Amphibian Metamorphosis
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this presentation includes morphological and biochemical changes that takes place during amphibian metamorphosis. it also includes hormonal control and coordination during metamorphosis. scott gilbert 6th edition is a very good book for this topic. also available on net on ncbi site happy studying :)
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Metamorphosis-amphibians, hormonal control
Metamorphosis in amphibians involves dramatic changes initiated by thyroid hormones that transform aquatic larvae into terrestrial adults. These changes include remodeling of tissues and organs like development of lungs and loss of gills to transition from aquatic to terrestrial respiration. Changes in skin, digestive system and other organs prepare the amphibian for life on land. The process is controlled by thyroid hormones which activate receptors that turn on genes driving tissue remodeling and metamorphosis.
Regeneration, Types of Regeneration,Invertebrates&Vertebrates sp. ,Mechanism,...
Regeneration is the process by which organisms can regrow tissues or entire body parts, and occurs through the activity of stem cells. There are several types of regeneration including morphallaxis, epimorphosis, autonomy, and heteromorphosis. Regeneration ability varies greatly across different species of invertebrates and vertebrates, from simple organisms like hydra and planaria being able to regenerate entire bodies, to mammals only being able to regenerate certain tissues.
Metamorphosis in Amphibians
Amphibian metamorphosis is initiated by thyroid hormones that travel through the bloodstream and induce changes in organs and tissues. This includes the growth of adult structures like limbs, remodeling of larval structures like the intestine and nervous system, and programmed cell death of larval structures like gills and tail. The levels of thyroid hormones regulate the timing and progression of metamorphosis through different stages from pre-metamorphosis to metamorphic climax. While some tissues proliferate and differentiate in response to thyroid hormones, other tissues are instructed to degenerate, allowing the transition from aquatic larva to terrestrial adult.
FATE Map
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Skull typpes
This document summarizes the different types of skulls found in reptiles:
- Anapsid skulls, found in primitive reptiles and turtles, have no temporal fenestrae.
- Euryapsid skulls, found in marine reptiles like plesiosaurs, have a single pair of fenestrae high on the skull.
- Parapsid skulls, seen in ichthyosaurs, are similar but with additional bones bordering the single fenestrae.
- Diapsid skulls, common in living reptiles and dinosaurs, contain two pairs of fenestrae on each side of the skull.
- Synapsid skulls, seen in early mammal-like reptiles
Pattern formation in drosophila
1) The anterior-posterior polarity of the Drosophila embryo is established by maternal mRNA gradients that are deposited in the egg during oogenesis.
2) Key maternal mRNAs - bicoid, hunchback, nanos, and caudal - establish protein gradients in the early embryo that determine its anterior-posterior axis. Bicoid mRNA is localized to the anterior pole and translates into a Bicoid protein gradient, while nanos mRNA is localized to the posterior pole and translates into a Nanos protein gradient.
3) These opposing Bicoid and Nanos gradients regulate the translation of hunchback and caudal mRNA, producing complementary Hunchback and Caudal protein gradients along the anterior-
Torsion in gastropoda
1. Torsion is a twisting of parts of the body that occurs during development in gastropods. This causes the mantle cavity and pallial complex to shift to the front of the body.
2. Specifically, the visceral hump and pallial complex undergo a 180 degree anti-clockwise rotation, bringing the mantle cavity and anus to the front. This changes the gastropod body from bilateral to asymmetrical.
3. Theories on the evolution of torsion suggest it provides advantages for both larvae in escaping predators and adults in stability and water flow. Detorsion may partially or fully reverse the effects of torsion in some groups.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
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Metamorphosis-amphibians, hormonal control
Metamorphosis in amphibians involves dramatic changes initiated by thyroid hormones that transform aquatic larvae into terrestrial adults. These changes include remodeling of tissues and organs like development of lungs and loss of gills to transition from aquatic to terrestrial respiration. Changes in skin, digestive system and other organs prepare the amphibian for life on land. The process is controlled by thyroid hormones which activate receptors that turn on genes driving tissue remodeling and metamorphosis.
Regeneration, Types of Regeneration,Invertebrates&Vertebrates sp. ,Mechanism,...
Regeneration is the process by which organisms can regrow tissues or entire body parts, and occurs through the activity of stem cells. There are several types of regeneration including morphallaxis, epimorphosis, autonomy, and heteromorphosis. Regeneration ability varies greatly across different species of invertebrates and vertebrates, from simple organisms like hydra and planaria being able to regenerate entire bodies, to mammals only being able to regenerate certain tissues.
