A Level Physics - Telecommunications - A Basic Introduction
Sound waves
Microphones
Receivers and transmitters
Amplitude modulation (am)
Frequency modulation (fm)
MICROWAVES
Satellite Communication
Optical fibers
Attenuation
The Public Switched Telephone Network
Basics of Optical amp, a brief explanation on how a Raman OP works.
You must know What is Scattering, stimulated and spontaneous emission in order to understand the basic principal of this OP amp.
Pump is also important which is the one that stimulates the energy to higher levels.
A Level Physics - Telecommunications - A Basic Introduction
Sound waves
Microphones
Receivers and transmitters
Amplitude modulation (am)
Frequency modulation (fm)
MICROWAVES
Satellite Communication
Optical fibers
Attenuation
The Public Switched Telephone Network
Basics of Optical amp, a brief explanation on how a Raman OP works.
You must know What is Scattering, stimulated and spontaneous emission in order to understand the basic principal of this OP amp.
Pump is also important which is the one that stimulates the energy to higher levels.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Dipole Antenna / Aerial Tutorial the dipole antenna or dipole aerial is a key element in the antenna environment. It can be used on its own or as part of another antenna system.
The process of communication and Basic Block Diagram of Communication system is presented in this PPT.
The various Blocks like Information Source, Transmitter, Communication Channel, Noise, Receiver and Destination Blocks are discussed in detail
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is an optical amplifier used in the C-band and L-band, where the loss of telecom optical fibers becomes lowest in the entire optical telecommunication wavelength bands. Invented in 1987, an EDFA is now most commonly used to compensate the loss of an optical fiber in long-distance optical communication. Another important characteristic is that EDFA can amplify multiple optical signals simultaneously, and thus can be easily combined with WDM technology.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Dipole Antenna / Aerial Tutorial the dipole antenna or dipole aerial is a key element in the antenna environment. It can be used on its own or as part of another antenna system.
The process of communication and Basic Block Diagram of Communication system is presented in this PPT.
The various Blocks like Information Source, Transmitter, Communication Channel, Noise, Receiver and Destination Blocks are discussed in detail
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is an optical amplifier used in the C-band and L-band, where the loss of telecom optical fibers becomes lowest in the entire optical telecommunication wavelength bands. Invented in 1987, an EDFA is now most commonly used to compensate the loss of an optical fiber in long-distance optical communication. Another important characteristic is that EDFA can amplify multiple optical signals simultaneously, and thus can be easily combined with WDM technology.
AM – Frequency spectrum – vector representation – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations : NBFM & WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Armstrong method & Reactance modulations : FM & PM frequency.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
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Bob Boule
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Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
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Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
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If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
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State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
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Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
Am7
1. NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway Dasmariñas City, Cavite
Assignment # 2
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
(Types of Amplitude Modulation)
(Power in Amplitude Modulation)
(Modulation Index)
Pagara, Sheila Marie P. June 29,2011
Communications 1 / BSECE 41A1 Score:
Eng'r. Grace Ramones
Instructor
2. AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Modulation - in radio communications means combining signals, one of which is normally the
information we want to transmit (which is usually a low frequency such as audio or voice), with a radio
frequency.
Radio communication uses the ability of an electromagnetic wave (or if you like electromagnetic
energy) to transfer information from one point to another. It is very easy to create an electromagnetic
wave, send this wave to an antenna, and have this wave propagate over a long distance at the speed of
light. It's another matter to have the electromagnetic wave contain useful information such as voice, or
some other form of intelligence, which after all is the main objective of radio communication.
Remember that electromagnetic radiation takes many forms. Light is electromagnetic radiation.
The infrared signal from your TV remote control is electromagnetic radiation.
The heat given off by a bar radiator is electromagnetic radiation. The whole secret of radio
communication is to place information onto the signal, to convey intelligence or a message from one
point to another
Amplitude modulation (AM) is just one method of doing this, and is really the first method ever
used to transfer voice information from one place to another. There are many misconceptions about how
this is done, and what AM really is. The first thing that should be understood is that voice frequencies
range from about 50 Hz to about 3000 Hz. Would it not be simple if we could just talk into a microphone,
convert the sounds from our voice to electrical energy, feed to an antenna, and have it transmitted to
anywhere we wanted.
The problem is that voice frequencies are not high enough in frequency to be radiated by an
antenna. This will not work. Voice frequencies will not be radiated as voice frequencies are not
electromagnetic radiation. The basic principle involves converting voice frequencies, without losing any
intelligence, to a higher frequency, radiating them via an antenna, and at the other end converting the
electromagnetic radiation back to voice frequencies so that they can be heard.
Again, the basic principle is to move voice frequencies to radio frequencies, radiate them from an
antenna, have them propagate at light speed, and at the other end recover those voice frequencies.
The basic principle of amplitude modulation is to take voice frequencies, and mix (or modulate)
them with a radio frequency signal so that they are converted to radio frequencies which will radiate or
propagate through free space.
