Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is an optical amplifier used in the C-band and L-band, where the loss of telecom optical fibers becomes lowest in the entire optical telecommunication wavelength bands. Invented in 1987, an EDFA is now most commonly used to compensate the loss of an optical fiber in long-distance optical communication. Another important characteristic is that EDFA can amplify multiple optical signals simultaneously, and thus can be easily combined with WDM technology.
Basics of Optical amp, a brief explanation on how a Raman OP works.
You must know What is Scattering, stimulated and spontaneous emission in order to understand the basic principal of this OP amp.
Pump is also important which is the one that stimulates the energy to higher levels.
The attached narrated power point presentation describes the principle of working, various configurations, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. The material will be useful to KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Basics of Optical amp, a brief explanation on how a Raman OP works.
You must know What is Scattering, stimulated and spontaneous emission in order to understand the basic principal of this OP amp.
Pump is also important which is the one that stimulates the energy to higher levels.
The attached narrated power point presentation describes the principle of working, various configurations, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. The material will be useful to KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the working principle of Thulium Doped Fiber Amplifiers based on their energy level diagrams. The material also attempts to explain the different types, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Thulium Doped Fiber Amplifiers, apart from comparison between different optical amplifier types. The material will be of interest to KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the basic working principle , different types and characteristics, gain and noise performance . drawbacks and applications of semiconductor optical amplifiers. The material will be beneficial to KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid AmplifierIJEEE
Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the working principle of Thulium Doped Fiber Amplifiers based on their energy level diagrams. The material also attempts to explain the different types, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Thulium Doped Fiber Amplifiers, apart from comparison between different optical amplifier types. The material will be of interest to KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the basic working principle , different types and characteristics, gain and noise performance . drawbacks and applications of semiconductor optical amplifiers. The material will be beneficial to KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid AmplifierIJEEE
Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening.
The scope of this paper is to analyze the performance of HG_EDFA (High Gain Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) and LN_EYCDFA (Less ASE Noise erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber amplifier) using single pumping with the wavelength of 980nm by the various parameters like Gain, forward output signal power and forward and backward ASE (Amplified spontaneous Emission) noise power. This Paper describes the simulation models of HG_EDFA is connected with an input of (DMLaser1) direct modulated laser source and the performance was analyzed with the parameters were measured and the values are tabulated and plotted and compared with LN_EYCDFA. The simulation model consists of input source 1mw with wavelength (1550nm), pumping CW Laser source with wavelength 980nm and Filter. The resulting models were accurately represents Gain and optimized output signal power. Simulation results shows that by choosing careful fiber length 20m and pump power 1mw in single pumping gives ASE noise 0.0025mw in HG_EDFA and 12X10-14mw in LN_EYCDFA.
Gain and noise figure analysis of erbium doped fiber amplifierseSAT Journals
Abstract Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) performance is dependent on several factors such as fiber length, pump power, Er3+
concentration. This paper involves the simulation of an EDFA using Optisystem and analyzes the gain and noise figure of EDFA
in the Conventional band in terms of pump power and fiber length. The gain increases initially with the pump power when the
length is fixed and then it decreases. The gain also increases with the length when pump power is fixed and decreases after
reaching a maximum. Whereas the noise figure increases with length and decreases with pump power.
Key Words: EDFA, pump power, gain, noise figure
EDFA play important role in optical communication networks, It provides high output power, high gain, wide frequency bandwidth, low power input, and low noise. This article will share some knowledge about EDFA.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
STUDIED ON A MULTICLADDED ERBIUM DOPED DISPERSION COMPENSATING FIBER AMPLIFIERcscpconf
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are the essential components of a highly efficient, long distance optical data link.Their design has been refined to give better performance parameters.A novel design approach for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is proposed based on Matlab and Fortran 77 Programming.In this paper, a combination of fiber intensity distribution, pump and signal power, optimum length and maximum gain are taken into account as objective function
and the results are presented for different core radius, fiber length, pump power and signal power. Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) which possess negative dispersion coefficient
equal to or greater than this 17ps/km-nm can be used to overcome this drawback. In order to upgrade the present long haul fiber optic communication system, comprising of CSFs, a
combination of EDFAs and DCFs would be the most feasible choice to compensate the dispersion as well as the loss.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this paper, we utilized optimized C-band and L-band amplifiers to constitute a broadband CA-L erbium-doped amplifier with a parallel structure. This amplifier has a simple configuration, high-flattened gain and low noise. Meanwhile, we have realized an amplification bandwidth of over 70 nm(1 524—1 602 nm)without any broadband gain flattening component. The C-band average gain is over 30 dB and L-band gain variation is less than 2 dB.
