This document provides information about All India Radio (AIR) FM station in Dharamshala. Some key points:
- AIR is one of the largest radio networks in the world with a network of 213 broadcasting centers covering 90% of India.
- The Dharamshala FM station was commissioned in 1994 and broadcasts at 103.4 MHz with a coverage area of 60-80 km using a 2x5 kW transmitter.
- The station relays some programming from other AIR stations in addition to content produced at the Dharamshala studio.
The document discusses typical receiver circuits, including their functions, types, and examples of AM and FM receiver circuits. It describes the key components and functions of receivers, such as amplifying weak signals, selecting desired frequencies, and extracting audio information. It also provides examples of typical receiver circuits, including RF amplifiers, IF amplifiers, automatic gain control, and squelch circuits. Integrated circuits are now commonly used in receiver designs. Circuit diagrams of basic AM and FM receiver designs are presented and their differences explained.
This document provides an overview of All India Radio (AIR) in Bhopal, including:
1. It describes the basic principles of how AIR transmits radio signals using modulation and broadcasting on different frequency bands like SW, MW, and FM.
2. It outlines the different studios at AIR Bhopal used for drama, talk, music, commercials, playback, and dubbing.
3. It explains the role of the control room audio console in receiving inputs from studios and transmitting outputs to transmitters, other stations, and more.
4. It provides details on the AM and FM transmitters used for transmission, including their configurations, common devices, and block diagrams.
ALL INDIA RADIO LATEST 2017 BY ABHISHEK BAGVAAbhishek Bagva
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ABHISHEK BAGVA HERE FROM GONDIA, MAHARASHTRA .. IN THIS PPT I'VE REVEALED MANY TOPIC THAT HAS BEEN TAUGHT TO US IN ALL INDIA RADIO STATION BALAGHAT, MP.
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This document provides information about transmitter and receiver block diagrams for radio communication systems. It discusses:
- The basic components and signal flow in an AM transmitter, including a pre-amplifier, RF oscillator, modulator, and power amplifier.
- The similar components and signal flow in an FM transmitter, with the addition of a high pass filter and frequency multiplier stages.
- The operation of a superheterodyne receiver, including components like an antenna, RF amplifier, mixer, local oscillator, IF amplifier, detector, and audio amplifier to downconvert, amplify and detect the modulated signal.
- Additional concepts like receiver sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and the Friis transmission equation for
Radio stations use various communication systems to broadcast audio signals. The communication process involves an information source like a broadcaster that is converted to electrical signals using input transducers. Transmission equipment like oscillators, amplifiers and antennas transmit the signal over the airwaves. Receiving equipment including antennas, tuners, detectors and amplifiers receive the signal and convert it back to sound using a speaker. AM radio uses simple amplitude modulation to transmit audio but is susceptible to noise, while FM radio provides higher quality stereo audio using frequency modulation and is more resistant to noise.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
Radio broadcasting in India began in 1922 when the first license was granted. The government established the India State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) which later became All India Radio (AIR) in 1936. AIR today has a network of over 400 stations across the country. In the 1990s, private FM radio was introduced and has increased listenership. The document discusses the working of an FM transmitter which involves modulating a carrier wave with left and right audio signals using a stereo coder and VHF oscillator. It also describes some of the studios used for different types of radio programming at AIR Jodhpur such as drama, talk, music, and commercial broadcasting studios.
The document discusses different types of radio receivers. It describes the functions and design of a basic radio receiver, including intercepting signals, selecting the desired signal, amplifying it, and demodulating it to recover the original signal. It compares two main types of receivers - Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) receivers and superheterodyne receivers. TRF receivers have issues like instability, bandwidth variation, and poor selectivity at high frequencies. Superheterodyne receivers overcome these issues by downconverting the radio frequency to a lower intermediate frequency before amplification.
