This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an algorithm to predict epileptic seizures up to 5 minutes in advance using EEG data. The algorithm analyzes EEG recordings to extract seizure prediction characteristics and correlates these with seizure occurrence times. The algorithm could enable preventative therapies by triggering deep brain stimulation to avoid imminent seizures. When tested on 21 patients, the algorithm achieved 81.7% accuracy in predicting seizures up to 5 minutes beforehand, ranging from 80.7-81.5% accuracy for individual brain channels. If validated, this type of advanced seizure prediction could help minimize injuries from sudden seizures.
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)Jacob Stotler
Presenting alternative to drugs from nuerotechnologies and teaching about clinical use of neurothreapy and therapeutic effectiveness of biological aspects of the use of clinical technologies.
Let’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticitySharpBrains
Four leading pioneers of applied neuroplasticity helped us navigate best practices to harness most promising non-invasive neurotechnologies, such as cognitive training, mindfulness apps, EEG and virtual/ augmented reality.
--Chair: Linda Raines, CEO of the Mental Health Association of Maryland
--Dr. Michael Merzenich, winner of the 2016 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience
--Dr. Judson Brewer, Founder & Research Lead of Claritas Mindsciences
--Tan Le, CEO of Emotiv
--Dr. Andrea Serino, Head of Neuroscience at MindMaze
Learn more at sharpbrains.com
POWER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF EEG AS A POTENTIAL MARKER IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SPAS...ijbesjournal
The detection and diagnosis of various neurological disorders are performed using different medical
devices among which electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the most cost effective technique. Though
significant progress had been made in the analysis of EEG for diagnosis of different neurological
disorders, yet detection of cerebral palsy (CP) is not quite clear. This study was performed to analyze the
EEG power spectrum density (PSD) of spastic CP and normal children to find if any significant EEG
patterns could be used for early detection of CP. Twenty children participated in this study out of which ten
were spastic CP and other ten were normal healthy children. EEG of all the participants was recorded
from C3 C4 and F3 F4 regions following montage 10-20 system. The artifact-free EEG signals of 15
minutes duration was extracted for spectral analysis using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) algorithm
in MATLAB and power density spectrum (PSD) was plotted. The PSD revealed high intensity power peak
at frequency of 50Hz and smaller at 100 Hz, which was consistent for all healthy subjects. In case of
spastic CP children, high intensity peak at 100Hz were prominent and smaller peak was observed at 50Hz.
The high intensity 100Hz peak observed in the PSD of spastic CP patients demonstrated that this tool can
be used for early detection of spastic CP.
This slide is about the basic theories of Neurotechnology.
It shows
1. An overview of this area
- Market value, etc
2. Basic knowledge
- Types of neurotechnologies
- Basics of neuroscience
- software engineering.
3. Use cases with neurotechnologies.
Improved feature exctraction process to detect seizure using CHBMIT-dataset ...IJECEIAES
One of the most dangerous neurological disease, which is occupying worldwide, is epilepsy. Fraction of second nerves in the brain starts impulsion i.e. electrical discharge, which is higher than the normal pulsing. So many researches have done the investigation and proposed the numerous methodology. However, our methodology will give effective result in feature extraction. Moreover, we used numerous number of statistical moments features. Existing approaches are implemented on few statistical moments with respect to time and frequency. Our proposed system will give the way to find out the seizure-effected part of the brain very easily using TDS, FDS, Correlation and Graph presentation. The resultant value will give the huge difference between normal and seizure effected brain. It also explore the hidden features of the brain.
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)Jacob Stotler
Presenting alternative to drugs from nuerotechnologies and teaching about clinical use of neurothreapy and therapeutic effectiveness of biological aspects of the use of clinical technologies.
Let’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticitySharpBrains
Four leading pioneers of applied neuroplasticity helped us navigate best practices to harness most promising non-invasive neurotechnologies, such as cognitive training, mindfulness apps, EEG and virtual/ augmented reality.
--Chair: Linda Raines, CEO of the Mental Health Association of Maryland
--Dr. Michael Merzenich, winner of the 2016 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience
--Dr. Judson Brewer, Founder & Research Lead of Claritas Mindsciences
--Tan Le, CEO of Emotiv
--Dr. Andrea Serino, Head of Neuroscience at MindMaze
Learn more at sharpbrains.com
POWER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF EEG AS A POTENTIAL MARKER IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SPAS...ijbesjournal
The detection and diagnosis of various neurological disorders are performed using different medical
devices among which electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the most cost effective technique. Though
significant progress had been made in the analysis of EEG for diagnosis of different neurological
disorders, yet detection of cerebral palsy (CP) is not quite clear. This study was performed to analyze the
EEG power spectrum density (PSD) of spastic CP and normal children to find if any significant EEG
patterns could be used for early detection of CP. Twenty children participated in this study out of which ten
were spastic CP and other ten were normal healthy children. EEG of all the participants was recorded
from C3 C4 and F3 F4 regions following montage 10-20 system. The artifact-free EEG signals of 15
minutes duration was extracted for spectral analysis using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) algorithm
in MATLAB and power density spectrum (PSD) was plotted. The PSD revealed high intensity power peak
at frequency of 50Hz and smaller at 100 Hz, which was consistent for all healthy subjects. In case of
spastic CP children, high intensity peak at 100Hz were prominent and smaller peak was observed at 50Hz.
The high intensity 100Hz peak observed in the PSD of spastic CP patients demonstrated that this tool can
be used for early detection of spastic CP.
This slide is about the basic theories of Neurotechnology.
It shows
1. An overview of this area
- Market value, etc
2. Basic knowledge
- Types of neurotechnologies
- Basics of neuroscience
- software engineering.
3. Use cases with neurotechnologies.
Improved feature exctraction process to detect seizure using CHBMIT-dataset ...IJECEIAES
One of the most dangerous neurological disease, which is occupying worldwide, is epilepsy. Fraction of second nerves in the brain starts impulsion i.e. electrical discharge, which is higher than the normal pulsing. So many researches have done the investigation and proposed the numerous methodology. However, our methodology will give effective result in feature extraction. Moreover, we used numerous number of statistical moments features. Existing approaches are implemented on few statistical moments with respect to time and frequency. Our proposed system will give the way to find out the seizure-effected part of the brain very easily using TDS, FDS, Correlation and Graph presentation. The resultant value will give the huge difference between normal and seizure effected brain. It also explore the hidden features of the brain.
