the attempts to limit the impact and direct effects of the Covid-19 epidemic, food wastage and climate changes for building self-sufficiency through the creation of food security through the studies of conventional economic and Islamic economic perspective. Food security the capacity to access and consume adequate quantities of safe and nutritious food—is a basic human requirement. Food security is an essential idea that has evolved through time and has a long history in-laws and religions. Today, this notion is among the current policies of many countries and international organizations, and it is backed by a number of suitable legislations to secure the supply chain's sustainability and stability in order to accomplish the required availability, safety, and quality. Throughout this paper, firstly the whole idea was to construct a basic understanding and difference between food security management within conventional economics with Islamic economics to see how the axioms within Islamic economics evolves the ideas and concepts in food security management. Secondly, many factors leading to food insecurity in all over the globe were evaluated to create a vision in which everyone could see how those factors created heavy prices and inability in purchasing power of people in the world and some contingent solutions have been proposed to address the matter.
Introduction
Food is an essential necessity and food security is the fundamental issue of human right which is considered as the meaning of having access to sufficient nutritious meals. Food security around the globe will be maintained when everyone has physical, social, and economic access to enough, safe, and nutritious food that fits their nutritional requirements for an active life at all times." World summit" (2009). Human life is dependent on having access to healthy and high quality food. Accessing to a healthy food can have a wide range of positive effects, including economic developments, employment, poverty reduction, opportunities for trade, worldwide stability and security, healthcare and wellbeing. Food loss and waste are widely acknowledged as two of the world's most difficult problems, having major consequences for food security, the environment, global, regional, and national economies.
The idea of food insecurity is deeply linked with food poverty line, stated as the least money price for food that would fulfil the average nutritional requirements of families of various sizes and compositions. Hence, if a family's overall earnings do not fall below the food poverty limit, they are unlikely to face food insecurity. As a result, food security is attained when all households and individuals earn enough to meet their average nutritional needs. Since accessing food is a significant, lack of this vital need or insecurity in food creates global challenges which closely related wit
The document summarizes a workshop addressing food-related challenges to promote human and planetary health. The workshop objectives are to demonstrate new approaches considering both people and planet health, debate the definition of 'food security', and provide a guide for health practitioners. It discusses shifting practice to address issues like obesity, undernutrition and climate change through a food systems lens. Participants engage in an activity to design a Planetary Health Plate that represents a healthy, sustainable food system. They also consider how to support sustainable local food systems using the Ottawa Charter framework. The document promotes reframing food security to integrate sustainability and planetary health.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS IN UGANDA Johan Lorenzen
UBOS collects agricultural and food security data through various surveys and censuses to analyze Uganda's food security situation. This includes data on crop and livestock production, prices, sales, and household food consumption collected through censuses, sample surveys, and permanent data collection systems. This data is used by the IPC National Working Group to assess food security, classify areas by phase, and develop policy recommendations. While over half of households experience seasonal food shortages, the data shows differences in impacts and coping strategies across regions.
1. While global food production is enough to feed the world's population, hunger persists with nearly 870 million people experiencing hunger between 2010-2012.
2. Food security is defined by the UN and related institutions as people having access to enough food to meet their needs, but this definition is criticized for ignoring power dynamics in food systems and focusing on trade.
3. Multiple factors are putting pressure on global food systems, including population growth, urbanization, rising consumption, and climate change, making food security a major challenge of the 21st century.
Linkage of agriculture nutrition education and incomesayednaim
1. The document discusses the linkages between agriculture, nutrition, education, and income in developing countries like Afghanistan. It provides a framework for understanding how these sectors influence each other.
2. Agriculture can impact nutrition through increased food production and household income, as well as women's empowerment and time for childcare. Better nutrition also enhances agricultural productivity.
3. Education influences nutrition by empowering individuals with knowledge about health and feeding practices, and nutrition education specifically improves diets and choices. Maternal education leads to better child nutrition.