The document discusses typical receiver circuits, including their functions, types, and examples of AM and FM receiver circuits. It describes the key components and functions of receivers, such as amplifying weak signals, selecting desired frequencies, and extracting audio information. It also provides examples of typical receiver circuits, including RF amplifiers, IF amplifiers, automatic gain control, and squelch circuits. Integrated circuits are now commonly used in receiver designs. Circuit diagrams of basic AM and FM receiver designs are presented and their differences explained.
This document provides an overview of All India Radio (AIR) in Bhopal, including:
1. It describes the basic principles of how AIR transmits radio signals using modulation and broadcasting on different frequency bands like SW, MW, and FM.
2. It outlines the different studios at AIR Bhopal used for drama, talk, music, commercials, playback, and dubbing.
3. It explains the role of the control room audio console in receiving inputs from studios and transmitting outputs to transmitters, other stations, and more.
4. It provides details on the AM and FM transmitters used for transmission, including their configurations, common devices, and block diagrams.
ALL INDIA RADIO LATEST 2017 BY ABHISHEK BAGVAAbhishek Bagva
HELLO .......
ABHISHEK BAGVA HERE FROM GONDIA, MAHARASHTRA .. IN THIS PPT I'VE REVEALED MANY TOPIC THAT HAS BEEN TAUGHT TO US IN ALL INDIA RADIO STATION BALAGHAT, MP.
I HOPE U MAY LIKE IT.
#FOLLOW_ME
FB: https://www.facebook.com/abbishek.bagva
INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/k33psilent_its_fuga/
This document provides information about transmitter and receiver block diagrams for radio communication systems. It discusses:
- The basic components and signal flow in an AM transmitter, including a pre-amplifier, RF oscillator, modulator, and power amplifier.
- The similar components and signal flow in an FM transmitter, with the addition of a high pass filter and frequency multiplier stages.
- The operation of a superheterodyne receiver, including components like an antenna, RF amplifier, mixer, local oscillator, IF amplifier, detector, and audio amplifier to downconvert, amplify and detect the modulated signal.
- Additional concepts like receiver sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and the Friis transmission equation for
Radio stations use various communication systems to broadcast audio signals. The communication process involves an information source like a broadcaster that is converted to electrical signals using input transducers. Transmission equipment like oscillators, amplifiers and antennas transmit the signal over the airwaves. Receiving equipment including antennas, tuners, detectors and amplifiers receive the signal and convert it back to sound using a speaker. AM radio uses simple amplitude modulation to transmit audio but is susceptible to noise, while FM radio provides higher quality stereo audio using frequency modulation and is more resistant to noise.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
Radio broadcasting in India began in 1922 when the first license was granted. The government established the India State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) which later became All India Radio (AIR) in 1936. AIR today has a network of over 400 stations across the country. In the 1990s, private FM radio was introduced and has increased listenership. The document discusses the working of an FM transmitter which involves modulating a carrier wave with left and right audio signals using a stereo coder and VHF oscillator. It also describes some of the studios used for different types of radio programming at AIR Jodhpur such as drama, talk, music, and commercial broadcasting studios.
The document discusses different types of radio receivers. It describes the functions and design of a basic radio receiver, including intercepting signals, selecting the desired signal, amplifying it, and demodulating it to recover the original signal. It compares two main types of receivers - Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) receivers and superheterodyne receivers. TRF receivers have issues like instability, bandwidth variation, and poor selectivity at high frequencies. Superheterodyne receivers overcome these issues by downconverting the radio frequency to a lower intermediate frequency before amplification.
IF and baseband repeaters are used in microwave radio systems to amplify and regenerate signals. IF repeaters down-convert signals to an intermediate frequency, amplify and reshape the signal, then up-convert it back to radio frequency. Baseband repeaters further demodulate signals to baseband before modulating onto a carrier frequency. Diversity techniques like frequency, space, polarization and hybrid diversity are used to increase reliability by providing redundant transmission paths. Key components of microwave radio systems include the transmitter, receiver, antennas, and repeaters used to establish line-of-sight links over long distances.