This webinar is part of a 2-hour monthly series hosted by the Neurotechnology Innovation Network: https://ktn-uk.org/health/neurotechnology/
Each webinar features expert speakers and focusses on a new development in a different technology area.
The third topic in this series is Dementia treatment using a biodesign approach. Dementia can have enormous effects, not only to those suffering but also family members and others
caring for them, but there are currently no effective therapies available. Neurotechnology offers a new way of treating dementia.
There is growing evidence that technologies such as deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation could help treat some of the effects of dementia and brain-computer interfaces are now able to detect the first signs of dementia years before symptoms appear.
In collaboration with UK Dementia Research Institute this webinar explores novel neurotechnologies to treat dementia, discuss barriers to adoption and new opportunities in the field.
EEG is the fastest emerging technology in the industrial 4.0 culture. It will be more reliable when building devices. Currently, the big tech giant company is mainly focusing on this field of EEG for connecting their tesla. In day by day, modern world my innovative idea is to connect every peripheral in this node.
This presentation was about EEG control-based wheelchair with EEG lab toolbox for MATLAB. It will more helpful for a person who is working on EEG-based projects at the beginner level also this presentation included some basic ideas for how EEG works...
Deep Brain Stimulation surgery experience at Apollo Hospital, New DelhiApollo Hospitals
Functional neurosurgery is concerned with the treatment of conditions where central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) function is abnormal although the structure or anatomy is normal. Eighty-seven Deep Brain Stimulation surgeries were done at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi since year 2000. This included 81 cases of Parkinson’s disease (STN stimulation), 4 cases of Essential Tremors (VIM thalamic nucleus stimulation) and three cases of Dystonia (Globus Pallidus stimulation). All the patients showed good response and one patient developed small thalamic hemorrhage which improved over a period of six weeks.
Neurological Pupil Index as an Indicator of Irreversible Cerebral Edema: A Ca...NeurOptics, Inc.
Assessing the pupillary light reflex (PLR) is acore component of neurological assessments. Changes in pupil size and reactivity can provide early recognition of neurological decline and facilitate lifesaving interventions.
Neurosurgeon Robert Buchanan, MD, leads as chief of neurosurgery as well as director of epilepsy surgery and deep brain stimulation at the Seton Brain & Spine Institute in Austin, Texas. In this role, Dr. Robert Buchanan treats patients with Parkinson's disease and a variety of other movement disorders.
Enhancing extreme learning machine: Novel extentions and applications to opti...Apdullah YAYIK, Ph.D.
As a single-hidden layer feed forward neural network (SLFN), conventional extreme learning machine (ELM) reaches high performance rates in extremely rapid training pace on benchmark datasets. However, when it is applied to real life large datasets, decline in training pace and performance rates related to low convergence of singular value decomposition (SVD) method occurs. This thesis proposes new approaches in conventional ELM to overcome this problem with lower upper (LU) triangularization, Hessenberg decomposition, Schur decomposition, modified Gram Schmidt (MGS) process and Householder reflection methods. Experiments with conventional and proposed ELMs, have been conducted on visual stimuli optimization problem in brain computer interface (BCI). And, multi-layer perceptron (MLP), k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) and Bayesian network (BayesNET) are applied for compartments. 19 subjects participated in this experiment and results show that if priority is given to training pace, Hessenberg decomposition method, and if priority is given to performance measures Householder reflection method can replace SVD. Also, other proposed methods give comparable results. Besides, this thesis shows that visual stimuli that is smaller and has orange coloured concentric background has statistically positive effect on performing BCI application. In real-time BCI application proposed algorithms can decide just in 17 seconds with selected electroencephalography (EEG) channels and it has an accuracy rate of 90.83%.
The research discussed in this paper is part of a pilot study in the use of wearable devices incorporating electroencephalogram (EEG) and heartrate sensors to sense for the emotional responses closely correlated to frustration when performing certain tasks. For this study the methodology used a combination of puzzle, arcade style game and a meditation apps to emulate a task based environment and detect frustration and satisfaction emotions. Preliminary results indicate that degree of task completion has an effect on emotions and can be detected by EEG and heartrate changes.
An Artificial Neural Network Model for Neonatal Disease DiagnosisWaqas Tariq
The significance of disease diagnosis by artificial intelligence is not obscure now days. The increasing demand of Artificial Neural Network application for predicting the disease shows better performance in the field of medical decision making. This paper represents the use of artificial neural networks in predicting neonatal disease diagnosis. The proposed technique involves training a Multi Layer Perceptron with a BP learning algorithm to recognize a pattern for the diagnosing and prediction of neonatal diseases. A comparative study of using different training algorithm of MLP, Quick Propagation, Conjugate Gradient Descent, shows the higher prediction accuracy. The Backpropogation algorithm was used to train the ANN architecture and the same has been tested for the various categories of neonatal disease. About 94 cases of different sign and symptoms parameter have been tested in this model. This study exhibits ANN based prediction of neonatal disease and improves the diagnosis accuracy of 75% with higher stability. Key words: Artificial Intelligence, Multi Layer Perceptron, Neural Network, Neonate
Feature Extraction and Classification of NIRS DataPritam Mondal
A thesis paper submitted to the department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh, in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of “Bachelor of Science” in Electronics
and Communication Engineering
This webinar is part of a 2-hour monthly series hosted by the Neurotechnology Innovation Network: https://ktn-uk.org/health/neurotechnology/
Each webinar features expert speakers and focusses on a new development in a different technology area.
The third topic in this series is Dementia treatment using a biodesign approach. Dementia can have enormous effects, not only to those suffering but also family members and others
caring for them, but there are currently no effective therapies available. Neurotechnology offers a new way of treating dementia.
There is growing evidence that technologies such as deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation could help treat some of the effects of dementia and brain-computer interfaces are now able to detect the first signs of dementia years before symptoms appear.
In collaboration with UK Dementia Research Institute this webinar explores novel neurotechnologies to treat dementia, discuss barriers to adoption and new opportunities in the field.