It is very easy to convert low frequencies to high frequencies so that they will radiate. All we
need to do is take our voice frequencies (say from a microphone), then mix them with a radio frequency
carrier and convert them to radio frequencies. The term "carrier" is very misleading, it is simply a
sinusoidal high frequency radio signal which we use to convert voice frequencies to radio frequencies for
the purpose of radiation. I have often heard and read that the carrier ‘carry's the voice frequencies’ - this is
a misconception.
Rather than talk about the whole range of voice frequencies from 50 Hz to 3000 Hertz, we will
look at the subject of amplitude modulation as if we were trying to transmit a single audio frequency of
say, 1000 Hz, to a distant location. Using one audio frequency rather than the entire voice frequency
range just simplifies our explanation.
3. POWER IN AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Contrary to this, it is in fact the total wave power which varies in amplitude, and not the carrier
power. The carrier power in an amplitude modulated system remains constant.
In amplitude modulated (AM) systems, the modulation audio is applied to the radio frequency
carrier in such a way that the total power of the transmitted wave is made to vary in amplitude, in
accordance or in sympathy with the power of the modulating audio.
It is a popular misconception that in an amplitude modulated system the carrier power (in our
case the 1 MHz signal) is made to vary with the application of the modulated audio.
Why modulate the audio frequency at all? If audio signals are fed to an antenna, radiation will not
occur, because the frequencies are too low to radiate. When an alternating current is made to flow in an
antenna, a system of alternating electric and magnetic fields is developed in the vicinity of the antenna.
With each 180 degrees of alternation, these fields will return the energy to the antenna by collapsing into
it. At high frequencies the fields do not have time to collapse into the antenna and are left stranded in the
space about it. This is called a free space field. Successive free space fields exhibit a repulsive force on
their predecessors causing the fields to move out from the antenna at the velocity of light. This
mechanism of radiation begins to occur at around 15 kHz.
The function of the carrier in amplitude modulation is simply to provide a signal to heterodyne
(mix) with the modulated audio, to convert all the audio frequency components to a higher frequency so
that the mechanism of radiation will occur. The carrier contains no intelligence. The carrier can be
removed before transmission, as is the case with single side band (SSB).
One possibility for the misconception of the modulated audio riding on top of the carrier may
have arisen from the pattern that an AM signal produces on the screen of a cathode-ray. The pattern
produced does appear to support the fallacy. The oscilloscope is limited in its operation by the fact that it
can only display the resultant instantaneous voltage amplitude of all the signals present on its deflection
plates.
4. TYPES OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION
When discussing AM, it is important to realise that the term refers to several modes of
transmission wherein the total wave power transmitted is made to vary in accordance with the applied
modulating audio. Double sideband (DSB), single side band (SSB), vestigial side band, are common
modes used on all amateur and commercial bands. All of these are correctly referred to as amplitude
modulation. The reference to double side band as AM and single side band as SSB on some amateur
transceivers gives credence to the misconception that SSB is not an amplitude modulated wave when in
fact it is.
DSB-AM Amplitude modulation that results in two sidebands and a carrier is often called double-
sideband amplitude modulation (DSB-AM). Amplitude modulation is inefficient in terms of power usage.
At least two-thirds of the power is concentrated in the carrier signal, which carries no useful information
(beyond the fact that a signal is present).
DSBSC To increase transmitter efficiency, the carrier can be removed (suppressed) from the AM
signal. This produces a reduced-carrier transmission or double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSBSC)
signal. A suppressed-carrier amplitude modulation scheme is three times more power-efficient than
traditional DSB-AM.
DSBRC If the carrier is only partially suppressed, a double-sideband reduced-carrier (DSBRC)
signal results. DSBSC and DSBRC signals need their carrier to be regenerated (by a beat frequency
oscillator, for instance) to be demodulated using conventional techniques.
Single sideband Full Carrier. This could be used as compatible AM broadcasting system with
DSB-FC receivers.
Single Sideband - Reduced Carrier- Here an attenuated carrier is reinserted into the SSB signal, to
facilitate receiver tuning and demodulation. This method is steadily replaced by SSB-SC.
Independent Sideband Emission has two independent sidebands, with a carrier that is most
commonly suppressed or attenuated is used here. It is used in HF point-to -point radiotelephony, in which
more than one channel is required.
Vestigial Sideband has a vestige or trace of the unwanted sideband is transmitted, usually with the
full carrier. This is used in video transmission.
Lincompex is an acronym that stands for 'linked compressor and expander'. it is used commercial
HF radio telephony.
5. MODULATION INDEX
The modulation index is defined as the ratio of the modulation signal amplitude to the carrier
amplitude.
where
The overall signal can be described by:
More commonly, the carrier amplitude is normalized to one and the am equation is written as:
In most literature this expression is simply written as:
If the modulation index is zero (mam = 0) the signal is simply a constant amplitude carrier.
If the modulation index is 1 (mam = 1), the resultant waveform has maximum or 100% amplitude
modulation.