The document discusses audio system operation and diagnosis, including how AM/FM radio, satellite radio, Bluetooth, and voice recognition systems work. It covers electromagnetic and acoustic energy, radio wave terminology, modulation types, antennas, speakers, and causes of radio noise and interference. Diagnosis topics include testing antennas, speaker polarity and impedance matching.
This document provides an overview of amplifiers, including their history, classification, and applications. It discusses how amplifiers work to increase the power of an input signal, and how gain is measured. The first practical amplifier was the vacuum tube in 1906, though transistors replaced them starting in the 1960s. There are three main types of amplifiers: voltage, current, and power amplifiers. Common applications include audio frequency amplifiers, radio frequency amplifiers, and operational amplifiers.
The document discusses radio receivers and their components and design. It describes the functions of radio receivers as intercepting modulated signals, selecting the desired signal, amplifying it, and demodulating it to recover the original signal. It explains the key components of receivers, including the RF amplifier, mixer, local oscillator, IF amplifier, and detector. It compares tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers and superheterodyne receivers, noting that superheterodyne receivers overcome issues of TRF receivers like instability, bandwidth variation, and poor selectivity by downconverting RF signals to a lower intermediate frequency (IF). It also discusses characteristics of receivers like sensitivity, selectivity, and fidelity.
All India Radio (AIR) in Kota, Rajasthan began operations in 1987 with a 1KW transmitter. It broadcasts programs in Hindi and Hadoti languages. AIR Kota has two transmitters - a 1KW medium wave transmitter operating at 1584 kHz that covers 50 km, and a 20KW medium wave transmitter in Ummedganj, Kota operating at 1413 kHz with a coverage of 150 km. The 20KW transmitter uses skywave propagation. Studios produce programs that are sent to transmitters using studio transmitter links. AIR Kota uses amplitude modulation for broadcasting.
Radio broadcasting involves the one-way transmission of audio over radio waves to reach a wide audience. The document discusses the key components of radio broadcasting including categories of broadcasters (MW, FM, SW), studios, transmitters, antennas and the need for acoustic treatment of studios. It provides details on All India Radio's network in India and compares AM and FM broadcasting methods.
Radio communication uses radio links to transmit information between a transmitter and receiver via air as the communication medium. It involves modulating a carrier signal at the transmitter and demodulating the signal at the receiver. The basic components of radio transmitters and receivers include antennas, oscillators, mixers, amplifiers, and modulators/demodulators. Key radio communication parameters that determine performance include sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, selectivity, transmit power, operating frequency, and modulation type.
This document discusses AM radio receivers. It begins by describing the basic functions of a radio receiver as selecting the desired signal, amplifying it, and demodulating it to recover the original signal. It then classifies receivers based on the type of traffic and lists AM and FM broadcast, TV, and radar receivers. It describes two types of AM receivers - TRF (tuned radio frequency) and superheterodyne. While TRF receivers are simple, superheterodyne receivers convert all radio frequencies to a lower intermediate frequency, addressing issues with TRF receivers like instability, poor audio quality, and bandwidth variation. Key components of a superheterodyne receiver are the RF amplifier, mixer, intermediate frequency amplifier, and AM
This document provides information about FM transmitters and receivers. It discusses what frequency modulation is, how it works, and the advantages it has over AM such as greater efficiency and noise reduction. It describes the components of an FM transmitter, including the crystal oscillator, phase modulator, frequency multiplier, and power amplifier. It also describes the components of an FM receiver, including the RF tuned amplifier, mixer, intermediate frequency amplifier, limiters, discriminator, de-emphasis circuit, and volume and tone controls. It discusses the applications of FM and provides an estimated bill of materials and costs for building a basic FM transmitter.
The document provides information about testing and repairing vehicle audio systems, including how AM and FM radio works, testing speaker polarity and impedance matching, diagnosing antennas, and types of speakers and crossovers. It explains that AM radio uses amplitude modulation while FM uses frequency modulation to transmit sound waves. Crossovers separate frequencies to send highs to tweeters and lows to woofers. Speaker polarity and impedance must match for best sound quality.