4. Income generated from agriculture or other means allows for greater food access and purchasing of nutritious foods, linking income to improved nutrition outcomes.
Food and nutrition are cornerstones that affect and define the health of all people, rich and poor. The right to food is one of the most consistently mentioned items in international human rights documents
Food security is a multifaceted and manifold paradox that includes social,
biological, nutritional and economic aspects. Food is not only related to dietetic
sources but also plays numerous roles in social life and is closely linked to cultural
differentials. Despite its multi-dimensional approach, food security has been
molded in a number of ways since its dawn. However, food security was
transformed from a micro to a macro level during the World Food Conference of
1974. Food security exists “when all people at all times have physical, economic
and social access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food, essential for meeting their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. The present
study was conducted in light of a sociological perspective in the district of Torghar,
Northern Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan to assess the household food security
status. A sample of 379 household head was selected out of 26464 as per the
proportional allocation method. Moreover, descriptive and inferential statistics was
further used at descriptive and bivariate analysis. With regards to demographic
profile of the respondents 37% of household heads were between the ages of 46-
55, with 42% of illiterates, 70% of household heads were part of a joint family
system, and 84 percent were waiting for rain to irrigate their agricultural area.
Metrics and sustainable diets was the focus of a presentation by Thomas Allen of Bioversity International delivered at the Joint Conference on Sustainable Diet and Food Security co-organized by the Belgian Nutrition Society, The Nutrition Society and Société Française de Nutrition on 28 and 29 May 2013 in Lille, France under the auspices of the Federation of European Nutrition Societies, a conference on Sustainable Diet and Food Security. : A system approach to assessing Sustainable Diets. Read more about Bioversity International’s work on diet diversity for nutrition and health
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/diet-diversity/
Global food production and consumption have witnessed significant changes in the past five decades. Paying attention to rising crop yields and enhancing cultivation practices have brought about enhanced life expectancy, reduced rates of infant and child mortality, and reduced world poverty (Whitmee et al. 2015; Steffen et al. 2015; Willett et al. 2019). However, these health-related advantages are being jeopardized by global shifts toward unhealthy diets mostly in the developed countries and carbohydrate dense foods in the developing countries (Global Panel 2016; IFPRI 2017). These dietary shifts are partly caused by increasing urbanization, rise in incomes, and inadequate or lack of access to nutritious and healthy foods. Movement toward unhealthy diets increases the burden of obesity and diet-related NCDs coupled with imparting the environment negatively (Tilman and Clark 2014; Springmann et al. 2016; Willett et al. 2019). With increased growth and progress in food industry, food systems are becoming more complex with possible adverse effects on human health and nutrition especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) already faced with chronic hunger and multiple forms of malnutrition (Global Panel 2016; HLPE 2017; Otekunrin et al. 2019a, b, c; Otekunrin et al. 2020c; Global Nutrition Report 2020). Sustainable food systems will lead to sustainable healthy diets.
Note on Critical and Emerging Issues for Food Security and NutritionNE Kim
This document identifies 5 critical and emerging issues for food security and nutrition as identified by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE). The issues are: 1) Healthy nutrition in changing food systems, 2) Livestock systems and food security/nutrition, 3) Inequalities and addressing needs of disadvantaged populations, 4) Increasing role of financial markets in food security/nutrition, 5) Pathways to sustainable food systems for human and environmental health. The HLPE used a systematic process involving multiple stakeholders to identify issues based on their impact on the dimensions of food security.
Challenges and Success in Linking Agriculture and Nutrition - Marie Ruel, IFPRILIDC
Over three decades of research, it has been shown that agriculture can impact nutrition through effects on income, food prices, labor demand, and time allocation. Some successful examples of linking agriculture and nutrition include biofortified rice in the Philippines which increased iron stores, and biofortified sweet potatoes in Mozambique which increased vitamin A intake and status in children. However, there are still challenges to fully realizing the potential of using agriculture to improve nutrition, such as limited evidence of impact, a lack of capacity and incentives for cross-sector collaboration, and the complexities of long-term, inter-sectoral work.
