Wireless Application Protocol WAP by Alvinen

WWiirreelleessss AApppplliiccaattiioonn PPrroottooccooll
OOvveerrvviieeww
© 1999 NOKIA, ©1999 Wireless Application Forum, Ltd. WAPXML-99.ppt / 1 / 22-September 1999
Jari Alvinen
Nokia

BBuussiinneessss cchhaalllleennggee
• There must be one global wireless network
language and protocol stack
• Internet developers will only write to one global wireless Internet.
• carriers require multiple sources for compatible handsets.
• handset vendors require common standards for economies of scale.

WWhhyy iiss IInntteerrnneett nnoott eennoouugghh??
…… oorr aaccttuuaallllyy ...... ""ttoooo mmuucchh"" ......
• Big pipe - small pipe syndrome
HTTP/HTML
Internet
Wireless network
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>NNN Interactive</TITLE>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="1800,
URL=/index.html">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
BACKGROUND="/images/9607/bgbar5.gif" LINK="#0A3990"
ALINK="#FF0000" VLINK="#FF0000" TEXT="000000"
ONLOAD="if(parent.frames.length!
=0)top.location='http://nnn.com';">
<A NAME="#top"></A>
<TABLE WIDTH=599 BORDER="0">
<TR ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD WIDTH=117 VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE
>NNN
Intera
ctive<
/TITLE
>
<META
HTTP-EQUIV=
"Refre
sh"
CONTEN
T="180
0,
URL=/i
ndex.h
tml">
<WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT">
<GO URL="/submit?Name=$N"/>
</DO>
Enter name:
<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" KEY="N"/>
</CARD>
</WML>
010011
010011
110110
010011
011011
011101
010010
011010
WAP
Content encoding

WWhhyy iiss IInntteerrnneett nnoott eennoouugghh??
…… oorr aaccttuuaallllyy …… ""ttoooo mmuucchh"" ......
?
• Big screen - small screen syndrome

WWhhyy WWAAPP??
• WAP is an open technology based on Internet technologies
• Allows competition - lower cost
• WAP is backed by major vendors
• Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, Microsoft, IBM
• Future proof
• WAP Forum is open for all
• WAP is not “take it or leave it”
• Over one hundred companies have joined the WAP Forum
• WAP supports several wireless systems
• GSM, IS-136, CDMA, PDC etc.
• WAP has a layered architecture
• The same application can be used via several systems

WWAAPP FFoorruumm mmeemmbbeerrss
CCL

WWhhaatt ccaann bbee ddoonnee wwiitthh WWAAPP??
• Information services
• Similar to web browsing
• Small downloadable programs
• WAP script language is based on JavaScript™
• Telephony functionality combined with browser
• Call the airline when your flight is delayed
• Push
• Server initated content push

WWhhaatt iiss ddeeffiinneedd iinn WWAAPP??
• Layered telecommunication stack including
• Datagrams and Transactions
• Security
• Session
• Micro browser
• Concept that is similar to the Internet browsing
• XML based markup language ( WML )
• Scripting ( WMLS )
• WTA / WTAI
• Access to telephone functionality
• Content formats e.g.
• Service Indication
• Wireless Bitmap ( WBMP )

WWAAPP AArrcchhiitteeccttuurree
Web Server
CGI
Scripts
etc.
Content
WML Decks
with WML-Script
WAP Gateway
WML Encoder
WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters
Client
WML
WML-Script
WTAI
Etc.
WSP/WTP HTTP

Internet
IInntteerrnneett aanndd WWAAPP aarrcchhiitteeccttuurree
HTML
JavaScript™
HTTP
TLS - SSL
TCP/IP
UDP/IP
Wireless Application Protocol
Wireless Application
Environment (WAE)
Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
Bearers:
Wireless Session Layer (WSP)
Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)
SMS USSD CSD R-Data Packet UDP PDC-P Etc...
Other Services and
Applications
Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)

WWAAPP && SSttaannddaarrddss
• Submit specifications for adoption by appropriate industry
and standards bodies
• Good relationships with standards bodies
• Several Liaisons with ETSI
• ETSI / WAP compliance profile for GSM and UMTS.
• CTIA official Liaison Officer to the WAP Forum
• WAP is actively working with the W3C and IETF

WWAAPP PPrroottooccooll SSttaacckk
Wireless Session Service Access Point
Wireless Session Protocol
Wireless Transaction Service Access Point
Wireless Transaction Protocol
Transport Service Access Point (TSAP)
Wireless Datagram Protocol
WCMP
Bearer
Service
D
Bearer
Service
C
Bearer
Service
B
Bearer
Service
A
Physical Layer Air Link Technology
• Developed by
• Wireless Protocols Group
(WPG)
• A WAP technical working
group.