EEG is the fastest emerging technology in the industrial 4.0 culture. It will be more reliable when building devices. Currently, the big tech giant company is mainly focusing on this field of EEG for connecting their tesla. In day by day, modern world my innovative idea is to connect every peripheral in this node.
This presentation was about EEG control-based wheelchair with EEG lab toolbox for MATLAB. It will more helpful for a person who is working on EEG-based projects at the beginner level also this presentation included some basic ideas for how EEG works...
Deep Brain Stimulation surgery experience at Apollo Hospital, New DelhiApollo Hospitals
Functional neurosurgery is concerned with the treatment of conditions where central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) function is abnormal although the structure or anatomy is normal. Eighty-seven Deep Brain Stimulation surgeries were done at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi since year 2000. This included 81 cases of Parkinson’s disease (STN stimulation), 4 cases of Essential Tremors (VIM thalamic nucleus stimulation) and three cases of Dystonia (Globus Pallidus stimulation). All the patients showed good response and one patient developed small thalamic hemorrhage which improved over a period of six weeks.
Neurological Pupil Index as an Indicator of Irreversible Cerebral Edema: A Ca...NeurOptics, Inc.
Assessing the pupillary light reflex (PLR) is acore component of neurological assessments. Changes in pupil size and reactivity can provide early recognition of neurological decline and facilitate lifesaving interventions.
Neurosurgeon Robert Buchanan, MD, leads as chief of neurosurgery as well as director of epilepsy surgery and deep brain stimulation at the Seton Brain & Spine Institute in Austin, Texas. In this role, Dr. Robert Buchanan treats patients with Parkinson's disease and a variety of other movement disorders.
Enhancing extreme learning machine: Novel extentions and applications to opti...Apdullah YAYIK, Ph.D.
As a single-hidden layer feed forward neural network (SLFN), conventional extreme learning machine (ELM) reaches high performance rates in extremely rapid training pace on benchmark datasets. However, when it is applied to real life large datasets, decline in training pace and performance rates related to low convergence of singular value decomposition (SVD) method occurs. This thesis proposes new approaches in conventional ELM to overcome this problem with lower upper (LU) triangularization, Hessenberg decomposition, Schur decomposition, modified Gram Schmidt (MGS) process and Householder reflection methods. Experiments with conventional and proposed ELMs, have been conducted on visual stimuli optimization problem in brain computer interface (BCI). And, multi-layer perceptron (MLP), k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) and Bayesian network (BayesNET) are applied for compartments. 19 subjects participated in this experiment and results show that if priority is given to training pace, Hessenberg decomposition method, and if priority is given to performance measures Householder reflection method can replace SVD. Also, other proposed methods give comparable results. Besides, this thesis shows that visual stimuli that is smaller and has orange coloured concentric background has statistically positive effect on performing BCI application. In real-time BCI application proposed algorithms can decide just in 17 seconds with selected electroencephalography (EEG) channels and it has an accuracy rate of 90.83%.
The research discussed in this paper is part of a pilot study in the use of wearable devices incorporating electroencephalogram (EEG) and heartrate sensors to sense for the emotional responses closely correlated to frustration when performing certain tasks. For this study the methodology used a combination of puzzle, arcade style game and a meditation apps to emulate a task based environment and detect frustration and satisfaction emotions. Preliminary results indicate that degree of task completion has an effect on emotions and can be detected by EEG and heartrate changes.
An Artificial Neural Network Model for Neonatal Disease DiagnosisWaqas Tariq
The significance of disease diagnosis by artificial intelligence is not obscure now days. The increasing demand of Artificial Neural Network application for predicting the disease shows better performance in the field of medical decision making. This paper represents the use of artificial neural networks in predicting neonatal disease diagnosis. The proposed technique involves training a Multi Layer Perceptron with a BP learning algorithm to recognize a pattern for the diagnosing and prediction of neonatal diseases. A comparative study of using different training algorithm of MLP, Quick Propagation, Conjugate Gradient Descent, shows the higher prediction accuracy. The Backpropogation algorithm was used to train the ANN architecture and the same has been tested for the various categories of neonatal disease. About 94 cases of different sign and symptoms parameter have been tested in this model. This study exhibits ANN based prediction of neonatal disease and improves the diagnosis accuracy of 75% with higher stability. Key words: Artificial Intelligence, Multi Layer Perceptron, Neural Network, Neonate
Feature Extraction and Classification of NIRS DataPritam Mondal
A thesis paper submitted to the department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh, in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of “Bachelor of Science” in Electronics
and Communication Engineering
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The mind-to-movement system that allows a quadriplegic man to control a computer using only his thoughts is a scientific milestone. It was reached, in large part, through the brain gate system. This system has become a boon to the paralyzed. The Brain Gate System is based on Cyber kinetics platform technology to sense, transmit, analyze and apply the language of neurons. The principle of operation behind the Brain Gate System is that with intact brain function, brain signals are generated even though they are not sent to the arms, hands and legs.The signals are interpreted and translated into cursor movements, offering the user an alternate Brain Gate pathway to control a computer with thought,just as individuals who have the ability to move their hands use a mouse. The 'Brain Gate' contains tiny spikes that will extend down about one millimetre into the brain after being implanted beneath the skull,monitoring the activity from a small group of neurons.It will now be possible for a patient with spinal cord injury to produce brain signals that relay the intention of moving the paralyzed limbs,as signals to an implanted sensor,which is then output as electronic impulses. These impulses enable the user to operate mechanical devices with the help of a computer cursor. Matthew Nagle,a 25-year-old Massachusetts man with a severe spinal cord injury,has been paralyzed from the neck down since 2001.After taking part in a clinical trial of this system,he has opened e-mail,switched TV channels,turned on lights
Effective electroencephalogram based epileptic seizure detection using suppo...IJECEIAES
Epilepsy is one of the widespread disorders. It is a noncommunicable disease that affects the human nerve system. Seizures are abnormal patterns of behavior in the electricity of the brain which produce symptoms like losing consciousness, attention or convulsions in the whole body. This paper demonstrates an effective electroencephalogram (EEG) based seizure detection method using discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) for signal decomposition to extract features. An automatic channel selection method was proposed by the researcher to select the best channel from 23 channels based on maximum variance value. The records were segmented into a nonoverlapping segment with long 1-S. The support vector machine (SVM) model was used to automatically detect segments that contain seizures, using both frequency and time domain statistical moment features. The experimental result was obtained from 24 patients in CHB-MIT database. The average accuracy is 94.1, sensitivity is 93.5, specificity is 94.6 and the false positive rate average is 0.054.