Risk management orientated food security information system reportShubham Agrawal
This document is a report submitted by Shubham Agrawal, a student at O.P. Jindal University, to Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh on the topic of a risk management oriented food security information system. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking Dr. Singh for his guidance and the university for the opportunity. It also includes a certificate signed by Dr. Singh certifying that the report was completed by Shubham Agrawal. The content page outlines 5 chapters on topics related to climate change impacts on agriculture and food security. Tables and figures are also listed to be included.
RUNNING Head: IMPACTS ON FOOD SYSTEMS. 1
IMPACTS ON FOOD SYSTEMS 8
Impacts of Food Systems.
Students Name.
Institutional Affiliation.
Impacts on food systems.
Introduction
Sustainability in food systems entails the provision of the food security and nutrition which are essential to maintain and promote the living condition of the people under the earth (Ericksen, Ingram, & Liverman, 2009). The food system is according to the four pillar that defines its implication in any society. These four pillars are stability, availability, utilization and access. According to Food and Agriculture Organization, food security refers to “all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”(Source, FAO SOFI 2011).
When four pillars are conjoined together with the sustainability and nutrition, a desirable food system foundation is therefore achieved. With such food programs, they will mainly lead in making a multiple SDS (Sustainable Development Goals). Because of these to monitor and provide a desirable food system in any country, a Global Food System Index is crucial in tracking and monitoring progress. In the ultimate of the global food system, we address the six important dimensions by the GFSI which traces their progression. These critical dimensions are social sustainability, health and nutrition consumptions, environmental productivity, climate and ecological sustainability and market dynamics (Shown in Figure 1).
Therefore the ideal goal of a food system tries to effectively dialogue challenges to ecological and human welfare transversely in all of its phases. The dimension arrives from the theories and concepts involving food systems which will inform and guide the relevant managerial personnel in their decisions after the consideration of the report on the available data’s provided in concern of the behaviors portrayed by the target group like tourists in any environment when food is involved for life sustenance.
Global economic growth in investments, trade, food and Market Dynamic
Food system synthesis propels the global financial increase in investment, trade and food prices — they makeup all that happens and is the boundaries of the market dynamic as stated to be one of the critical dimensions guiding the food systems and its synthesis. To have a desirable food system, we require to have: an interaction in food supply chains which functions with all fundamental priors in the whole food system and also a well-operating trade and market dynamics (McCarthy, Lipper, & Branca, 2011). Using good trade and market strategies we can regulate and reduce the adverse effects caused by the market astonishment and hence drastically.
Bioinformatics and genomics are rapidly expanding fields that will significantly impact the food industry. By providing details on molecular biology and integrating vast amounts of data, bioinformatics will extend our understanding of food's role in health and enable the development of personalized food choices tailored to individual health needs. It will also allow for new crop varieties and foods with improved quality, safety, and health benefits. However, fully leveraging these tools requires paradigm shifts in data collection, sharing, and analysis across different areas of research.
Current estimates suggest that there are approximately 925 million hungry people in the world. Just under 180 million pre-school children are stunted – that is, they are the victims of chronic undernutrition. This deprivation is not because of insufficient food production. Approximately2,100 kcal/person/day, provides sufficient energyfor most daily activities; current per capita global food production, at 2,796 kcal/person/day, is well in excess of this requirement. Given that there is more than enough food in the world to feed its inhabitants, global hunger is not an insoluble problem.
Positioning Nutrition as Central for a Food Secure Arab worldIFPRIMENA
This document discusses nutrition in the Arab world and provides recommendations to improve food security. It finds that 1 in 5 children in the Arab world are malnourished, with even higher rates in some countries. Economic growth has not effectively reduced malnutrition rates. Public spending on nutrition and related services needs to increase to address this issue. The document recommends scaling up investments in nutrition and integrating food/nutrition security into national programs based on Brazil's successful approach.