Metamorphosis in Amphibians
Amphibian metamorphosis is initiated by thyroid hormones that travel through the bloodstream and induce changes in organs and tissues. This includes the growth of adult structures like limbs, remodeling of larval structures like the intestine and nervous system, and programmed cell death of larval structures like gills and tail. The levels of thyroid hormones regulate the timing and progression of metamorphosis through different stages from pre-metamorphosis to metamorphic climax. While some tissues proliferate and differentiate in response to thyroid hormones, other tissues are instructed to degenerate, allowing the transition from aquatic larva to terrestrial adult.
FATE Map
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Skull typpes
This document summarizes the different types of skulls found in reptiles:
- Anapsid skulls, found in primitive reptiles and turtles, have no temporal fenestrae.
- Euryapsid skulls, found in marine reptiles like plesiosaurs, have a single pair of fenestrae high on the skull.
- Parapsid skulls, seen in ichthyosaurs, are similar but with additional bones bordering the single fenestrae.
- Diapsid skulls, common in living reptiles and dinosaurs, contain two pairs of fenestrae on each side of the skull.
- Synapsid skulls, seen in early mammal-like reptiles
Pattern formation in drosophila
1) The anterior-posterior polarity of the Drosophila embryo is established by maternal mRNA gradients that are deposited in the egg during oogenesis.
2) Key maternal mRNAs - bicoid, hunchback, nanos, and caudal - establish protein gradients in the early embryo that determine its anterior-posterior axis. Bicoid mRNA is localized to the anterior pole and translates into a Bicoid protein gradient, while nanos mRNA is localized to the posterior pole and translates into a Nanos protein gradient.
3) These opposing Bicoid and Nanos gradients regulate the translation of hunchback and caudal mRNA, producing complementary Hunchback and Caudal protein gradients along the anterior-
Torsion in gastropoda
1. Torsion is a twisting of parts of the body that occurs during development in gastropods. This causes the mantle cavity and pallial complex to shift to the front of the body.
2. Specifically, the visceral hump and pallial complex undergo a 180 degree anti-clockwise rotation, bringing the mantle cavity and anus to the front. This changes the gastropod body from bilateral to asymmetrical.
3. Theories on the evolution of torsion suggest it provides advantages for both larvae in escaping predators and adults in stability and water flow. Detorsion may partially or fully reverse the effects of torsion in some groups.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
Regeneration in vertebrates
This document discusses regeneration in living organisms. It defines regeneration as the ability to replace or renew damaged or lost body parts after embryonic development. Regeneration involves growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation regulated by signaling pathways like WNT and FGF. There are three main types of regeneration: physiological regeneration which replaces regularly lost cells; reparative regeneration which repairs wounds or lost parts; and autotomy where animals self-detach parts when threatened. Regeneration abilities vary across vertebrates, from restricted tissue regeneration in mammals to full limb regeneration in salamanders and fish fin regeneration. The process of limb regeneration occurs in three phases: wound healing, blastema formation from progenitor cells, and redifferentiation of the blastema into
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Biochemical changes during oogenesis
This document discusses oogenesis, the process by which eggs are produced in female organisms. It begins by outlining the objectives and introducing oogenesis and its three phases: proliferative, growth, and maturation. During these phases, significant biochemical changes occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, RNA, yolk proteins, and hormones of the developing egg. As the egg grows and matures, it accumulates mitochondria, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, ribosomes, and other cellular components needed to support development upon fertilization. The process is regulated by hormones like FSH and LH and allows for the production of haploid eggs through meiosis.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of the respiratory systems of various vertebrates. It describes how respiration occurs through the skin, gills, lungs, and gas bladders in different organisms. It explains key differences in respiratory structures between cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and jawless fishes. Mechanisms of gas exchange are covered for fishes, as well as respiratory organs and processes for amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Origin and Evolution of Mammals
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
Protostomes and deuterostomes
Protostomes and deuterostomes are the two major groups into which all animals are divided based on embryonic development. Protostomes include primitive invertebrates and undergo spiral cleavage, forming a trochophore larva. Deuterostomes include chordates and echinoderms and form the archenteron during gastrulation rather than the blastocoel, and may form a dipleurula larva. The document provides details on the differences in early embryonic development between protostomes and deuterostomes.