WWAAPP PPrroottooccooll SSttaacckk -- WWSSPP
• Provides shared state between client and server used to
optimize content transfer
• Provides semantics and mechanisms based on HTTP 1.1
• Enhancements for WAE, wireless networks and “low-end”
devices
• Enhancements beyond HTTP
• Binary header encoding
• Confirmed and non-confirmed data push
• Capability negotiation
• Suspend and resume
• Connectionless service

• Binary header encoding
• Compact binary encoding of headers, content type identifiers
and other well-known textual or structured values
• Reduces the data actually sent over the network
• Capabilities
• Message Size, client and server
• Protocol Options: Confirmed Push Facility, Push Facility,
Session Suspend Facility, Acknowledgement headers
• Maximum Outstanding Requests
• Extended Methods
• Header Code Pages
• Suspend & Resume
• Allows the release of underlying bearer resources

• Connection & Connectionless service
• Connection-mode
• Long-lived communication
• Benefits of the session state
• Reliability
• Connectionless
• Stateless applications
• No session creation overhead
• No reliability overhead

WWAAPP PPrroottooccooll SSttaacckk -- WWTTPP
• Reliable data transfer based on request/reply paradigm
• No explicit connection setup or tear down
• Data carried in first packet of protocol exchange
• Seeks to reduce 3-way handshake on initial request
• Supports
• retransmission of lost packets
• selective-retransmission
• segmentation / re-assembly
• port number addressing (UDP ports numbers)
• flow control
• abort function for outstanding requests
• concatenation of PDUs
• Message oriented (not stream)

WWAAPP PPrroottooccooll SSttaacckk -- WWTTPP
• WTP Protocol Exchange
CClliieenntt SSeerrvveerr
(PDUs)
Invoke
Ack
Result
Ack
T-TRInvoke.req
T-TRInvoke.cnf
T-TRResult.ind
T-TRResult.res
T-TRInvoke.ind
T-TRInvoke.res
T-TRResult.req
T-TRResult.cnf

WWAAPP PPrroottooccooll SSttaacckk -- WWDDPP
• WDP provides a connection-less, unreliable datagram
service
• WDP is adapted to each particular wireless network to
provide the generic datagram transport.
• The basic datagram service is fundamental to all wireless
networks and makes it possible to utilize WAP everywhere
• Replaced by UDP when used over an IP network layer.
• WDP over IP is UDP/IP
• Uses the Service Primitive
• T-UnitData.req .ind

WAP Protocol SSttaacckk -- BBeeaarreerr ssuuppppoorrtt
• GSM SMS, USSD, C-S Data, GPRS
• IS-136 R-Data, C-S Data, Packet
• CDMA SMS, C-S Data
• PDC C-S Data, Packet
• PHS C-S Data
• CDPD
• iDEN SMS, C-S Data, Packet
• FLEX and ReFLEX
• DataTAC

WAP PPrroottooccooll SSttaacckk -- BBeeaarreerr EExxaammppllee
• WAP over GSM Circuit Switched
Mobile
WAE
WSP
IP
PPP
RAS - Remote Access Server
IWF - InterWorking Function
PPP
WAP
Proxy/Server
WAE Apps on
Other Servers
WSP
IP
Subnetwork
CSD-RF
IWF
PSTN
Circuit
CSD-RF
ISP/RAS
IP
PSTN Subnetwork
Circuit
WTP
UDP
WTP
UDP

Sta WAP Protocol Stacckk -- BBeeaarreerr EExxaammppllee
• WAP over GSM Short Message Service
WAE
WSP
WTP
WDP
SMS
SMS
Subnetwork
WAE Apps on
other servers
WSP
WTP
WDP
WDP Tunnel
Protocol
WDP Tunnel
Protocol
Subnetwork
SMSC
WAP
Mobile Proxy/Server
under development