Positioning Nutrition as Central for a Food Secure Arab world
Food_Security.PDF
1. Provides information about the development and commercialization of
transgenic salmon.
Macrae, Robert, Richard K. Robinson, and M. J. Sadler, eds.
1993. Encyclopaedia of Food Science, Food Technology, and
Nutrition. 8 vols. London: Academic Press.
Agricultural aspects are not covered.
McGee, Harold. 1990. The Curious Cook: More Kitchen Science
and Lore. San Francisco: North Point Press.
An investigation into culinary problems and dogma, telling in plain
English what science has discovered about the food we eat.
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). 2013. Health,
United States, 2012: With Special Feature on Emergency Care.
Hyattsville, MD: NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/
hus12.pdf
Pyke, Magnus. 1970. Food Science and Technology. 3rd ed.
London: Murray.
Throughout his career, the author has drawn attention to the importance of
food technology and nutrition via a dozen books and numerous radio
broadcasts and public lectures.
Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. 2009. A History of Food. Trans-
lated by Anthea Bell. New expanded ed. Malden, MA:
Blackwell.
A comprehensive reference history of foodstuffs, the story of cuisine, and the
social history of eating, from the origins of mankind to the modern-day
technological era.
Trager, James. 1995. The Food Chronology: A Food Lover’s
Compendium of Events and Anecdotes from Prehistory to the
Present. New York: Holt.
A sweeping and entertaining overview of the cultural development of food
and food availability throughout human history.
Manfred Kroger
Revised by Thomas Kowall
FOOD SECURITY
Food security, as an institutionalized universal concept
encompassing both food and nutrition security, was
conceived in 1974 by the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Today, the
term defines a situation in which “all people, at all times,
have physical, social and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy life” (WSFS
2009, 1).
CONCEPTUAL COMPONENTS
The development of the food security concept involves
the inclusion of four key pillars that have become
collectively regarded as indispensable components to the
food and nutrition security framework: the idea of
physical availability, social and economic access, utiliza-
tion, and stability. These four dimensions must be
simultaneously fulfilled in order to satisfy the condition
of food security. Ensuring food availability implies that
there is a sufficient supply of food of adequate quality to
meet the needs of the unit of analysis in question and is
necessarily linked to agricultural production and trade.
Food access, by contrast, refers to the ability of the
individual, household, or population to obtain appropri-
ate foods for a nutritious diet (Stamoulis and Zezza 2003).
Access can be secured by the local production of food (i.e.,
direct access) or through social networks and food
purchases (i.e., indirect access). The former requires rights
to adequate resources, or entitlements, while the latter is
obtained by exchange, as a gift, or through the market
where sufficient purchasing power is required (Maxwell
and Smith 1992).
The utilization and stability components of the term
are emphasized to ensure that food availability and access
secure and improve nutritional status and physiological
well-being over the long run. Food utilization highlights
the cultural choices and knowledge base of food
consumers that are critical to ensuring the sufficient
consumption of adequate foods that satisfy the nutritional
needs of all members of the household. This component
also reveals the importance of nonfood inputs related to
food consumption, including clean water, sanitation,
health care, and the ability to biologically utilize the
nutrients consumed. Food stability underscores the idea
that food security is optimally established when the
availability, access, and utilization of food resources are
sustained over time (Stamoulis and Zezza 2003). This
dimension recognizes the destabilizing potential of
external impacts and focuses on improving the resiliency
in the structure of food systems to effectively reorganize
and resist political, economic, and ecological stresses and
shocks (Frankenberger et al. 2012).
The four dimensions of the food security concept
reveal that ensuring individual food security is dependent
on policies, programs, and projects carried out at larger
scales, including the household, subnational, national, and
global scales. As such, the concept not only is tied to the
development of nutritional indicators and overall stan-
dards of well-being but also is embedded in larger policy
frameworks aimed at managing interventions and reduc-
ing poverty. Institutions focused on monitoring and
improving food security often specialize in addressing
specific aspects of the problem, such as trade, sustainable
agricultural development, rural and urban poverty reduc-
tion, public health, political stability, and governance.