Regeneration
1. There are four main types of regeneration: stem cell mediated, epimorphosis, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration.
2. Epimorphosis involves de-differentiation of cells forming a blastema which then re-differentiates, as seen in salamander limb regeneration.
3. Morphallaxis involves re-patterning of existing tissues with little new growth, as seen when hydra fragments regenerate entire organisms.
Urino genitial system of vertebrates
The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
Metamorphosis
A very important topic for master and bachelor students of science for getting superrbb marks in exam.
Respiratory Pigment(Girja Pd. Patel)
Respiratory pigments are colored proteins found in the blood or body fluids of animals that help carry respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. The main types include hemoglobin, hemocyanin, and chlorocruorin. Hemoglobin contains iron and is found in vertebrates, while hemocyanin contains copper and is found in many invertebrates. Respiratory pigments combine reversibly with gases, allowing oxygen to move from the lungs or gills to tissues and carbon dioxide to move in the opposite direction. They provide oxygen transport and storage and play an important role in gas exchange throughout the animal kingdom.
Metamorphosis in Insects
There are three types of insect development: holometabolous (complete metamorphosis from larva to pupa to adult), hemimetabolous (partial metamorphosis from nymph to adult), and ametabolous (no metamorphosis from pronymph to adult). In holometabolous insects, imaginal cells develop into adult structures during the pupal stage through programmed cell death of larval cells and differentiation of imaginal discs, controlled by the hormones ecdysone and juvenile hormone. Ecdysone triggers molting and metamorphosis while juvenile hormone prevents metamorphosis and ensures additional larval stages; in the final larval stage, low juvenile hormone allows ecdysone to
Origin of chordata
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Origin and evolution of ostracoderms
Ostracoderms were early jawless vertebrates that lived from the Cambrian to the late Devonian period. They were covered in bony plates and resembled modern hagfish and lampreys. While some evidence suggests they lived in freshwater, their habitat is still debated. Later in the Devonian, jawed fish evolved from ostracoderms and outcompeted them, contributing to their extinction by the end of the period. Ostracoderms were divided into two main groups and played an important role in the early evolution of vertebrates.
Comparative anatomy of heart structure
1. All chordates have a circulatory system with blood and lymph traveling through separate yet interconnected vessels.
2. In vertebrates the blood vascular system is closed, with a contractile heart and continuous vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the veins into the arteries.
3. Over the course of evolution, the structure of the heart has become more complex and compartmentalized. In early vertebrates like sharks the heart had two chambers, while in advanced mammals it is a four-chambered heart that fully separates pulmonary and systemic circulation.
embryonic-induction.pdf
Embryonic induction describes the process by which one group of cells, or tissues, directs the development of another group of cells. Key experiments by Mangold and Spemann demonstrated regional specification during induction - tissues from different regions of the organizer induce different structures in the responding tissue. For example, the anterior portion of the archenteron roof induces head structures while the posterior portion induces tail structures. Spemann's experiments also showed that early amphibian blastomeres have an equal potency to form a complete embryo that is specified by cell-cell interactions, in particular by the gray crescent organizer tissue.
Flightless bird
This document summarizes flightless birds. It begins by defining flightless birds as belonging to the superorder Palaeognathae, characterized by a Palaeognathous plate. These birds are flightless, with small heads, rudimentary wings, and well-developed legs adapted for running rather than flying. The document then discusses four orders of flightless birds - ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and kiwis. Examples are provided for each, describing their physical characteristics and habitats. In closing, the document briefly mentions penguins as another type of flightless bird found in cold southern climates.
Feeding, digestion and feeding apparatus
This document summarizes feeding modes, feeding apparatus, and digestion in eukaryotes. It discusses the four stages of feeding: ingestion, digestion, absorption/assimilation, and egestion. Different types of digestion are described, including intracellular and extracellular digestion. The feeding apparatus and modes of various organisms are also covered, such as herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, and examples of different feeding mechanisms.
Photoreception (1)
1. Photoreception is the ability to detect light and involves photoreceptors like rods and cones that contain photopigments.
2. In the eye, light is refracted by the cornea and lens to form an image on the retina, with the fovea providing the sharpest vision.
3. Signals from photoreceptors are processed in the retina and optic nerve before reaching the visual cortex of the brain for interpretation.