Performance Improvement for Hybrid L-band Remote Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier...IJECEIAES
We have demonstrated the performance improvement of L-band hybrid remote Erbium-doped fiber amplifier by introducing a phase modulator to suppress the stimulated Brilloiun scattering (SBS) effect in the transmission. The transmission gain has improved by 12.65dB while the noise figure has reduced by 47.1dB when 0dBm signal power is generated at 1590.05nm wavelength. Furthermore, the optical signal-to-noise ratio has improved from 7.81dB to 29.72dB when the signal power is varied from -30dBm to 0dBm. By implementing a phase modulator to the input signal somehow able to produce better performance regarding gain, noise figure and optical signalto-noise ratio, especially at the higher signal power as the gain, has been transferred to the Stokes signal and the amplified signal.
In pursuit of high transmission capacity, people have been tried many ways. For
example, they pave more cables or use the TDM (time domain multiplexer) to
improve the transmission capacity. But in these traditional ways, signals could
become weaker in power through the fiber link. And the further they are transmitted,
the weaker the signals will be until they can not be detected. With the advanced of
technology, optical amplifier which is a better solution to improve the transmission
capacity came around. It can strengthen the attenuated signals and even can bring
them back to the original level. And now it is mainly applied in DWDM technology
so that DWDM technology can support long-haul transmission.
Gain Analysis of EDF Amplifier Based WDM System Using Different Pumping Wavel...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1550nm 1MHz narrow linewidth fiber laser is a high-precision, high-performance optical device. It uses optical fiber as the gain medium and generates a laser with a wavelength of 1550 nanometers through the excitation of rare earth elements. It has an extremely narrow linewidth (1MHz), thus ensuring high frequency stability and narrow bandwidth characteristics. This laser has important applications in spectral analysis, optical interference, fiber-optic communication and other fields, and can provide high-resolution and accurate measurement results. At the same time, its high beam quality is suitable for industrial fields such as precision machining and laser cutting. In short, the 1550nm 1MHz narrow linewidth fiber laser is a versatile, high-performance light source that can meet the needs of various precision measurements and industrial applications.
This is a 375nm 30mW polarization-maintaining fiber-coupled laser. Its fiber is pluggable. When installing the fiber, pay attention to align the bayonet.
The laser output power is adjustable from 1 to 30mW. This laser supports CW continuous operation and TTL modulation operation modes, and is equipped with a modulation signal line. When Modulation is connected to an external signal, the laser automatically enters TTL modulation mode.
The 1550nm 10kW pulsed nanosecond fiber laser is a shining star in modern industrial technology. Its high power output and precise nanosecond pulse control make it an ideal choice for material processing, scientific research experiments and other fields. With its unique fiber structure, this laser achieves high efficiency, long life and stability, bringing revolutionary changes to industrial production. In the future, it will continue to lead the new trend of laser technology and contribute to scientific and technological progress and industrial development.
In today's laser technology field, the 980nm 500mW TEM00 semiconductor laser has become the focus of scientific researchers and technicians with its unique optical properties and wide application prospects. This laser provides strong technical support for research and applications in many fields with its high-precision and high-efficiency laser output.
Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is a high performance, small size of the fiber amplifier products. The internal use of stability high power semiconductor laser, the high stability of WDM, isolator, and high gain erbium-doped fiber. The product has the advantages of high reliability, high power output, high gain and low noise.