Frequency is the rate of vibration per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of radio transmission where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the sound wave. AM has advantages like simplicity and low cost but disadvantages like inefficiency and susceptibility to noise. Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier wave and is more resilient to noise. It is better suited than AM for mobile radio communication and high quality broadcasts. Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) converts audio to a digital signal, allowing better sound quality than analog radio systems.
Frequency is the rate of vibration per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of radio transmission where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the sound wave. AM has advantages like simplicity and low cost but disadvantages like inefficiency and susceptibility to noise. Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier wave and is more resilient to noise. It is better suited than AM for mobile radio communication and high quality broadcasts. Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) converts audio to a digital signal, allowing better sound quality than analog radio systems.
Frequency is the rate of vibration per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of radio transmission where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the sound wave. AM has advantages like simplicity and low cost but disadvantages like inefficiency and susceptibility to noise. Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier wave and is more resilient to noise. It is better suited than AM for mobile radio communication and high quality broadcasts. Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) converts audio to a digital signal, allowing better sound quality than analog radio systems.
This document discusses the history and types of radio receivers. It describes how the earliest radio receiver was created in 1896 by Alexander Popov and was based on Maxwell's discovery of electromagnetic waves. There are three main types of receivers discussed - crystal radios, tuned radio frequency receivers, and superheterodyne receivers. Crystal radios require no power source beyond the radio waves themselves, while tuned radio frequency receivers have individually tuned amplifier stages and superheterodyne receivers mix signals to extract an intermediate frequency. The document also covers frequency ranges, sensitivity, selectivity and how radio waves propagate.
FM transmitters and receivers are used for sending and receiving FM signals. Transmitters modulate a carrier wave with an audio signal to generate an FM signal, which is transmitted through a band. Receivers receive the modulated signal, demodulate it to extract the original audio signal. FM offers advantages over AM like noise reduction, improved fidelity, and more efficient power use, though it requires more complex circuits and a larger bandwidth. Applications of FM include radio broadcasting, mobile radio, TV sound, and cellular/satellite communication.
This document provides an overview of major training at All India Radio (AIR). It discusses AIR's history and network reach, the different types of modulation used in radio broadcasting including amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM), the advantages and disadvantages of each, and the key components and functions of a radio station including studios, control rooms, transmitters, antennas, and more. Key points covered include AIR's large network of shortwave, medium wave, and FM transmitters reaching remote parts of India, the different stages of a radio station from content creation to transmission, and modulation techniques.
The document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) transmitters. It provides a circuit diagram and explanation of a simple AM transmitter that uses a 555 timer chip to generate a carrier wave. It then discusses an FM transmitter circuit, including its components, working principle, and pros and cons. The FM transmitter involves preamplification of an audio signal, oscillation to modulate the signal's frequency, and power amplification of the modulated signal for transmission.
The industrial training was presented by Delia James, Anusha Wilson, Athira Varghese, and Megha Merin Jose at All India Radio in Calicut from December 18th to 23rd, 2014. The training provided an overview of All India Radio, including its history, profile, services like Vividh Bharati, external services, control room, studios, typical studio layout, software used, control room equipment, microphones, transmitters, and cooling techniques. The trainees gained valuable hands-on experience and new information about broadcasting through interactions with experienced engineers and technicians.
This document discusses public addressing systems. It defines a public addressing system as a set of equipment used to amplify sound so it is audible to a large audience over a distance. The key components are a microphone to convert sound to an electrical signal, an amplifier to increase the power of the signal, and loudspeakers to convert the amplified electrical signal back into sound. It describes different types of amplifiers and public addressing systems, and explains the basic working process of how sound is converted, amplified, and broadcast to an audience.