Adaptive radiation in reptiles copy
This document discusses adaptive radiation in reptiles. It defines adaptive radiation as the diversification of a single ancestor into an array of species occupying different ecological niches. Reptiles underwent adaptive radiation, evolving from ancestral reptiles into terrestrial herbivores and carnivores, burrowing reptiles, aquatic reptiles, and flying reptiles. Specific examples discussed include the adaptive radiation of turtles, Caribbean anoles lizards, pygopodid lizards, and crocodilians. Adaptive radiation is driven by the availability of new resources and ecological niches following mass extinction events or the evolution of new traits that allow entry into new environments.
Zoologic al nomenclatures 5
Zoological nomenclature establishes scientific names for animal taxa according to a set of international rules to ensure names are unique, universal, and stable, with each taxon having a designated type specimen to serve as the objective standard for applying its name. The principle of priority dictates that the oldest available name for a taxon is the valid name, while the principle of the first reviser resolves situations where two names have the same date. Names apply to both living and extinct animals according to these principles and rules.
Dev bio
Metamorphosis is the process of transformation between immature and mature forms in insects and amphibians. It involves two or more distinct life stages. In amphibians, metamorphosis allows for an aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage. It involves growth of new structures like limbs and eyes, cell death of larval structures like tails and gills, and remodeling of tissues and organs. Hormonal control of metamorphosis is regulated by thyroid hormones which activate tissue-specific gene programs in a threshold dependent manner to drive the morphological changes between life stages.
cellmduring gastulation ppt..........nabakishor...
This document discusses cell movement during amphibian gastrulation. It begins by introducing gastrulation and how it establishes the three germ layers and body plan. There are a few basic types of cell movement during gastrulation: invagination, involution, ingression, delamination, and epiboly. The document then focuses on amphibian gastrulation, noting that bottle cells first sink in and the blastopore forms opposite the sperm entry point. Involution begins dorsally and the mesoderm enters through the expanding blastopore lip through the end of gastrulation.
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Regeneration in vertebrates
This document discusses regeneration in living organisms. It defines regeneration as the ability to replace or renew damaged or lost body parts after embryonic development. Regeneration involves growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation regulated by signaling pathways like WNT and FGF. There are three main types of regeneration: physiological regeneration which replaces regularly lost cells; reparative regeneration which repairs wounds or lost parts; and autotomy where animals self-detach parts when threatened. Regeneration abilities vary across vertebrates, from restricted tissue regeneration in mammals to full limb regeneration in salamanders and fish fin regeneration. The process of limb regeneration occurs in three phases: wound healing, blastema formation from progenitor cells, and redifferentiation of the blastema into
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Biochemical changes during oogenesis
This document discusses oogenesis, the process by which eggs are produced in female organisms. It begins by outlining the objectives and introducing oogenesis and its three phases: proliferative, growth, and maturation. During these phases, significant biochemical changes occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, RNA, yolk proteins, and hormones of the developing egg. As the egg grows and matures, it accumulates mitochondria, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, ribosomes, and other cellular components needed to support development upon fertilization. The process is regulated by hormones like FSH and LH and allows for the production of haploid eggs through meiosis.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of the respiratory systems of various vertebrates. It describes how respiration occurs through the skin, gills, lungs, and gas bladders in different organisms. It explains key differences in respiratory structures between cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and jawless fishes. Mechanisms of gas exchange are covered for fishes, as well as respiratory organs and processes for amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Origin and Evolution of Mammals
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
Protostomes and deuterostomes
Protostomes and deuterostomes are the two major groups into which all animals are divided based on embryonic development. Protostomes include primitive invertebrates and undergo spiral cleavage, forming a trochophore larva. Deuterostomes include chordates and echinoderms and form the archenteron during gastrulation rather than the blastocoel, and may form a dipleurula larva. The document provides details on the differences in early embryonic development between protostomes and deuterostomes.
Regeneration
1. There are four main types of regeneration: stem cell mediated, epimorphosis, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration.
2. Epimorphosis involves de-differentiation of cells forming a blastema which then re-differentiates, as seen in salamander limb regeneration.
3. Morphallaxis involves re-patterning of existing tissues with little new growth, as seen when hydra fragments regenerate entire organisms.
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The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
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A very important topic for master and bachelor students of science for getting superrbb marks in exam.