Sleep Apnea Identification using HRV Features of ECG Signals IJECEIAES
Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder that interferes with the breathing of a person. During sleep, people can stop breathing for a moment that causes the body lack of oxygen that lasts for several seconds to minutes even until the range of hours. If it happens for a long period, it can result in more serious diseases, e.g. high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, etc. Sleep apnea can be prevented by identifying the indication of sleep apnea itself from ECG, EEG, or other signals to perform early prevention. The purpose of this study is to build a classification model to identify sleep disorders from the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features that can be obtained with Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. In this study, HRV features were processed using several classification methods, i.e. ANN, KNN, N-Bayes and SVM linear Methods. The classification is performed using subjectspecific scheme and subject-independent scheme. The simulation results show that the SVM method achieves higher accuracy other than three other methods in identifying sleep apnea. While, time domain features shows the most dominant performance among the HRV features.
Smart Brain Wave Sensor for Paralyzed- A Real Time ImplementationSiraj Ahmed
ABSTRACT
As the title of the paper indicates about brainwaves and its uses for various applications based on their frequencies and different parameters which can be implemented as real time application with the title a smart brain wave sensor system for paralyzed patients. Brain wave sensing is to detect a person's mental status. The purpose of brain wave sensing is to give exact treatment to paralyzed patients. The data or signal is obtained from the brainwaves sensing band. This data are converted as object files using Visual Basics. The processed data is further sent to Arduino which has the human's behavioral aspects like emotions, sensations, feelings, and desires. The proposed device can sense human brainwaves and detect the percentage of paralysis that the person is suffering. The advantage of this paper is to give a real-time smart sensor device for paralyzed patients with paralysis percentage for their exact treatment.
Keywords:-Brainwave sensor, BMI, Brain scan, EEG, MCH.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*
P180305106115
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 18, Issue 3, Ver. V (May-Jun. 2016), PP 106-115
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0661-180305106115 www.iosrjournals.org 106 | Page
Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques For Epilepsy Treatment
Raneen Ali, Wessam H. El-Behaidy, and Atef Z. Ghalwash
(Computer Science, Computer and Information/ Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt)
Abstract: Epilepsy is a combination of neurological disorders that causes people to have seizure. Immediate
seizures occurring might cause injuries of the patients or other. Recent studies of epilepsy are based on two
approaches. The first one is detecting and predicting epilepsy using algorithms based on EEG Analysis. The
second approach is implanted devices for seizure. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for advanced seizure
prediction. The approach can predict up to 5 minutes in advance. We combine the two approaches (Computer
modeling and Advanced Prediction Algorithm) by proposing an algorithm that illuminates the need of a
physician in implanted device RNS which is trained to continuously monitor brain signals and adjusting the
parameters manually. The algorithm with which seizures can be predicted from EEG data is the main concern
of this paper. The results reveal that the proposed algorithm is able to predict the seizure up to 5 minutes in
advance with accuracy of 81.7%. Also, prediction accuracy ranges from 80.7% to 81.5% when considering the
results for each individual channel.
Keywords: Computer Modeling, EEG, Implanted device, RNS, SVM
I. Introduction
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain that affects people in every country of the world. Around 50
million people worldwide have epilepsy. Epilepsy can affect anyone, at any age [1]. Epilepsy responds to
treatment about 70% of the time, yet about three fourths of affected people in developing countries do not get
the treatment they need [2]. Epilepsy is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. People with epilepsy
have seizures that are a bit like an electrical brainstorm. Epilepsy is a condition, not an illness [1].
Methods to treat epilepsy include medication, brain stimulation, surgery, dietary therapy or various
combinations of the above, directed toward the primary goal of eliminating or suppressing seizures. For many
epileptic patients, seizures are well controlled with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). However, approximately 30%
of epileptic patients suffer from medically refractory epilepsy. These patients continue to exhibit seizures
despite treatment with a maximally tolerated dose of a AED, alone or in combination with at least one adjuvant
medication [3]. This has motivated clinicians and researchers alike to investigate the mechanisms of seizures in
refractory epilepsy using techniques from many scientific disciplines, including molecular biology, genetics,
neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, brain imaging and computer modeling.
Electroencephalography (EEG) records electrical activity along the scalp, via the placement on the
scalp of multiple electrodes; it measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the brain.
EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain and represents a summation of post-synaptic potentials from a
large number of neurons. EEG has several advantages over the other methods; its temporal resolution is higher
and it directly measures the electrical activity of the brain. Also EEG has been a very useful clinical tool not
only in the field of epileptology, but also in other areas of neurology and psychiatry [1-5].Traditional method of
analysis of the EEG is based on visually analyzing the EEG activity using strip charts. This is laborious and
time consuming task which requires skilled interpreters, who by the nature of the task are prone to subjective
judgment and error. Furthermore, manual analysis of the temporal EEG trace often fails to detect and uncover
subtle features within the EEG which may contain significant information, Hence many researchers are working
to develop an automated tool which easily analysis the EEG signal and reveal important information present in
the signal [3].
II. Background and Related Work
In recent years, there has been growing research interest in two approaches, first approach is computer
modeling and experimentation which is complementary in research and the development of therapeutics. The
second one is seizure detection and prediction from EEG recordings.
2.1 In Computer Modeling Approach
Apart from traditional treatment such as drugs and surgery, different computer modeling approaches
have been proposed such as using implanted devices or developing an individualized brain model [5]. Implanted
devices could characterize electrical activity in real time; they are used for preventing the onset of seizures by
the immediate detection of brain‘s pre-ictal state [6].
2. Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques For Epilepsy Treatment
DOI: 10.9790/0661-180305106115 www.iosrjournals.org 107 | Page
The individualized brain model is a biologically realistic computational model, designed using patient
specific details such as genetic mutation or head trauma. This technique helps doctors determine the best
treatment regimen for that patient [5].As an attempt to build a detailed biologically realistic model of human
brain, IBM studied the concept of intelligence by using ―Blue Gene‖, which is a super computer used to
represent the neuron software [4].IBM lunched the Blue Brain Project (BBP) using the enormous computing
power of IBM‘s prototype Blue Gene [5]. The goal of BBP was a simulation of rat‘s neocortical column, which
is responsible for brain‘s higher function, the conscious thought. This neocortical column is a group of neurons
in the brain cortex. A neuron plays a very important role in brain behavior. The neuron is considered a nerve
cell or an electricity cell that processes and transmits information by electrical signals [4]. After getting a deeper
understanding of the brain‘s functional activities, several therapies were proposed to prevent seizures. Therapies
can be divided into the following:
Static Therapies
Static therapies use devices that deliver scheduled pulses for reducing the frequency of seizures. These
devices are independent of the occurrence of a seizure and their activity is defined by a present pattern. Since
there is no need for seizure detection, no extended calibration period is needed [7].
Dynamic Therapies
Dynamic therapies are used for online analysis of epileptic patients, detection and response of the
occurrence of seizures. EEG traces are used for monitoring to detect seizures [7].
Below are some of the approaches for correcting the abnormal activity after seizure detection.
2.1.1.1 Responsive Neurostimulator (RNS)
RNS device is a small computer implanted in the skull. With RNS model, it senses the electrical
activity that may mean a seizure is about to start and delivers stimulation to in an effort to prevent the seizure
[9].The RNS System is an investigational device made up of the responsive neurostimulator and leads (tiny
wires with electrodes). The RNS System also includes a programmer for the study physician and a data
transmitter for you to provide information from your neurostimulator to the study physician [8]. The
RNS® System is manufactured by NeuroPace with the Joseph I. Sirven, MD | Patricia O. Shafer, RN, MN on
5/2014.
The device is powered by a battery and contains a computer chip that detects and stores a record of the
brain‘s electrical activity [9] When the device identifies seizure activity, it attempts to suppress the seizure by
sending electrical stimulation through the leads to a small part of the brain. The stimulation settings are selected
so that stimulation cannot be felt. This type of treatment is called responsive stimulation.The physician operated
programmer communicates with the RNS neurostimulator via a hand-held wand. The study physician uses the
programmer to look at information stored in the device about patients‘ detections and stimulations. The study
physician can also look at records of actual brain electrical activity. This information helps the study physician
select the best detection and stimulation settings. The programmer is then used to program the detection and
stimulation settings in the neurostimulator [10]. With Neuropace RNS System User Manual 2013, the data
transmitter (or DTR) is used to provide information to the study physician. A wand is used to transfer
information from the neurostimulator to the DTR. DTR is then connected to a phone line and information is
provided to the study physician via a protected website. The study physician is then able to view the response to
the stimulation and decide on the best seizure detection and stimulation settings.The system is implanted by a
study physician during a two- to five-hour procedure that occurs while patients are asleep. Two to four leads are
placed in the brain where the seizures start. Then the neurostimulator is placed in the skull. After the procedure,
patients typically stay in the hospital one to three days [10]. The RNS System is currently being evaluated to
determine how well it can reduce the frequency of uncontrolled seizures. It is approved by the FDA only for use
in clinical research studies [9]. Fig.1 includes the latest release of RNS device.
Figure 1. RNS System is approved by FDA (FDA Approves Neurostimulator Device to Treat Epilepsy added
by Nancy Schimelpfening on November 16, 2013)
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2.1.1.2 Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
VNS is a technique used to treat epilepsy. It involves implanting a pacemaker-like device that
generates pulses of electricity to stimulate the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is one of the 12 cranial nerves,
which conduct impulses between the brain and other parts of the brain and various body structures, mostly in
the head and neck. The vagus nerve - the longest of the cranial nerves - also extends to organs in the chest and
abdomen [11]. (The word vagus comes from a Latin word for "wandering.') It serves many organs and
structures, including the larynx (voice box), lungs, heart and gastrointestinal tract. The VNS implant devices are
built by Cyberonics Steven[11].
While the patient is asleep (general anesthesia), the stimulator device - which is about the size of a
silver dollar - is surgically placed under the skin in the upper part of the chest. A connecting wire is run under
the skin from the stimulator to an electrode that is attached to the vagus nerve, which is accessible through a
small incision (cut) in the neck [11].
After it is implanted, the stimulator is programmed using a computer to generate pulses of electricity at
regular intervals, depending on the patient's tolerance. For example, the device may be programmed to stimulate
the nerve for 30 seconds every five minutes. The settings on the device are adjustable, and the electrical current
is gradually increased as the patient's tolerance increases. Re-programming the stimulator can be done in the
doctor's office. The patient also is given a hand-held magnet, which when brought near the stimulator, can
generate an immediate current of electricity to stop a seizure in progress or reduce the severity of the seizure
[10].
VNS is an add-on therapy, which means it is used in addition to another type of treatment. Patients
who undergo VNS continue to take their seizure medications. In some cases, however, it may be possible to
reduce the dosage of medication. Fig.2 shows division of the autonomic nervous system.
Figure 2. VNS System is approved by FDA (The FDA approved the VNS on November 2013 (formerly known
as the NCP® NeuroCybernetic Prosthesis System))
2.1.1.3 Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
DBS is a surgical treatment for people whose seizures are not controlled with medication. It involves
implanting electrodes into specific areas of the brain. That used by Howard L. Weiner, MD | Joseph I. Sirven,
MD There are several ways to treat epilepsy [11]. How well each treatment works varies from one person to
another. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy can be used for people who have epilepsy that is difficult to
treat, or for people who cannot have epilepsy surgery to separate or remove the part of the brain that causes
seizures to happen [12].
DBS therapy aims to control excess electrical activity in the brain using regular electrical impulses to
reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Trials show that for some people their seizures become much less
frequent. For others DBS therapy may reduce their seizures a little, and for others it has no effect [12].
The effect of DBS therapy may not happen straight away, has been approved by(2002) by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) It can take up to two years for it to have an effect on someone's seizures. It is used
alongside anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) not instead of them. If the treatment works, it may be possible to reduce a
person's AEDs over time [10].