Leadership Ambassador club Adventist modulekakomaeric00
Aims to equip people who aspire to become leaders with good qualities,and with Christian values and morals as per Biblical teachings.The you who aspire to be leaders should first read and understand what the ambassador module for leadership says about leadership and marry that to what the bible says.Christians sh
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IF and baseband repeaters are used in microwave radio systems to amplify and regenerate signals. IF repeaters down-convert signals to an intermediate frequency, amplify and reshape the signal, then up-convert it back to radio frequency. Baseband repeaters further demodulate signals to baseband before modulating onto a carrier frequency. Diversity techniques like frequency, space, polarization and hybrid diversity are used to increase reliability by providing redundant transmission paths. Key components of microwave radio systems include the transmitter, receiver, antennas, and repeaters used to establish line-of-sight links over long distances.
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The document discusses radio receivers and their components and design. It describes the functions of radio receivers as intercepting modulated signals, selecting the desired signal, amplifying it, and demodulating it to recover the original signal. It explains the key components of receivers, including the RF amplifier, mixer, local oscillator, IF amplifier, and detector. It compares tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers and superheterodyne receivers, noting that superheterodyne receivers overcome issues of TRF receivers like instability, bandwidth variation, and poor selectivity by downconverting RF signals to a lower intermediate frequency (IF). It also discusses characteristics of receivers like sensitivity, selectivity, and fidelity.
All India Radio (AIR) in Kota, Rajasthan began operations in 1987 with a 1KW transmitter. It broadcasts programs in Hindi and Hadoti languages. AIR Kota has two transmitters - a 1KW medium wave transmitter operating at 1584 kHz that covers 50 km, and a 20KW medium wave transmitter in Ummedganj, Kota operating at 1413 kHz with a coverage of 150 km. The 20KW transmitter uses skywave propagation. Studios produce programs that are sent to transmitters using studio transmitter links. AIR Kota uses amplitude modulation for broadcasting.
Radio broadcasting involves the one-way transmission of audio over radio waves to reach a wide audience. The document discusses the key components of radio broadcasting including categories of broadcasters (MW, FM, SW), studios, transmitters, antennas and the need for acoustic treatment of studios. It provides details on All India Radio's network in India and compares AM and FM broadcasting methods.
Radio communication uses radio links to transmit information between a transmitter and receiver via air as the communication medium. It involves modulating a carrier signal at the transmitter and demodulating the signal at the receiver. The basic components of radio transmitters and receivers include antennas, oscillators, mixers, amplifiers, and modulators/demodulators. Key radio communication parameters that determine performance include sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, selectivity, transmit power, operating frequency, and modulation type.
This document discusses AM radio receivers. It begins by describing the basic functions of a radio receiver as selecting the desired signal, amplifying it, and demodulating it to recover the original signal. It then classifies receivers based on the type of traffic and lists AM and FM broadcast, TV, and radar receivers. It describes two types of AM receivers - TRF (tuned radio frequency) and superheterodyne. While TRF receivers are simple, superheterodyne receivers convert all radio frequencies to a lower intermediate frequency, addressing issues with TRF receivers like instability, poor audio quality, and bandwidth variation. Key components of a superheterodyne receiver are the RF amplifier, mixer, intermediate frequency amplifier, and AM
This document provides information about FM transmitters and receivers. It discusses what frequency modulation is, how it works, and the advantages it has over AM such as greater efficiency and noise reduction. It describes the components of an FM transmitter, including the crystal oscillator, phase modulator, frequency multiplier, and power amplifier. It also describes the components of an FM receiver, including the RF tuned amplifier, mixer, intermediate frequency amplifier, limiters, discriminator, de-emphasis circuit, and volume and tone controls. It discusses the applications of FM and provides an estimated bill of materials and costs for building a basic FM transmitter.
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Frequency is the rate of vibration per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of radio transmission where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the sound wave. AM has advantages like simplicity and low cost but disadvantages like inefficiency and susceptibility to noise. Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier wave and is more resilient to noise. It is better suited than AM for mobile radio communication and high quality broadcasts. Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) converts audio to a digital signal, allowing better sound quality than analog radio systems.