Respiratory Pigment(Girja Pd. Patel)
Respiratory pigments are colored proteins found in the blood or body fluids of animals that help carry respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. The main types include hemoglobin, hemocyanin, and chlorocruorin. Hemoglobin contains iron and is found in vertebrates, while hemocyanin contains copper and is found in many invertebrates. Respiratory pigments combine reversibly with gases, allowing oxygen to move from the lungs or gills to tissues and carbon dioxide to move in the opposite direction. They provide oxygen transport and storage and play an important role in gas exchange throughout the animal kingdom.
Metamorphosis in Insects
There are three types of insect development: holometabolous (complete metamorphosis from larva to pupa to adult), hemimetabolous (partial metamorphosis from nymph to adult), and ametabolous (no metamorphosis from pronymph to adult). In holometabolous insects, imaginal cells develop into adult structures during the pupal stage through programmed cell death of larval cells and differentiation of imaginal discs, controlled by the hormones ecdysone and juvenile hormone. Ecdysone triggers molting and metamorphosis while juvenile hormone prevents metamorphosis and ensures additional larval stages; in the final larval stage, low juvenile hormone allows ecdysone to
Origin of chordata
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Origin and evolution of ostracoderms
Ostracoderms were early jawless vertebrates that lived from the Cambrian to the late Devonian period. They were covered in bony plates and resembled modern hagfish and lampreys. While some evidence suggests they lived in freshwater, their habitat is still debated. Later in the Devonian, jawed fish evolved from ostracoderms and outcompeted them, contributing to their extinction by the end of the period. Ostracoderms were divided into two main groups and played an important role in the early evolution of vertebrates.
Comparative anatomy of heart structure
1. All chordates have a circulatory system with blood and lymph traveling through separate yet interconnected vessels.
2. In vertebrates the blood vascular system is closed, with a contractile heart and continuous vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the veins into the arteries.
3. Over the course of evolution, the structure of the heart has become more complex and compartmentalized. In early vertebrates like sharks the heart had two chambers, while in advanced mammals it is a four-chambered heart that fully separates pulmonary and systemic circulation.
embryonic-induction.pdf
Embryonic induction describes the process by which one group of cells, or tissues, directs the development of another group of cells. Key experiments by Mangold and Spemann demonstrated regional specification during induction - tissues from different regions of the organizer induce different structures in the responding tissue. For example, the anterior portion of the archenteron roof induces head structures while the posterior portion induces tail structures. Spemann's experiments also showed that early amphibian blastomeres have an equal potency to form a complete embryo that is specified by cell-cell interactions, in particular by the gray crescent organizer tissue.
Flightless bird
This document summarizes flightless birds. It begins by defining flightless birds as belonging to the superorder Palaeognathae, characterized by a Palaeognathous plate. These birds are flightless, with small heads, rudimentary wings, and well-developed legs adapted for running rather than flying. The document then discusses four orders of flightless birds - ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and kiwis. Examples are provided for each, describing their physical characteristics and habitats. In closing, the document briefly mentions penguins as another type of flightless bird found in cold southern climates.
Feeding, digestion and feeding apparatus
This document summarizes feeding modes, feeding apparatus, and digestion in eukaryotes. It discusses the four stages of feeding: ingestion, digestion, absorption/assimilation, and egestion. Different types of digestion are described, including intracellular and extracellular digestion. The feeding apparatus and modes of various organisms are also covered, such as herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, and examples of different feeding mechanisms.
Photoreception (1)
1. Photoreception is the ability to detect light and involves photoreceptors like rods and cones that contain photopigments.
2. In the eye, light is refracted by the cornea and lens to form an image on the retina, with the fovea providing the sharpest vision.
3. Signals from photoreceptors are processed in the retina and optic nerve before reaching the visual cortex of the brain for interpretation.
Adaptive radiation in reptiles copy
This document discusses adaptive radiation in reptiles. It defines adaptive radiation as the diversification of a single ancestor into an array of species occupying different ecological niches. Reptiles underwent adaptive radiation, evolving from ancestral reptiles into terrestrial herbivores and carnivores, burrowing reptiles, aquatic reptiles, and flying reptiles. Specific examples discussed include the adaptive radiation of turtles, Caribbean anoles lizards, pygopodid lizards, and crocodilians. Adaptive radiation is driven by the availability of new resources and ecological niches following mass extinction events or the evolution of new traits that allow entry into new environments.
