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This document discusses public addressing systems. It defines a public addressing system as a set of equipment used to amplify sound so it is audible to a large audience over a distance. The key components are a microphone to convert sound to an electrical signal, an amplifier to increase the power of the signal, and loudspeakers to convert the amplified electrical signal back into sound. It describes different types of amplifiers and public addressing systems, and explains the basic working process of how sound is converted, amplified, and broadcast to an audience.
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This document covers negative feedback amplifiers, including the concept of feedback, different feedback topologies, and analysis of feedback amplifiers. It discusses four main feedback topologies: voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, and current shunt. For each topology, it explains the feedback mechanism, provides an approximate h-parameter equivalent circuit, and analyzes how feedback affects characteristics like gain, input and output resistance, bandwidth, and distortion. The document is intended to guide students through key topics relating to negative feedback amplifiers.
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The document discusses different types of antenna arrays, including broadside arrays, end-fire arrays, and binomial arrays. A broadside array consists of half-wave dipoles spaced by half wavelengths that produces a highly directional radiation pattern perpendicular to the array. An end-fire array uses two half-wave dipoles spaced by half a wavelength and radiates in the plane of the dipoles. A binomial array arranges radiating sources according to binomial coefficients to reduce side lobes and optimize directivity.
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1. Low-pass filters allow low frequencies to pass through but attenuate frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. They are implemented using a resistor and capacitor in conjunction with an op-amp amplifier.
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This document provides an overview of amplifiers, including their history, classification, and applications. It discusses how amplifiers work to increase the power of an input signal, and how gain is measured. The first practical amplifier was the vacuum tube in 1906, though transistors replaced them starting in the 1960s. There are three main types of amplifiers: voltage, current, and power amplifiers. Common applications include audio frequency amplifiers, radio frequency amplifiers, and operational amplifiers.
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The document provides information about public address (PA) systems, including:
- A PA system consists of microphones, mixers, amplifiers and loudspeakers to allow a person to address a large audience. It can also include prerecorded music.
- Microphones capture sound and convert it to an electrical signal. Mixers combine different audio signals. Amplifiers increase the power of the signal to drive speakers. Loudspeakers convert the electrical signal back into sound.
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This document discusses the characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with a block diagram showing the typical components of an op-amp, including the differential amplifier stage, intermediate stage, level shifting stage, and output stage. It then covers ideal and practical characteristics of op-amps such as high input impedance, low output impedance, high voltage gain, and finite bandwidth. Common op-amp configurations like the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers are explained. The document provides detailed descriptions and circuit diagrams to illustrate op-amp characteristics and applications.
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This presentation describes measurements of some important parameters related to the antenna like gain, polarization, impedance and phase.
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Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation is a technique that is a compromise between double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) and single sideband (SSB) modulation. In VSB, one sideband is transmitted completely and the other sideband (called the vestigial sideband) is only partially transmitted. This allows for more efficient use of bandwidth than DSB-SC while avoiding some of the information loss that can occur with practical SSB filters. VSB modulation is commonly used for television signal transmission because it provides a good balance between bandwidth usage and demodulation complexity.
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This document provides information about phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation techniques. It begins with an introduction to PSK and discusses how it conveys data by changing the phase of a carrier signal. It then describes the basic PSK techniques of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK). BPSK uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to encode one bit per symbol, while QPSK uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to encode two bits per symbol. The document discusses the implementation, modulation, demodulation, and advantages of these PSK techniques.
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1. Low-pass filters allow low frequencies to pass through but attenuate frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. They are implemented using a resistor and capacitor in conjunction with an op-amp amplifier.
2. A first-order low-pass filter has a single RC pair and rolls off at -20dB per decade above the cutoff frequency. Higher-order filters use multiple RC stages to achieve steeper roll-offs such as -40dB per decade for a second-order filter.
3. The cutoff frequency is the frequency at which the gain is 3dB below the maximum and is inversely proportional to the product of the resistor and capacitor values in each stage.
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The document discusses different types of antenna arrays, including broadside arrays, end-fire arrays, and collinear arrays. It provides details on 2-element arrays with currents of equal magnitude and phase, equal magnitude and opposite phase, and unequal magnitude and opposite phase. It also discusses properties of n-element uniform linear arrays, including expressions for directivity, beamwidth, maximum radiation direction, and null directions for broadside arrays.
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The document describes the Lissajous method for measuring frequency and phase using an oscilloscope. The Lissajous pattern results from applying sine waves simultaneously to the oscilloscope's horizontal and vertical deflection plates. If one frequency is an integral multiple of the other, the pattern will be stationary. The procedure involves setting up the oscilloscope, connecting signal sources, and noting how the pattern changes as the frequency or phase relationship between the signals is varied. Stationary patterns indicate integral frequency ratios, and phase shifts cause cyclic changes to the pattern.
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The document discusses DC load line stabilization techniques for transistors. It provides three key points:
1) DC load lines are used to determine collector current at different collector-emitter voltages. Stabilization is needed as temperature and other factors affect the operating point.
2) Stabilization techniques like fixed bias, feedback bias, and voltage divider bias use resistive circuits to allow base current to vary and keep collector current constant with component variations.