Because it is an operational concept and not a means of
measurement, the focus of analysis rests on the nature of
food insecurity and vulnerability, using global and
context-specific methods that include the food energy
deficiency index, household expenditure and food intake
surveys, anthropometric indicators, and qualitative
Food Security
ETHICS, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING, 2ND EDITION 271
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2. measures (Mason 2002). As a participatory approach, the
livelihoods framework is often used for holistic analyses
of household assets and strategies, including the institu-
tions that affect them, while providing disaggregated
data for national policy development (Devereux et al.
2004).
ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION
Food security, as a multifaceted and multisectoral
concept, is not static and has evolved into greater
complexity over time in an attempt to maintain its
applicability to various policy frameworks and technical
approaches focusing on the producer and/or consumer at
different scales. Modern conceptions of food security arose
out of early efforts to increase and stabilize world food
supplies and avert food shortages. Amid the social and
economic disruption of World War II (1939–1945),
President Franklin D. Roosevelt convened an internation-
al conference in 1943 that emphasized the interdepen-
dence of the consumer and producer and the need to
encourage greater food production under the pretext that
“there has never been enough food for the health of all
people” (FAO quoted in Shaw 2007, 3). As a result, the
FAO was established in 1945 to guide policies for
improving agriculture and global standards of living that
could “ensure humanity’s freedom from hunger” (FAO
quoted in Shaw 2007, 462). Given new chemical and
mechanical innovations, promoting greater outputs of
food through agricultural modernization was understood
as critical to securing adequate supplies at lower
purchasing costs to the world’s urbanizing population.
By advocating for market expansion and the importation
of surplus grain from industrialized nations, along with
technological transfers and the coordinating of interna-
tional emergency relief systems, the FAO encouraged
greater production and a stable supply of food resources
for an industrializing world (Shaw 2007).
Up until the 1980s the official definition of food
security was heavily supply oriented. High fuel and
fertilizer costs, compounded by natural disasters and an
increasing demand for food, resulted in a fourfold rise in
world cereal prices between 1972 and 1974. In response,
delegates of the 1974 World Food Conference focused on
supply-side constraints, such as food production and
storage mechanisms, in an attempt to stabilize supplies
and avert greater malnutrition in food-importing nations
(Shaw 2007). As a result, the concept of food security was
consolidated and defined as “the availability at all times of
Laborers unload wheat from a tractor trolley at a wholesale grain market near Amritsar in northern India, 2013. The four
pillars of food security are physical availability, social and economic access, utilization, and stability. MUNISH SHARMA/REUTERS/CORBIS.
Food Security
272 ETHICS, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING, 2ND EDITION
(c) 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
3. adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain
a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset
fluctuations in production and prices” (UN 1975, 6).
It was not until greater analyses into the dynamics of
famine and malnutrition that the importance of demand-
side constraints became widely recognized. Amartya Sen’s
1981 investigation into the ways in which resource
entitlements affect food access contributed significantly to
the understanding that food availability alone does not
translate into food security, leading to the inclusion of the
dimension of access into the food security concept in
1983. A World Bank analysis (1986) later highlighted
differences in the duration and severity of food insecurity,
chronic and transitory, which have become central
guiding principles for effective policy development.
Greater investigation into the causes of malnutrition since
the 1990s further refined the concept by exploring aspects
of utilization while revealing the myriad livelihood
conditions and contexts of those suffering from food
insecurity. Such efforts led to an appreciation of a
balanced diet, emphasizing the role of micronutrients and
the quality of food over the quantity of calories and
protein alone, as well as the acknowledgement of the
importance of nonfood inputs related to public health and
cultural perceptions and practices (FAO and WHO
1992).