Zoologic al nomenclatures 5
Zoological nomenclature establishes scientific names for animal taxa according to a set of international rules to ensure names are unique, universal, and stable, with each taxon having a designated type specimen to serve as the objective standard for applying its name. The principle of priority dictates that the oldest available name for a taxon is the valid name, while the principle of the first reviser resolves situations where two names have the same date. Names apply to both living and extinct animals according to these principles and rules.
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Metamorphosis is the process of transformation between immature and mature forms in insects and amphibians. It involves two or more distinct life stages. In amphibians, metamorphosis allows for an aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage. It involves growth of new structures like limbs and eyes, cell death of larval structures like tails and gills, and remodeling of tissues and organs. Hormonal control of metamorphosis is regulated by thyroid hormones which activate tissue-specific gene programs in a threshold dependent manner to drive the morphological changes between life stages.
cellmduring gastulation ppt..........nabakishor...
This document discusses cell movement during amphibian gastrulation. It begins by introducing gastrulation and how it establishes the three germ layers and body plan. There are a few basic types of cell movement during gastrulation: invagination, involution, ingression, delamination, and epiboly. The document then focuses on amphibian gastrulation, noting that bottle cells first sink in and the blastopore forms opposite the sperm entry point. Involution begins dorsally and the mesoderm enters through the expanding blastopore lip through the end of gastrulation.
Metamorphosis in insects
There are three main types of metamorphosis in insects: ametabolous, gradual (incomplete), and complete. Ametabolous insects like springtails undergo simple growth without morphological changes between immature and adult stages. Gradually metamorphosing insects like grasshoppers change gradually through nymph stages that resemble adults. Completely metamorphosing insects like butterflies undergo a dramatic transformation through distinct larva and pupa stages before emerging as adults. The production and cessation of juvenile hormone by the corpora allata gland controls whether an insect remains immature or undergoes metamorphosis into an adult form.
Frog metamorphosis
Frogs undergo a process called metamorphosis from egg to adult. Metamorphosis is regulated by hormones and allows the frog to transition from an aquatic tadpole with gills and tail to a terrestrial adult with lungs and legs. The life cycle begins with an egg that hatches into an embryo with forming organs; it then emerges as a tadpole that lives in water and feeds on algae. Over several weeks, limbs grow and organs like lungs develop as the tadpole transforms into a froglet. Finally, after 11 weeks, a fully developed frog with lungs and legs emerges from the water to live on land.
EDSPwebinar 4: The amphibian metamorphosis assay
Amphibians are considered as being exceptionally vulnerable to endocrine disrupters, as they exhibit obvious effects on limb development and metamorphosis in wild populations following exposure. They have a high degree of sensitivity, whether in the tadpole stage or as adults, and respond to seemingly minimal changes in the environment.
This webinar discusses the metamorphosis assay, the selection of Xenopus Laevis, some aspects of the study design and where improvements could be made. We also discuss what the study means for you and how you can ensure that your contractor has all they need to conduct the study successfully.
More info at http://www.huntingdon.com/Chemical/Endocrinedisruptorscreeningprogram/Webinars
Metamorphasis
This document discusses the concepts of metamorphosis and transformation. It defines metamorphosis as the process of transformation an insect or amphibian undergoes from an immature to mature form through distinct stages. Transformation is defined as a thorough or dramatic change in form or appearance. Examples of where transformation can be seen in nature include seasons, life cycles, and evolution. The document also mentions mythology and uses coyotes and selkies as examples. Finally, it states that metamorphosis as a concept of change can be expressed through various art forms such as photography, painting, dance, film, writing, and sculpture.
Alterations in Biochemical and Haematological Indices in Bufo regularis (Amp...
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Dylankynoteaxolotl*2
The Axolotl is a species of salamander that is unique in that it reaches sexual maturity and can reproduce without undergoing metamorphosis from its larval form. It retains external gills and tail fins and lives its entire life in water. Unlike other amphibians, the Axolotl has an incredible ability to regenerate lost limbs or organs like its brain, heart, and spinal cord. The Aztecs revered the Axolotl and it played a role in their ceremonies and medicine, and may have even been traded to help build Mexico City. However, the Axolotl is now critically endangered due to habitat loss and pollution in the few lakes where it remains.
A Thirsty Rock pigeon
The Rock Pigeon is a common grey bird with a white rump and two black bars on its wings, and has a pink and green patch on its neck. It has been raised as a pet for thousands of years and bred as homing pigeons for thousands of years as well.