Other therapies that exert their effects independently of the patient‘s state include pharmacological
treatments. These agents affect subcellular mechanisms, such as ion channels, transporters, pumps, and
receptors. Fig.3 represents electrophysiological principles of deep brain stimulation.
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Figure 3. DBS System is approved by FDA (FDA Approves Deep Brain Stimulation system to Treat Epilepsy
on February 19, 2009)
2.2 EEG Analysis Approach
In recent years, seizure detection and prediction from EEG recordings has increased in the research
field and couple this information with advanced stage of a technology allowing early treatment, minimizing or
even prevention of seizures in advance, the patient presents many signs or symptoms of seizure [13].
Symptoms may occur during unconsciousness or consciousness state; these include motor, sensory, psychic and
enlarge in oxygen availability. In addition to these changes, it is believed that an increased number of critical
interactions among the neurons in the focal region unfold over time. This concept has allowed researchers to
study EEGs in an alternative way, in order to find correlates of such processes and identify the pre-ictal (pre-
seizure) state [14].
A much higher incidence of symptoms commonly seen in complex partial seizures or episodic
dyscontrol, and in addition had a much higher incidence of EEG abnormalities, particularly posterior sharp
activity. Characteristics features can be extracted from EEG have been addressing on correlation with the
occurrence of seizures and time of the occurrence. In that case therapies comprehensible could move from
preventive strategies to on-demand therapy by proposing deep-brain stimulation technology to avoid seizures
occurrence [14].
In this context, Stein et al. [15] have imagined the effect of anticonvulsant substances, while Fisher as
we mentioned in the previous approach has proposed deep-brain stimulation technology to detect seizure and
prevent seizures occurrence. The early work on predicting seizures dating back to the 1970s by by Viglione and
Walsh [16] for seizure precursor‘s extraction of absence seizure EEGs were carried out by different groups
using linear approaches [14] and later Salant et al, a French group of researchers reported seizure‘s changes at 6
seconds in pre-ictal files. Siegel et al. track EEG activities about 1-minute epochs prior to the seizure and
analysis on the spike occurrence rates in the EEG. Le Van Quyen et al. [16] follow researches and compared
pre-seizure dissimilarity between seizures and divulged a dynamical similarity index which decreasing seizure
occurrence. Moreover there are some other studies used analytical methods and algorithms approaches to
predict seizure automatically. Costa et al. [17] presented neural network for estimating features and classifying
EEG files to main four classes related to seizure activities. This is reported sensitivity 98.5%, 98.5% for
specificity and Accuracy. It seems a high value compared with previous work but this result was implemented
on only two patients and it was a small, limited and insufficient instance. So we couldn‘t consider it as a generic
performance.
In such studies, more attention is therefore paid to the use of features that can be quickly computed
from streaming EEG data and to the design of predictive algorithms [18] [19]. The present study draws from
analysis-oriented studies with regard to choosing features which are associated with good discrimination of the
seizure state, and follows other prediction-oriented studies in terms of standards and protocols for method and
evaluation. However, the present work goes beyond other prediction-oriented studies in terms of the coupling of
a relatively long advance-prediction window (20 to 25 minutes) with validation of our approach over a
relatively large sample (21 patients).
III. Proposed Method
In this study, an algorithm is proposed for seizure prediction in advance.
Seizure prediction characteristics features have been applied on correlation with the occurrence of seizures and
occurrence time. In that case therapies comprehensible could move from preventive strategies to on-demand
therapy by proposing deep-brain stimulation technology to avoid seizures occurrence.
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Convulsions occur in a variety of epilepsy when abnormal signals from the dynamics of the brain change the
way the body functions. This study used the prediction algorithm for specific patients, at least 24 h of
continuous recordings for 21 patients.
This algorithm is employed to build predictive models from that data; depending on hardware
processing, building the predictive models may take some time around 2 hours, but as a result can be operating
immediately and can be used for real-time intervention on that patient who has RNS implanted device as a
replacement to physician who continuously and manually monitor brain activates to prevent seizure occurrence.
Time in advance is the most sufficient and associated factor using in distinct predictive models for this
algorithm.
The proposed algorithm comprises three main components: i) Data preparation and Artifact Removal
steps which generate a separate utilized dataset for training each specific ‗time-in-advance‘ predictive model.
ii) The selection feature component, which extract 14 out of 204 features for each patient, according to the
ReliefF criteria ranking [27] feature selection algorithm. iii) Support Vector Machine which train individual
‗time-in-advance‘ predictive model [28]; in this study, this training utilize 10-fold cross validation on a
randomly identified 70% of an individual patient's data; the observed results indicate performance on the
remaining 30% not used in training.
IV. Materials and Methods
a. Source Dataset
The Freiburg Center is able to provide the full range of EEG database which is the one of widely used
resources in recent researches [20]. The Freiburg Epilepsy Center serves as a reference center not only for
German epileptologists but also for worldwide patients. The EEG database contains the most infest data for
patients. These recordings for 21 Epilepsy patients who differ vastly in age, seizure focal point and seizure class
in 24 hour-long as pre-surgical evaluation. EEG data were recorded from 128 EEG electrodes at 256 Hz
sampling rate. From these electrodes, 6 channels were extracted by visual inspection of EEG experts. The first
three channels were labelled from 1-3 corresponded to epilepsy focal area of the brain and 4 -6 included
extra-focal recordings. Fig.4 describes an EEG signal from a patient showing the four stages of the signal
including the seizure.
b. Data Preparation
The datasets represent both Ictal and Inter-Ictal files from the Freiburg EEG database. In this study
only Ictal files data were used .The files that contain a corresponds to leading up to the occurrence of a seizure
data are called Inter Ictal Files and hence may not contain traces of seizure activity. Using Ictal files reduces the
computational costs of building the predictive models and gives best performance. Ictal files typically represent
3 hours of the total of 24 hours of data available per patient.
c. Artefact Removal
A pre-processing step is utilized in order to eliminate the forms of disordering signals are considered as
disturbances in a measured EEG-signal. The artifact can be divided into parts: external and internal categories.