While the FAO’s food security mandate had been
articulated as a negative right to food—that is, ensuring
freedom from hunger through improved productivity,
trade, and aid—new emphasis on poverty and human
development drove greater popularity of the positive right
to food approach inspired by Article 25 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. While upheld by several
governments at the national level, the formal adoption of a
rights-based mandate that would hold governments
accountable for the food deprived on a global scale has
not been politically achievable within the FAO (Shaw
2007). Nevertheless, the 1996 World Food Summit
reaffirmed the importance of the rights-based approach in
the Rome Declaration with the goal of halving the
number of hungry and malnourished people by 2015,
while defining food security as a state when “all people, at
all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy life” (WFS
1996, 1). In 2001 the definition was again extended to
acknowledge social issues affecting food access among and
within households (FAO 2001).
Since 1974, however, definitions and perspectives on
food security have diversified substantially (Maxwell
2001). Surges in world food prices in 2007–2008 and
again in 2011, compounded by a global recession, have
only sparked intensified debate over the meaning of and
measures for achieving global food security. Today, over
one billion people suffer from chronic hunger. Despite
substantial achievements in reducing food insecurity, the
FAO itself is now facing significant internal reform in an
attempt to remain relevant and effective in promoting
pro-poor food-security strategies. Criticism from both
within and outside the organization concerning the
negative impact of uneven and premature trade liberaliza-
tion in developing countries has resulted in a stronger
emphasis on increasing global agricultural investments,
with greater attention being paid to improving resource
access and the sustainable productivity of small food
producers (FAO 2008; Sarris and Morrison 2009; HLPE
2011). The food price shocks also led to a resurgence in
interventionist policies for greater food self-sufficiency at
the national level, while transnational networks have
embedded the idea within a larger movement toward food
sovereignty (Demeke, Pangrazio, and Maetz 2009; Rosset
2008). Thus, while the multidimensional applicability of
the food security concept maintains its universality, it
remains an essentially contested concept as a result of its
multiple paradigmatic usages.
BI BLIO GRAPHY
Demeke, Mulat, Guendalina Pangrazio, and Materne Maetz.
2009. “Country Responses to the Food Security Crisis: Nature
and Preliminary Implications of the Policies Pursued.” Rome:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ISFP/pdf_for_
site_Country_Response_to_the_Food_Security.pdf
Devereux, Stephen, Bob Baulch, Karim Hussein, Jeremy Shoham,
Helen Sida, and David Wilcock. 2004. “Improving the
Analysis of Food Insecurity: Food Insecurity Measurement,
Livelihoods Approaches, and Policy; Applications in FIVIMS.”
Rome: Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and
Mapping Systems (FIVIMS) Secretariat.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
2001. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2001. Rome:
Author.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
2008. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008: High
Food Prices and Food Security—Threats and Opportunities.
Rome: Author. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0291e/
i0291e00.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
and World Health Organization (WHO). 1992. International
Conference on Nutrition: Nutrition and Development—a Global
Assessment. Rome: Authors. http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/
z9550e/z9550e.pdf
Frankenberger, Tim, Tom Spangler, Suzanne Nelson, and Mark
Langworthy. 2012. “Enhancing Resilience to Food Security
Shocks in Africa.” TANGO International. http://www
.fsnnetwork.org/sites/default/files/discussion_paper_usaid_
dfid_wb_nov._8_2012.pdf
High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of
the Committee on World Food Security (HLPE). 2011. Price
Volatility and Food Security. Rome: Author.
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4. Mason, John B. 2002. “Measuring Hunger and Malnutrition.”
Keynote paper presented at the International Scientific
Symposium on Measurement and Assessment of Food
Deprivation and Undernutrition, Rome, June 2002.
Maxwell, Simon. 2001. “The Evolution of Thinking about Food
Security.” In Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by
Stephen Devereux and Simon Maxwell, 13–31. London:
ITDG Publishing.
Maxwell, Simon, and Marisol Smith. 1992. “Household Food
Security: A Conceptual Review.” In Household Food Security:
Concepts, Indicators, and Measurement; A Technical Review,
edited by Simon Maxwell and Timothy R. Frankenberger, 1–
72. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development;
New York: UNICEF.