Frog metamorphosis
Frogs undergo a process called metamorphosis where they hatch from eggs as tadpoles living in water, develop legs and lungs on land, and transform into adult frogs that live both on land and in water. The document reviews the stages of a frog's life cycle from egg to tadpole to froglet and provides links to a website for more information on frogs and their metamorphosis.
Frog Metamorphosis
Frogs go through four stages of metamorphosis: 1) Eggs are laid in jelly masses and hatch as tadpoles, 2) Tadpoles have gills and tails for swimming with developing lungs; 3) Young frogs grow legs as gills and tails are reabsorbed to live on land, 4) Adult frogs are fully developed to live on land without gills or tails.
Flightless birds and Migration of birds
This document discusses flightless birds and bird migration. It provides examples of flightless birds such as ostriches, emus, kiwis, and penguins that lack the ability to fly and have smaller wings. It also discusses how migratory birds undertake seasonal migration in response to environmental changes, with examples of short distance migrants like merlins and long distance migrants like Arctic terns. The document notes threats to migratory birds and the importance of conservation efforts.
5.4 cladistics student copy
Cladistics is a method of classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and their most recent common ancestor. A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. Evidence from DNA sequences and protein structures is used to construct cladograms, which are tree diagrams that show the probable sequence of divergence of clades. Cladograms help determine which traits are primitive, inherited from a distant ancestor, and which traits are derived and evolved more recently. This analysis can reveal relationships that differ from classifications based only on physical appearance.
Biology - Amphibians
This document provides instructions for navigating an amphibian presentation in slideshow view. It includes menus for chapter content, resources, and standardized test questions. The content covers amphibian evolution, characteristics, and reproduction. Key topics include preadaptations for land transition, modern amphibian orders/examples, respiration, circulation, and the frog life cycle. Test questions assess understanding of anatomical structures, evolutionary adaptations, and amphibian characteristics and reproduction.
Embryonic development
Embryonic development begins with cleavage, where the fertilized egg undergoes rapid cell divisions without growth to form blastomeres. Compaction occurs as the blastomeres flatten and maximize contacts to form a solid ball of cells. Microvilli and gap junctions form connections between cells. As the embryo reaches 32 cells it is called a morula. The morula undergoes cavitation to form a fluid-filled blastocoel, becoming a blastocyst with an inner cell mass, trophoectoderm layer, and blastocoel cavity. The blastocyst undergoes implantation and attachment to the uterine wall, forming the placenta.
Metamorphosis
This document discusses insect metamorphosis. It explains that there are two types: incomplete metamorphosis, which has three stages (egg, nymph, adult), and complete metamorphosis, which has four stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult). Incomplete metamorphosis involves an insect growing gradually from nymph to adult, while complete metamorphosis involves a dramatic physical change between life stages. Examples of insects that undergo each type of metamorphosis are provided.
Cleavage by Tauqeer Ahmad
The document summarizes the process of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula then develops a fluid filled cavity called a blastocoel, forming the blastocyst stage. Within the blastocyst, the cells arrange into two layers - an inner cell mass that will become the embryo, and an outer trophoblast layer that will provide nutrition and allow implantation in the uterus.
Vertebrates 1 ESO
This document provides information about vertebrates. It discusses the five main groups of vertebrates - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. All vertebrates have an endoskeleton, head, trunk, and some have a tail. They also have articulated limbs, a well-developed nervous system, and bilateral symmetry. The document contrasts exothermic and endothermic animals and provides examples from different vertebrate groups. It provides details on characteristics of different vertebrate groups like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Examples are given for different types of animals and there are questions provided for students.
Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is the process by which animals physically develop and change form, with 88% of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis through four stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Complete metamorphosis is exhibited by butterflies, beetles, moths and flies, while 12% of insects like grasshoppers and dragonflies display incomplete metamorphosis. Some non-insects also metamorphose, such as frogs developing from eggs to tadpoles and then into adult frogs.