3) Compensation techniques use temperature sensitive devices like diodes and thermistors to provide compensating voltages and currents to maintain a stable operating point. Stability factors S, S', and S" are defined and calculations shown for the fixed bias configuration.
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The document presents the final report of a folded cascode amplifier design project. Key aspects of the design include:
1) The amplifier was designed to meet specifications including a gain of 85 dB, output swing of 1.4 V, and slew rate of 10 V/us.
2) A folded cascode topology was chosen to provide high output swing. Transistor sizes were calculated to meet the gain, slew rate, and output swing requirements.
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This document provides an overview of a communication systems course taught by Ass. Prof. Ibrar Ullah. The course objectives are to develop basic concepts of communication systems using the textbook "Modern Digital And Analog Communication Systems". Students will be evaluated based on homework, tests, quizzes, and a final exam. Key topics covered include analog versus digital communication, modulation techniques, and the relationship between signal-to-noise ratio, channel bandwidth, and rate of communication.
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This document summarizes the design of a fully differential operational amplifier and a second-order Butterworth filter using the designed op-amp. The op-amp was designed using a folded-cascode topology to meet specifications across temperature variations. Simulation results showed it met most specifications. A layout was created and tested, matching the schematic performance. A Butterworth biquad filter was also designed using the op-amp, with simulation results showing corner frequencies around the specified 22kHz point across temperatures.
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Electronics amplifiers
The push-pull amplifier uses two complementary power transistors arranged in a symmetrical configuration to amplify an input signal. There are different classes of linear amplifiers - Class A always conducts but is inefficient, Class B has zero quiescent current but high distortion, and Class AB balances these tradeoffs. The class is determined by the quiescent current. Feedback amplifiers have gains that are stable over temperature and reduce distortion.
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Amplifiers 1st SEM Electronic And Communication
An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. The amount of amplification is measured by its gain, which is the ratio of output to input voltage. There are different types of amplifiers including AC coupled, DC coupled, large signal, small signal, audio frequency, wide band, and radio frequency amplifiers. AC coupled amplifiers block DC voltage between stages using capacitors, while DC coupled amplifiers allow signals with zero frequency to pass. Large signal amplifiers provide high power output and are used as the last stage. Small signal amplifiers handle low input signals in the linear operating region.
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amplifier
- 1. DONE BY : M.N.F.FARZANA & RASHMI SAMARANAYAKE
- 2. AMPLIFIER Amplifier is an electronic Device that Increases the power of signal.
- 3. TYPES OF AMPLIFIER • AF Amplifier • IF Amplifier • RF Amplifier • US Amplifier • DC Amplifier • Video Amplifier • Buffer Amplifier • Operational Amplifier
- 4. AF AMPLIFIER IF AMPLIFIER
- 5. RF AMPLIFIER US AMPLIFIER
- 6. DC AMPLIFIER VIDEO AMPLIFIER
- 9. Public addressing system Public addressing system is a set of equipment to amplify sound so that is audible to a large audience over a distance.
- 10. Components of publics addressing system Public addressing has three components 1) MICROPHONE/MIKE/MIC It is an acoustic to electric megnet that converts sound into an electrical signal. 1) AMPLIFIER/ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIER/AMP it modulates the out of the power supply to make the output signal stronger than the input signal 3) LOUDSPEAKER/SPEAKER It is a device which convert electrical audio signal into Corresponding signal
- 11. COMPONENTS OF A PUBLIC ADDRESSING SYSTEM
- 14. INSIDE PROCESS
- 17. process Audible sound counvert to electrical which is being via electromagnet part.
- 18. UNITS OF PA SYSTEM • PRIMARY TRANSFORMER • POWER TRANSISTER • PRE AMP • FINAL POWER TRANSISTOR • SECONDARY TRANSFORMER
- 19. PRIMARY TRANSFORMER FUNCTION: Ac current is covert to Ac Via diode(230V 24V) here. Decrease To the mA
- 20. POWER TRANSISTOR FUNCTION Get the signal from power transistor and send the signal to pre amp
- 21. Pre Amp FUNCTION Increase the quality of signal
- 22. FINAL POWER TRANSISTOR FUNCTION High impedence should be send into secondery transformer
- 23. SECONDARY TRANSFORMER FUNCTION Increase the impedence.
- 24. WORKING PROCESS 4 steps 1. Begins with a sound source(SUCH A HUMAN VOICE,WHICH CREATES WAVES OF SOUND) 2. These waves are detected by a microphone,(which convert to electrical signal) 3. This signal is amplified in an amplifier(While required level) 4. The loud speaker convert the electrical signal into sound wave forms(Which are heard by human ears)
- 25. TYPES OF PA SYSTEM • Small PA system • Large PA system • Long line PA system
- 26. • SMALL PA SYSTEM: Simplest PA System consisting of a microphone ,an amplifier and one or more Speaker. • LARGE PA SYSTEM: PA system having speaker that cover an entire campus or college. • LONG LINE PA SYSTEM: Any pa system across a wide geographic area, larger than in a larger pa system.
- 27. BRANDED NAMES • Bosch • Show • Unipex • Poshing • noboru
- 28. AMPLIFIER COLOMN SPEAKER(20W) LINE (100V) COMMON 20*17colomns =340W SO, AMP=340W A B D C A,B,C,D Are pletforms DESIGN