Rosset, Peter. 2008. “Food Sovereignty and the Contemporary
Food Crisis.” Development 51 (4): 460–463.
Sarris, Alexander, and Jamie Morrison, eds. 2009. The Evolving
Structure of World Agricultural Trade: Implications for Trade
Policy and Trade Agreements. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Trade and Markets
Division.
Sen, Amartya. 1981. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement
and Deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Shaw, D. John. 2007. World Food Security: A History since 1945.
Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Stamoulis, Kostas, and Alberto Zezza. 2003. “A Conceptual
Framework for National Agricultural, Rural Development, and
Food Security Strategies and Policies.” ESA Working Paper
03-17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Agricultural and Development Economics Division,
Rome. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/ae050e/ae050e00.pdf
United Nations (UN). 1975. Report of the World Food Conference,
Rome, 5–16 November 1974. New York: Author.
United Nations General Assembly. 2013. The Universal Declara-
tion of Human Rights. New York: United Nations. http://www
.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
World Bank. 1986. Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for
Food Security in Developing Countries. Washington, DC:
Author.
World Food Summit (WFS). 1996. “Rome Declaration on World
Food Security and Plan of Action.” Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/
docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM
World Summit on Food Security (WSFS). 2009. “Declaration of
the World Summit on Food Security.” Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www
.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/Summit/Docs/Final_
Declaration/WSFS09_Declaration.pdf
Siobhan Lozada
FORD, HENRY
The American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford
(1863–1947) is, along with Thomas Edison and the
Wright Brothers, one of those who best symbolized the
use of technology to transform human life in the early
twentieth century. Ford himself recognized the social
orientation of his efforts. As he explained in his 1922
autobiography, he believed that successful manufacturing
was rooted in public service rather than in money making.
He was equally clear about his own public service goal:
“To lift farm drudgery off flesh and blood and lay it on
steel and motors has been my most constant ambition.”
Somewhat unexpectedly, however, his focus shifted when
he discovered “that people were more interested in
something that would travel on the road than in
something that would do the work on the farms.”
Ford was born on a farm in Wayne County, Michigan,
on July 30, 1863, and died in Dearborn, Michigan, on
April 7, 1947. As a boy he experienced the agrarian way of
life that once had dominated the American economy but
that during his lifetime, in part as a result of his efforts,
would be replaced by manufacturing. Among the relevant
features of his youth were his education in rural schools
(1871–1879), the early death of his mother (1876), and his
fascination with machinery. That interest led to an
apprenticeship in nearby Detroit (1879–1882) and a
traveling job servicing steam traction engines. After his
marriage in 1888 Ford’s father gave him a forty-acre farm,
but rather than take up farming, Henry Ford and his wife
moved to Detroit, where he became an engineer for the
Edison Illuminating Company.
AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING
By the early 1890s, when Ford turned his attention to
using internal combustion engines to power road vehicles,
the effort to develop automobiles had been under way for
several decades. By that time American manufacturers had
incorporated the general principles of machine produc-
tion, interchangeable parts, and cost-based management,
along with other practices of the factory system and large-
scale business. Thus, Ford began neither the specific
process of creating automobiles nor the overall process of
industrialization. However, he would achieve lasting fame
as well as notoriety by helping bring both processes to full
maturity.
Ford’s historic achievement was twofold. First, he
rethought the basic idea of the automobile (making him
more an innovator than an inventor), by aiming not for a
large luxury vehicle but for one that was light and sturdy
enough for unimproved rural roads and inexpensive
enough for the average family. Second, he, along with the
mechanics and engineers he employed, redesigned the
manufacturing process to allow for the mass production of
a product of unprecedented complexity.
The main features of this frequently told story
include the completion of Ford’s first experimental car
Ford, Henry
274 ETHICS, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING, 2ND EDITION
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