Frequency is the rate of vibration per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of radio transmission where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the sound wave. AM has advantages like simplicity and low cost but disadvantages like inefficiency and susceptibility to noise. Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier wave and is more resilient to noise. It is better suited than AM for mobile radio communication and high quality broadcasts. Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) converts audio to a digital signal, allowing better sound quality than analog radio systems.
Frequency is the rate of vibration per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of radio transmission where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the sound wave. AM has advantages like simplicity and low cost but disadvantages like inefficiency and susceptibility to noise. Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier wave and is more resilient to noise. It is better suited than AM for mobile radio communication and high quality broadcasts. Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) converts audio to a digital signal, allowing better sound quality than analog radio systems.
This document discusses the history and types of radio receivers. It describes how the earliest radio receiver was created in 1896 by Alexander Popov and was based on Maxwell's discovery of electromagnetic waves. There are three main types of receivers discussed - crystal radios, tuned radio frequency receivers, and superheterodyne receivers. Crystal radios require no power source beyond the radio waves themselves, while tuned radio frequency receivers have individually tuned amplifier stages and superheterodyne receivers mix signals to extract an intermediate frequency. The document also covers frequency ranges, sensitivity, selectivity and how radio waves propagate.
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The industrial training was presented by Delia James, Anusha Wilson, Athira Varghese, and Megha Merin Jose at All India Radio in Calicut from December 18th to 23rd, 2014. The training provided an overview of All India Radio, including its history, profile, services like Vividh Bharati, external services, control room, studios, typical studio layout, software used, control room equipment, microphones, transmitters, and cooling techniques. The trainees gained valuable hands-on experience and new information about broadcasting through interactions with experienced engineers and technicians.
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1. All India Radio (AIR)
FM Station Dharamshala.
Presented by:
Anuradha
Jv-i/11/4336
B.Tech(ec)-M.Tech(ec)
2. Radio is the
transmission of
signals by
Modulation of
electromagnetic
waves with
frequencies below
those of visible light
Radio is based
on wireless
communication
or satellite
communication.
In this era of technology
due to the need of the
wireless communication, a
National service was
planned and developed by
the Prasar Bharti
broadcasting corporation
of India
3. • For 75 years, all India radio is one of the largest radio networks in the world. AIR,
reaches the remotest corners of the country.
• All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR), officially known as Akashvani is the radio
broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati . the headquarters is at the
Akashvani Bhavan, New Delhi.
• Today air has a network of 213 broadcasting centres covering 90% of the area & almost
reaching the entire population of one billion.
• The external services division of all India radio broadcasts in 27 languages to countries
outside of India.
4. • AIR DHARAMSHALA :
COMMISSIONED ON
23RD FEBRUARY, 1994.
• FM BROADCASTING
STATION.
• FREQUENCY : 103.4MHZ.
IMPORTANT DATA ABOUT AIR
(DHARAMSHALA)
• Transmitter :2x5 kW FM VHF transmitter ( HVB 165/A)
coverage area : 60-80km (in air)
• Height of tower : 100m.
FM transmitting antenna height : 82m
• dipoles used for transmission : six
Distance between each dipole: 2.6m
• Along with the transmission of program from Dharamshala
studio, it also relays some of the program from FM rainbow
(Delhi), Vividh Bharti (AIR Mumbai), AIR Delhi and AIR
Shimla.
5. Transmission-A radio wave carries
information; signals are converted
into electrical signals. A carrier
wave is then produced from the
modulation .The wave is then
amplified and sent to the antenna
that then converts signal into an
E.M. Wave.
Reception- An
antenna on
receiving the
signal send it to
the receiver this
converts the
electrical signal,
sends it to the
amplifier either a
speaker
/headphones jack,
this is then
converted into a
sound wave.