It is a C+L Band 26dBm EDFA Amplifier.The wavelength Range is 1528~1563nm & 1570~1603nm. The EDFA supports two working modes, ACC and APC, and the two working modes can be switched. In APC mode, the output power can be adjusted. In ACC mode, the operating current can be adjusted. Our desktop EDFA can be controlled by buttons. PC control software can be connected through RS232 serial port.
What our laboratory introduces today is a 1550nm 10kW nanosecond pulse fiber laser.
First, let's take a look at the wavelength characteristics of the 1550nm nanosecond fiber laser. 1550nm is located in the infrared spectrum range and belongs to near-infrared light. Laser of this wavelength shows excellent transmission performance in optical communications, which can effectively reduce fiber loss and improve communication efficiency. At the same time, in the fields of medical treatment and material processing, the 1550nm laser has strong penetration and can achieve precise treatment of deep tissues and fine processing of high-hardness materials.
This is a 1550nm fiber-coupled acousto-optic modulator with a driver. The 1550nm acousto-optic modulator is an external modulation technology, and the acousto-optic device that controls the intensity of the laser beam is usually called an acousto-optic modulator. The 1550nm AOM has the advantages of high modulation extinction ratio and high power withstand, and is widely used in the field of optical fiber sensing.
As can be seen from the video, this is a fiber optic coupling device, which is a multi-mode fiber and the fiber is pluggable. The coupling optical fiber can be customized. The one used here is 100μm, 2m in length, and the interface is FC/PC. There is a buckle on the interface. When installing the optical fiber, insert the optical fiber into the buckle and tighten it.
The one shown in our laboratory today is a 1550nm infrared single-mode fiber coupled laser. This is a desktop laser, and the output power can be adjusted directly through the buttons on the panel. The output power is adjustable with an adjustment range of 0.5~5W. The adjustment accuracy is 1mW. The laser can also be controlled through software, and the communication interface is RS232.
This is a 1550nm 200MHz Fiber Coupled AOM with Driver. It is equipped with single-mode fiber, and polarization-maintaining fiber can also be customized. The radio frequency interface is SMA. We provide customized AOM service, different working wavelength and RF frequency can be customized. The rise/fall time of this modulator is 10ns. Let's check it now.
It is a 637nm 15W red laser system. The high-power laser generates a lot of heat when it works, and a heat sink is added at the bottom of the laser module. The radiator is equipped with 3 fans. When the laser is turned on, be careful not to cover the front and rear to avoid affecting the heat dissipation performance.
High power erbium doped fiber amplifier (EYDFA-HP-BA), based on amplification technology of double clad erbium doped fiber, unique optical packaging technology, and with reliable hardware light path protection design, realized high power laser output in C band or L band, It has the advantages of high gain and low noise, and can be widely used in CATV, optical fiber communication, laser radar, etc..
This is a C-Band Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier, high gain and low noise. It is the latest style of 2023, with a silver shell. The heat sink of the fiber amplifier is upward. This is Polarization-Maintaining Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier, SM Fiber EDFA can also be customized.
The power of 60W is very high power, which can instantly ignite the cardboard. Be sure to pay attention to safety when operating, the operator must wear laser protective glasses, and the laser cannot point to other people or other flammable objects.
532nm DPSS green laser is made features of good beam profile, ultra compact, long lifetime and easy operating, which is widely used in collimation, laser medical treatment, scientific experiment, optical instrument, laser display, etc.
The 1550nm band single-wavelength laser (low power) adopts high-stability semiconductor laser chip, polarization maintaining fiber output, professionally designed drive and temperature control circuit control to ensure the safe and stable operation of the laser, and can provide desktop or modular packaging.
This is 808nm 100mW infrared laser system coupled polarization-maintaining fiber. The working voltage is AC 90~240V and supports wide range voltage. Its laser power can be adjusted from 0~100mW, and it supports two working modes of CW/Modulation.
This is a benchtop ASE broadband light source with button control. This is the broadband light source of C+L Band, the wavelength range is 1528~1603nm. The power can be adjusted, and the adjustment accuracy is 1mW. The single-mode fiber is pluggable, and the interface is easily damaged. The fiber here is fixed and cannot be plugged.