Animal classification vertebrates 5th grade
Animals can be classified into two groups based on whether they have backbones or not. Animals with backbones, called vertebrates, include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Vertebrates can further be classified into these five groups. Fish live in water and breathe through gills. Amphibians live both on land and in water, and undergo metamorphosis from an aquatic larva to a terrestrial adult. Reptiles are covered in scales and include snakes, lizards, crocodiles and turtles. Birds are warm-blooded, have feathers and wings, and lay eggs. Mammals are warm-blooded and give live birth, with some laying eggs
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The document provides tips and suggestions for creating effective presentation slides. It discusses topics like using appropriate color schemes, limiting the amount of text on slides, including images and citations properly, and choosing slide layouts and designs. Specific recommendations include using dark blue backgrounds with yellow or white text, avoiding fonts the same color as the background, and leveraging provided design templates. It also cautions against distracting backgrounds, designs, or overly bright colors.
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Amphibian Metamorphosis
- 2. Metamorphosis • In most species of animals, embryonic development leads to a larval stage with characteristics different from those of adult organisms • Example: Pleutus larva of Sea Urchin , Caterpillar larva of Butterflies
- 3. • During metamorphosis developmental processes are reactivated by certain hormones • In Amphibian tadpole, metamorphosis causes the developmental maturation • Thus metamorphosis is often a time of dramatic developmental change affecting the entire organism
- 4. Morphological changes • Here it prepares an aquatic organism for a terrestial exsistence • In urodeles and anurans • Regressive changes and constructive process
- 5. • Means of locomotion changes as: Paddle tail recedes, cartilagenous skull is replaced, horny teeth are replaced, tongue muscle develops • Large intestine shortens, gills regress, lungs enlarge • Sensory appendages changes too as the lateral line system of tadpole degenerates and eyes and ear undergo further differentiation • Middle ear and eyelids develops
- 6. Nervous system • Nervous system undergoes dramatic changes • In anuran metamorphosis the movement of eyes forward from their originally lateral position
- 7. • Some larval neurons in tadpole jaw, switch their allegiances from larval muscle to newly formed adult muscle • Other neurons innervating the tongue first form synapse during metamorphosis
- 8. Biochemical changes • Pigment : In tadpoles the major retinal pigment is porphyropsin it changes to rhodopsin • Haemoglobin : Adult haemoglobin binds oxygen more slowly • Liver enzymes change • Tadpoles are amminotelic and adult frogs are ureotelic • Urea cycle enzymes are synthesized
- 10. System Larva Adult Locomotory Aquatic; tail fins Terrestrial; tailless tetrapod Respiratory Gills, skin, lungs; larval hemoglobins Skin, lungs; adult hemoglobins Circulatory Aortic arches; aorta; anterior, posterior, and common jugular veins Carotid arch; systemic arch; cardinal veins Nutritional Herbivorous: long spiral gut; intestinal symbionts; small mouth, horny jaws, labial teeth Carnivorous: Short gut; proteases; large mouth with long tongue Nervous Lack of nictitating membrane; porphyropsin, lateral line system, Mauthner's neurons Development of ocular muscles, nictitating membrane, rhodopsin; loss of lateral line system, degeneration of Mauthner's neurons; tympanic membrane Excretory Largely ammonia, some urea (ammonotelic) Largely urea; high activity of enzymes of ornithine-urea cycle (ureotelic) Integumental Thin, bilayered epidermis with thin dermis;no mucous glands or granular glands Stratified squamous epidermis with adult keratins; well-developed dermis contains mucous glands and granular glands secreting antimicrobial peptides Summary of some metamorphic changes in anurans
- 11. Hormonal control • Demonstrated by Guder-Natsch (1912) • Later by Allen (1916)
- 12. • Metamorphic changes of frog are all brought about by secretion of the hormones Thyroxine(T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3) • T3 is thought to be the most important hormone
- 13. Regionally specific changes • The various organs of the body respond differently to hormonal stimulation • Example: Degeneration of tail structure • The regression of tail is brought about by apoptosis and occurs in 4 stages - Protein synthesis decrease - Increase in concentration of digestive enzymes - Concentration of lysosomal protease rise - Cell death occurs
- 14. If metalloproteinase inhibitor (TIMP) Is added to the tail, it prevents tail regression
- 15. • The response to thyroid hormone is specific to the regions of the body.
- 16. Coordination of developmental changes • Example: Tail should not degenerate until limbs developed • Model for this is called Threshold concept • What if tadpoles are deprived of thyroid hormones or given higher concentrations of thyroid hormones? • Two organs most sensitive to thyroxine are thyroid itself and pituitary gland, which regulates thyroid hormone production
- 17. References • Developmental Biology, Gilbert SF (6th edition) • http://archives.evergreen.edu • http://www.jstor.org