6. RADIO BROADCASTING –
Radio broadcasting is the one way wireless transmission over radio waves intended
to reach wide audience .
TYPES OF RADIO BROADCASTING –
AM ( Amplitude Modulation )
FM ( Frequency Modulation )
How radio electromagnetic waves changes to radio waves
7. AM
(AMPLITUDE
MODULATION)
AM broadcasting is the
process of radio broadcasting
using amplitude modulation
.AM was the first method of
impressing sound on a radio
signal and is still widely used
today.
FM
(FREQUENCY
MODULATION)
FM broadcasting is a
broadcasting technology
pioneered by Edwin Howard
Armstrong which uses
frequency modulation to
provide high- fidelity sound
over broadcast radio.
8. AM service on low frequency bands is subjected to in
phonic disturbance.
FM service has the capacity to carry auxiliary signal without causing any
disturbance to normal broadcast.
FM service having capacity of providing stereo services.
VHF/FM service is fewer suspects able to interference and manmade noise.
Less energy is needed in providing FM service from medium wave service.
Sufficient frequencies are not available in other broadcasting band.
VHF/FM band provides uniform coverage during day and night.
VHF/FM service provides high quality broadcasting
AM is much looser than FM
meaning that less data can be
sent at one time as it isn’t
compressed .the reason for the
difference in sound quality as
a lower bitrate must be sent
across the wave
9. RADIO
STATION
A radio station is a
broadcasting centre, the
objective being to produce
and disseminate
informative, educational
and entertaining
programmes. A full-
fledged radio station
consists of three centres:
The studio
centre
The control
room
The
transmitting
centre
10. Thus broadcasting chain involves these two chains:
Studio to control room
Control to transmitter room
(transmission)
BROADCASTING CHAIN - it consists of studios, receiving centre and
transmitter.
Studio-It consists of several studios,
designed to meet the special
requirements of broadcasting and a
control room. A microphone is provided
in each studio. The microphone picks
up voice signals and converts these into
electrical signals.
Control room -these electrical
signals are amplified and passed on
to control room and it selects the
studio according to the queue sheet
(time schedule) of various
broadcasts and controls the level of
program.
Transmitter -
these are than
feed to the
transmitter which
radiates the
modulated R.F.
Signal.
11. Studios are used for production of program and
transmission. The main requirement of a studio is that
the studio should be sound proof. A broadcast studio is
an acoustically treated room. It is necessary that the
place where a programme for broadcast purposes is
being produced should be free of extraneous noise. This
is possible only if the area of the room is insulated from
the outside sound .The studio walls and cuttings are
therefore converted with sound absorbing material such
as glass-wool, perforated hard board (PHB).
Announc
er
Consol
Receivin
g Centre
Equipme
nts
Studio
centre
14. A large
variety of
electronic
equipment is
provided at
studio
centre:
Micro
phone
Micro
phones are
the
electro-
acoustic
devices
convert
sound
waves into
electrical
signals
High quality
microphones
are used for
broadcasting
Several
types of
microphon
es are used
for
broadcasti
dynamic
microphon
e
ribbon
microp
hone
condenser
microphon
e.
3 of them
importan
t types
being:
15. Amplifiers are
electronic
devices, which
amplify the
signals. The
electrical
signals
obtained from
a microphone
(or other low
level source
such as pick
up or playback
head) are very
weak. The
power of these
signals has to
be increased
(amplified)
before these
Four
types of
amplifie
rs are
commo
nly used
in
studios:
Preamplifier-
The first
amplifier in
the broadcast
chain. The
output from a
microphone
are a pickup
which is at a
very low level.
The pre-
amplifier has
a gain of
about 60db. A
special
feature of
these
amplifiers is
that their
Program
Amplifier-
These provide
second stage
noise of
amplification.
The O/P
obtained from
the feeder
box (or
mixing
console) is
fed to the
input of these
amplifiers.
The gain of
this amplifier
is around
40db.