It's a high power Ytterbium-doped optical amplifier, its output power is 37dBm. And high power YDFA built-in 3 cooling fans. The software control function can be customized, and the default is button control. The current working mode, current and output power are displayed on the front display.
https://www.civillaser.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=3049
It's a high power polarization maintaining ytterbium-doped optical amplifier. Civil Laser's 10W high power YDFA include a 'Monitor' fiber. The software control function can be customized, and the default is button control. The working current or output power can be adjusted by the button.
It supports APC and ACC two working modes can be switched. In APC mode, the output power can be adjusted. In ACC mode, the working current can be adjusted.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
1. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is an optical amplifier used in the C-band and L-
band, where the loss of telecom optical fibers becomes lowest in the entire optical
telecommunication wavelength bands. Invented in 1987, an EDFA is now most
commonly used to compensate the loss of an optical fiber in long-distance optical
communication. Another important characteristic is that EDFA can amplify multiple
optical signals simultaneously, and thus can be easily combined with WDM
technology.
Figure 1: Optical telecommunication optical bands
(EDFA operates in the C- and L-band)
EDFAs are used as a booster, inline, and pre-amplifier in an optical transmission line,
as schematically shown in Figure 2. The booster amplifier is placed just after the
transmitter to increase the optical power launched to the transmission line. The
inline amplifiers are placed in the transmission line, compensating the attenuation
induced by the optical fiber. The pre-amplifier is placed just before the receiver, such
that sufficient optical power is launched to the receiver. A typical distance between
each of the EDFAs is several tens of kilometers.
2. Figure 2: Booster, inline, and pre-amplifier EDFAs used in optical transmission line
Before the invention of EDFA, a long optical fiber transmission line required a
complicated optical-to-electrical (O-E) and E-O converter for signal regeneration. The
use of EDFA has eliminated the need for such O-E and E-O conversion, significantly
simplifying the system. This is especially of use in a submarine optical transmission,
where more than a hundred EDFA repeaters may be needed to construct one link.
The TPC-5CN (Trans-Pacific Cable 5 Cable Network), started its operation in 1996, is
the first submarine optical fiber network which employed EDFA.
Working principle
Figure 3 illustrates a simplified energy diagram of Er, showing how amplification
takes place at 1550 nm. Two typical wavelengths to pump an EDFA are 980 or 1480
nm.
3. Figure 3: Energy diagram of Er
When an EDFA is pumped at 1480 nm, Er ion doped in the fiber absorbs the pump
light and is excited to an excited state (Excited state 1 in Figure 3). When sufficient
pump power is launched to the fiber and population inversion is created between
the ground state and Excited state 1, amplification by stimulated emission takes
place at around 1550 nm. When an EDFA is pumped at 980 nm, Er ion absorbs the
pump light and is excited to another excited state (Excited state 2 in Figure 3). The
lifetime of the Excited state 2 is relatively short, and as a result, the Er ion is
immediately relaxed to the Excited state 1 by radiating heat (i.e. no photon
emission). This relaxation process creates the population inversion between the
ground level and Excited state 1, and amplification takes place at around 1550 nm.
Since the first demonstration of a diode-pumped EDFA in 1989 [2], intensive effort
has been made to make the pump LD highly reliable. Now high-power pump laser
diodes at 980 nm or 1480 nm are both commercially available, and most EDFAs are
pumped by laser diodes due to the compactness and robustness.
Internal configuration
Figure 4 shows one common configuration of EDFA. The input signal is combined
with the pump light by a WDM coupler and launched to the EDF. The pump light
launched to the EDF creates population inversion and the input signal is amplified by
stimulated emission. Isolators are placed both at the input and output, in order to
stabilize signal amplification by eliminating unwanted back reflection from the
output port, as well as to prevent the amplifier from operating as a laser. In this
4. common configuration, the wavelength of the pump LD is locked close to the peak
absorption wavelength of erbium (by an external fiber Bragg grating); the
wavelength range is normally between 974 nm to 980 nm.
Figure 4: Common configuration of EDFA