In this study EEG data was treated using eye artefact which is considered as visual detection. Several attempts
where performed based on EEG experts using ICA method in the ERP or EPILAB or EEGLAB and TSTool
Matlab software package. Best results were achieved using the EEGLAB [21] in Matlab software.
d. Feature Extraction
To build the predictive model and train the dataset we extracted Features from each patient‘s Ictal file
of EEG data. In details there are 34 distinct features processed independently for each of the 6 EEG channels. In
aggregate 204 extracted features. The first 14 features are extracted using signal energy, Wavelet transform and
Non-Linear dynamics. These features are used only for research to build guideline results that are drawn from
the feature extraction approach taken by EPILAB, EEGLAB and MATLAB [22, 23] and also by Costa et al.
[24]. The Methods and its features extracted are listed in Table [1]. In [25] you can find detailed information
about these features and their extraction. Additional features were then extracted (an additional 20 features per
channel) to hold up the algorithm construction of building effective predictive models via feature selection from
a richer feature set. As follows we present the details of the features.
Signal Energy
One of the concepts usually used in feature extraction. A signal energy feature is the average value of
energy over analysis period. The mean energy values are determined through a sliding window. Energy
diversity demonstrates windowed features. These are Short Term Energy (STE) where w=2304 (9 sec) and
Long Term Energy (LTE) where w=46080 (180 sec) corresponding 265 HZ. The Signal Energy of patients
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from the Freiburg EEG database, captured from all 6 channels. From Table 1, it can be observed that the signal
energy produced by each channel is particularly variable during the seizure. Accumulated Energy (AE) is
powerful method of finding brain‘s disorder behavior, and usually employed in seizure prediction studies. AE is
summation of successive values of signal energy from a series of moving windows where AE (q) indicates the
accumulated energy at time-point q, calculated from successive values of signal energy [19]. Since AE values
are not exactly known for the first seizure chronic of each patient in the Freiburg database (24% of the seizures
in the database), it is sensible to avoid prejudice by adding a suitable random constant (a different constant per
file) to the AE values in each Ictal file.
Table 1: Present the details of the 14 extracted features
Method Features
Signal Energy Accumulated Energy level (AE)
Energy variation (short term energy STE)
Energy variation (long term energy LTE)
Wavelet Transform Energy STE 1 (0Hz − 12.5Hz)
Energy STE 2 (12.5Hz − 25Hz)
Energy STE 3 (25Hz − 50Hz)
Energy STE 4 (50Hz − 100Hz)
Energy LTE 1 (0Hz − 12.5Hz)
Energy LTE 2 (12.5Hz − 25Hz)
Energy LTE 3 (25Hz − 50Hz)
Energy LTE 4 (50Hz − 100Hz)
Nonlinear system dynamics Correlation dimension
Max Lyapunov Exponent
Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
DWT is a decomposition coefficients analysis. DWT decomposes a signal in different frequency
bands, as a Fourier Transform, either way that reflects two properties of the signal frequency and temporal.
Thereby acquiring and catching more characteristics that have been missed by other features. Costa et al. [24],
eight features were extracted based on the DWT, corresponding to the signal energy for four frequency bands at
each of two time windows. Once a factor was extracted for a specific frequency band and applied to this signal
component for a fixed time window. The frequency bands extracted were 0Hz–12.5 Hz, 12.5 Hz–25 Hz, 25 Hz–
50 Hz and 50 Hz–100 Hz, and the time windows were ‗STE and ‗LTE‘. The Daubechies mother wavelet [26]
was used, with decomposition level 4 using the EEGLAB tool [21].
Features Based On Non-Linear Dynamics
Non-linear features have had mixed review in the EEG signal- processing community. In some studies
they have been suggested to be superior in performance in comparison to the linear features due to the aperiodic
and unpredictable behavior of seizures, while other studies suggest that linear attributs perform as well, if not
better than non-linear dynamics [27]. Non-linear features are drawn from the theory of dynamical systems [28]
in contraste to the direct derivation of linear methods from the time-series signal. Non-linear dynamical systems
can represent chaos, a perceivably unpredictable behavior that is fundamentally deterministic. Dynamical
systems capture the behavior of a system in different states in time through fixed deterministic rules, and the
states at any given time are derived from a state space. We used two features based on non-linear dynamics,
namely the maximum Lyapunov exponent and the correlation dimension.
Lyapunov exponents [29] formally relate to the rate of separation of infinitesimally, close trajectories
in the phase space (i.e. the space where all possible states of the system are represented). Essentially they
characterize the chaotic dynamics of a system, and the ‗maximal Lyapunov exponent‘ serves as a surrogate
measure for the stability of the system.
The correlation dimension provides an alternative measure related to stability; it is an estimate of the
number of active degrees of freedom of random points within a state space, and is calculated using the
correlation integral [31]. Extraction of both the maximal Lyapunov exponent and the correlation dimension was
done in this work by using the corresponding functionality in TSTOOL (a software package for analyzing time-
series data) [30], parameterized to sample each of these in windows of length 1280 (5 seconds).
Additional 20 Features
For Purpose Additional Features like Spectral Moments, Band and Frequency, in the above section we
extracted 14 features for oriented seizure prediction therefore that is a solid foundation for benchmark
comparison.In addition to the 14 features above (used for recent prediction- oriented seizure studies and
consequently underpinning our benchmark comparaison), a further 20 distinct features were extracted per EEG
channel. The first 6 of these further 20 features comprised the standard statistical measures of mean,
skewness, and kurtosis of the raw signal value, averaged over STE and LTE windows (9 seconds and 180
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seconds respectively). These represent the first, third and fourth standard statistical moments; note that the
existing ‗signal energy‘ feature already captures variance, which is the second moment.
A further ten features were extracted based on Spectral Band Power (SBP). SBP is simply the signal
energy in a specific frequency range, as calculated via a Fourier transform. The ten SBP features used in this
study correspond to the ten combinations arising from five frequency bands and the familiar two windows, STE
(9 seconds) and LTE (180 seconds). The five frequency bands are chosen according to their common usage
in analysis of neuronal signals since they seem to capture useful information [32], and are 0.5 Hz–4 Hz, 4
Hz–8 Hz, 8 Hz–13 Hz, 13 Hz–30 Hz, and 30 Hz–48 Hz; these bands are respectively termed a, b, c, d, and e.
SBP feature extraction was implemented using SBP functions In EEGLAB [21].