Monitoring
Amplifier -The
O/P available
from program
amplifier is not
enough to drive
loud speakers.
Monitoring
amplifiers are
provided to
boost the signals
further. A
separate
monitoring
amplifier is used
for a group of
loudspeakers
which are located
in studios,
control room,
duty room and
other selected
places for
continuous
Line equalized
Amplifier-the
programs are
fed from the
studio to the
transmitter;
there is
considerable
loss during
this
processing. So,
to equalize the
losses, line
equalisers are
used. Equalizer
line amplifiers
have the
provision for
adjusting the
gain and
16. These are variable alternators having constant input and output impedance. The faders are
provided in their fader box in the transmission booth. These are used for fading in and out
the program and combining the program. No. Of faders in the fader box corresponds to the
no. Of sound sources in the booth. The level of the program being fed to the transmitter has
to be controlled. Faders are provided for this purpose.
17. Two systems of recording used in these days are:
Magnetic discs: In the magnetic system recording is done on the tape, which has a paramagnetic coating
on a plastic base. This is known as tape recording and is extensively used in broadcasting.
Tape Recorders: Utilize magnetic recording. Provide high quality recordings and have a main advantage
that the tape can be used repeatedly for recording by removing the previous recordings when not required.
• Portable tape-recorder (P.T.R)
• Ultra portable tape-recorder (U.P.T.R)
• Gramophone turn tables
18. FREQUENCY MODULATION: - the type of modulation in which instantaneous frequency
of the carrier is varied acc. to the amplitude of the modulating signal is called frequency
modulation. frequency modulation is widely used in vhf communication systems.
FM TRANSMITTER- This transmitting system consists of two 5kw FM transmitter A and B
operating in parallel in acute standby mode. The output powers of the two transmitters are
combined in a combining unit. Both the transmitters are housed in a single tack.
19. Block Diagram:-
RF block systematic of a 2x5kw FM transmitter is shown and O/P of 5kw, which are combined in a combining
unit to get an O/P of 10kw. Since a total of 8 power amplifiers unit have to be driven in this transmitter, RF
amplifier stage is 20W normal O/P is used after each exciter. Also 1 x 4 i/p coupler and 4 x 1 O/P coupler has
been used in each transmitter.
20. Introduction of antenna:-
Antenna is usually a metallic device (as a rod or wire) used for radiating
and receiving the radio waves. The radio frequency power developed at
the final stage of transmitter is delivered through cables / feeders, without
themselves consuming any power; the path of EM waves picks up the
radio waves and delivers useful signals at the input of the receiver.
Tower: -
The tower of good height is required for mounting fm antenna since the
coverage of the transmitter is proportional to the height of tower. For a
100 m. Height, it is about 60km.
21. • Wide band usage from 88-108 MHz range.
• Omni directional horizontal pattern of field strength.
• Circular polarization for better reception.
• High gain for both vertical & horizontal signals.
• Sturdy design for maintenance free service.
• FM antenna at 82m. Height.
• TV antenna at 65 m. Height.
• Climbing ladder with cage up of 82 m. Height & free fall prevention system above this.
• Cable tray for mounting the rf feeder, mast light, power supply at each platform.
• The tower has been designed on the basis of latest wind speed specification issued by BSNL.
22. • A universal medium. Can be enjoyed at home, at work, and while driving. Most people listen to the
radio at one time or another during the day.
• This is the only means which can provide multi access two way communication.
• The cost of transmitting information through satellite is independent of distance involved
• Satellite can be used for two way communication or broadcast purpose with the covered area.
• Satellites are capable of handling very high bandwidth.
• It is possible to provide large coverage using satellite.
• Free creative help is usually available.
23. • Only an audio medium.
• Not as fast as using a phone or internet; could take a little bit.
• Radio is a background medium. Most listeners are doing something else while
listening, which means your ad has to work hard to be listened to and
understood.
• The line could get fuzzy, or not clear.