The document discusses amino acid pathways. It begins by defining amino acids as organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl groups. Amino acids can be classified as nonpolar/hydrophobic, polar/hydrophilic, or sulfur-containing. Humans can synthesize some amino acids but must obtain essential amino acids from food. Amino acid synthesis pathways derive amino acids from intermediates in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or pentose phosphate pathway, with nitrogen entering via glutamate and glutamine.

1. Amino Acid Pathway
Presented by
Sonali S Gadge
P R Patil Institute of Pharmacy,
Talegaon (SP), Dist- Wardha.

2. INTRODUCTION
• Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2)
and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side
chain (R) group specific to each amino acid.
• Many amino acids contain only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen, but other atoms may be present (e.g. sulphur in
cystine, and iodine in thyroxin).As already mentioned, more
than one amino group may be present (e.g. Lysine,
diaminocaproic acid) and more than one carboxylic acid group
(e.g. aspartic or amino succinic acid).
• Some amino acids are aromatics such as phenylalanine, or
heterocyclic such as proline (pyrolidine nucleus), tryptophan
(indole nucleus) and histidine (imidazole nucleus).

3. Properties
• Amino acids are generally soluble in water but only
slightly soluble in alcohol. A general test is to warm
with ninhydrin, when, with the exception of proline,
which gives a yellow, they give a pink, blue or violet
colour.
• Amino acids do not respond to the biuret test
(compare polypeptides and proteins).
• Certain amino acids are detected by more specific
tests (e.g. histidine gives colour reactions with
diazonium salts).

4. Classification
1. Nonpolar/Hydrophobic amino acids:
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, leucine, Methionine,
Phenylalanine, Proline.
2. Polar/hydrophilic amino acids:
Serine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Glutamic acid, Asparatic
acid, Lysine, Arginine.
3. Sulphur Containing amino acids:
Methionine, Cysteine

5. Essential and Non-essential amino acids in Humans
Essential amino acids Non-essential amino acids
Arginine Alanine
HIstidine Asparagine
Isoleucine Aspartate
Lysine Cysteine
Methionine Glutamate
Phenylalanine Glutamine
Threonine Glycine
Tryptophan Proline
Valine Serine
Leucine Tyrosine

6. Amino acids found in proteins
• These include -alanine; arginine; asparagine(amide of
aspartic acid), abundant in many plants, particularly
etiolated seedlings aspartic acid; amino succinic acid,
involved in the biosynthesis of purines ; cysteine, which
contains sulphur; cystine or dicysteine (in hair and
insulin); 3,5-di-iodotyrosine (in thyroid); glutamic acid
(a component of the folic acid vitamins); glutamine (free
in animals and plants, e.g. Sugar beet); glycine
(aminoacetica cid); histidine;6 -hydroxylysine( in
gelatin); hydroxyproline (in gelatin); leucine (cx-
aminocaproic acid); isoleucine; lysine; methionine
(contains a sulphur atom); 3-monoiodotyrosine (in
thyroid); phenylalanine; proline; serine (in
phosphoproteins such as casein);threonine( in casein);
thyroxin (theiodine-containing thyroid-
hormone);3,5,3ltriiodothyronine (in thyroid);
tryptophan; tyrosine; and valine.

7. Amino acid pathway
• Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (Metabolic
pathway) by which the amino acids are produced.
• All amino acids are derived from the intermediates in glycolysis, the
Citric Acid Cycle, or Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
• Nitrogen enters the pathway by way of Glutamate and Glutamine.
• Organisms vary greatly in their ability to synthesize the 20 common
amino acids.
• Whereas most bacteria and plants can synthesize all 20, mammals
can synthesize about half of them- generally those with simple
pathways. The non-essential amino acids not needed in the diet.
• The remaining, the essential amino acids, must be obtained from
food.

8. • Amino acids are the precursors of some secondary metabolite
(Eg. Alkaloids).
• Most amino acids are found in nature – α amino acids.
• Amino acid pathway starts from Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle
(TCA Cycle) – Branched from its intermediates.
• Plant synthesize all 20 amino acids (Aliphatic, Aromatic
Heterocyclic).
• Nitrogen enters metabolic reaction by Reductive amination.

9. Transamination Reaction