Finally, four features were extracted relating to Spectral Edge Frequency (SEF). SEF is a measure that
characterizes the signal‘s energy distribution in terms of how signal power is concentrated in the
frequency spectrum. The measure SEF-X measure indicates the lowest frequency F such that X% of the
spectral power is contained within the frequency band 0.5 Hz–F Hz. In this paper we use four features that
comprise SEF-90 and SEF-50 (also called the median frequency), each measured over both the 9-seconds STE
and 180-seconds LTE windows, and implemented using SEF functions available in EEGLAB [21]
Labeling Of Data Instances
Following the feature extraction phase, each data instance was labeled as one of the following states:
Ictal, this labels the seizure activity in the brain and is marked precisely by EEG experts. It is of varying length
but is typically close to 3 minutes long. Pre-ictal is marked as the 5 minutes immediately prior to the seizure
onset and is believed to hold predictive markers of seizure activity [35].
Post-ictal is marked as brain activity following the seizure offset for duration of 5 minutes. Abnormal
exactement in the signals may be observed in this state, particularly as patients are recovering from the seizures.
Inter-ictal is non-seizure data preceding the pre-ictal state and proceeding the post-ictal state are marked as
inter-ictal, where studies have traced early predictors of future seizure activity [33].
Fig.4 further illustrates the signal divisions of the EEG signals of a patient from the Freiburg EEG
database. These labels were manually set according to the seizure onset and end markers provided in the
Freiburg EEG database notes. In training the predictive models, we use 4 states rather than 2 states as practiced,
since intuition suggests that distinguishing the activity among the four states will benefit the learning
process, and facilitate a more even balance that avoids dominance of the inter- ictal states over ictal activity.
Finally, the data labeling step described here was used to produce the dataset for training the ‗t = 0‘
predictive models – in other words, models that attempt to distinguish pre-ictal instances from others, where a
pre-ictal instance corresponds precisely to the expectation that seizure onset will occur between 0 and 5 minutes
in the future. To produce training data for the ‗t = N‘ predictive models, where N ranged from 1 minute to 20
minutes in steps of 1minute, specific and simple manipulation was applied to the ‗t = 0‘ dataset, which is
detailed later.
Figure 4. All four states of ictal, pre-ictal, ictal, post-ictal and inter-ictal are colour coded.
[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099334.g004]
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e. Learning Model
Kernel-based techniques demonstrate a major development in machine learning algorithms. Support
Vector Machines (SVM) [34] are a set of observed learning methods that applied to classification or regression.
Support vector machines are based on the concept of decision planes that define decision boundaries. A
decision plane is one that separates between a set of objects having different class memberships.The proposed
algorithm uses SVM classifier, implemented here by using the SMO function from the WEKA [36] classifier to
train inter-ictal EEG epochs and build a predictive model for multi class problem.
V. Experiments
The pre-ictal files are divided into four parts, each part denotes a specific stage of five minutes before
epilepsy development. The first stage covers the first 6 seconds of the series. Stage two ends at minute one,
followed by 2 minutes for stage three. Finally, stage four contains the last two minutes of the recording. The
objective is to determine in advance in which of the four stages the seizure will occur. This changes our
problem from a traditional regression prediction problem, into a more specific classification problem where the
class is the onset of an epilepsy stage.
A set of experiments are performed to analyze recorded data from 21 patients, each containing 6
channels. In the first experiment, for each recording, 34 features are extracted from each channel and
concatenated together to form a feature vector containing 204 features. The next experiment examines each
channel individually, each using a 34 feature vector. Finally, we explore concatenating all channels vertically
increasing the number of instances of training data. All experiments are evaluated using 10 fold cross
validation, and using the open source machine learning tool WEKA [36] .The results for each experiment are
shown in the next section.
VI. Results
Table 2 shows the results of training SVM using 34 features extracted for 6 channels. The percentage
of accuracy, TP rate and total number of instances are demonstrated. As shown, the seizure is predicted with
accuracy percentage of 81.7 % when all channel features are concatenated together for 53863 instances. Fig.5
shows the accuracy achieved for each channel individually. It is clear that channel 5 outperforms all other
channels. The results range approximately from 80.7% to 81.5% across all channels. Finally, table 3 presents
the results for the last experiment, 80.7% accuracy is reached when channel information is used as instances,
and only 34 features are used. Similar to the first experiment, a true positive rate of 0.8 is achieved. The total
number instances used are 323178.
The results denote that the features used in this study can predict the onset of the seizure in advance. It
is shown from the results of experiments 1 and 3 that each channel‘s feature space alone does not provide
sufficient information. Combining features simultaneously from each channel highly boosted the accuracy.
After exploring each channel separately, the results from experiment 2 show that channel 5 yields the highest
percentage of accuracy among the 6 channels although not very significant. This could help professionals at the
stage of determining the most adequate location for the RNS device for patients suffering from epilepsy at the 6
focal channels similar to the 21 patients in the used data set. Support vector machine train each classifier to
distinguish one class from another. SVM decision is biased towards the majority class which has a strong
estimation prejudice to first class among 4 classes.
Figure 5. Percentage of accuracy for seizure onset prediction for each channel individually
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Table 2: Percentage of accuracy, TP rate and Number of instances for seizure onset prediction using features
extracted for each channel
Percentage of Accuracy 81.75%
TP rate 0.81
Total number of instances 53863
Table 3: Percentage of accuracy for seizure onset prediction using channels as instances
Percentage of Accuracy 80.74%
TP rate 0.8
Total number of instances 323178
VII. Conclusion
Epilepsy is a range condition with an extensive variety of seizure types. The proposed algorithm has
three primary segments: i) Features selection and extraction. ii) Data preparation and Artifact Removal. iii)
Support Vector Machine. This paper used a data set of recorded EEG data for 21 patients. Data was
preprocessed and signal disturbances were removed. Various features were extracted for each of the 6 recorded
channels. The results revealed that the proposed algorithm was able for predicting the seizure up to 5 minutes in
advance with overall accuracy 81.7%. For future work, we will extend our studies to the theoretical and
experimental work by incorporating more channels for deeper analytics of brain seizure.
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to the Freiburg EEG Database [24] for making their data available to the public and to
EPILAB [34] for sharing their code with us.
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