WWAAPP PPrroottooccooll SSttaacckk -- WWTTLLSS
• Specifies a framework for secure connections, using
protocol elements from common Internet security protocols
like SSL and TLS.
• Provides connection security for two communicating
applications
• Privacy (encryption)
• Data integrity (MACs)
• Authentication (public-key and symmetric)
• Lightweight and efficient protocol with respect to bandwidth,
memory and processing power
• Employs special adapted mechanisms for wireless usage
• Long lived secure sessions
• Optimised handshake procedures
• Provides simple data reliability for operation over datagram
bearers

Wireless Application EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt (( WWAAEE ))
• WAP Application framework
• Network-neutral application environment;
• Suitable for narrowband wireless devices;
• Follows the Internet/WWW programming model;
• Ensures high degree of interoperability.
• Leverages Internet standard technology
• Device Independent
• Network Independent
• International Support
• Developed by
• Wireless Applications Group (WAG);
• A WAP technical working group.

WWAAEE ""CCoommppoonneennttss""
• WML
• Display language
• WMLScript
• Scripting language
• WTA
• Telephony services API and architecture
• Content Formats
• Data exchange
• User Agent Profiling
• Content customized for device
• Push
• Server-initiated content delivery

WWAAEE -- WWAAPP GGaatteewwaayy
Web Server
CGI
Scripts
etc.
Content
WML Decks
with WML-Script
WAP Gateway
WML Encoder
WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters
Client
WML
WML-Script
WTAI
Etc.
WSP/WTP HTTP

WWAAEE -- WWAAPP AApppplliiccaattiioonn SSeerrvveerr
WAP Application Server
Application
Logic
Content
WML Decks
with WML-Script
WML Encoder
WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters
Client
WML
WML-Script
WTAI
Etc.
WSP/WTP

WWAAEE -- WWMMLL
• Wireless Markup Language (WML) is a Tag-based browsing
language:
• Screen management (text, images)
• Data input (text, selection lists, etc.)
• Hyperlinks & navigation support
• W3C XML-based language

WWAAEE -- WWMMLL
• Card metaphor
• User interactions are split into cards
• Navigation occurs between cards
• Explicit inter-card navigation model
• Hyperlinks
• UI Event handling
• History
• State management and variables
• Reduce network traffic
• Results in better caching

WWAAEE -- WWMMLL
Navigation Card
Input
Elements
Deck
Variables
<WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE=“ACCEPT”>
<GO URL=“#eCard”/>
</DO
Welcome!
</CARD>
<CARD NAME=“eCard”>
<GO URL=“/submit?N=$(N)&S=$
(S)”/>
</DO>
Enter name: <INPUT KEY=“N”/>
Choose speed:
<SELECT KEY=“S”>
<OPTION VALUE=“0”>Fast</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE=“1”>Slow</OPTION>
<SELECT>
</CARD>
</WML>

WWAAEE -- WWMMLL SSccrriipptt
• Scripting language:
• Procedural logic, loops, conditionals, etc.
• Optimized for small-memory, small-cpu devices
• Derived from JavaScript™
• Integrated with WML
• Powerful extension mechanism
• Reduces overall network traffic
• Bytecode-based virtual machine
• Stack-oriented design
• Designed for simple, low-impact implementation
• Compiler in network
• Better network bandwidth use
• Better use of terminal memory/cpu.

• Reduces network round-trips and enhance functionality.
• Example usages
• Field validation
• Check for formatting, input ranges, etc.
• Device extensions
• Access device or vendor-specific API
• Conditional logic
• Download intelligence into the device

Functions
WMLScript is very similar to JavaScriptÔ
Variables
Programming
Constructs
function currencyConvertor(currency, exchRate)
{
return currency*exchangeRate;
}
function myDay(sunShines) {
var myDay;
if (sunShines) {
myDay = “Good”;
} else {
myDay = “Not so good”;
};
return myDay;
}

WWAAEE -- WWTTAA
• WTA Browser
• Extensions added to standard WML/WMLScript browser
• Exposes additional API (WTAI)
• WTAI includes:
• Call control
• Network text messaging
• Phone book interface
• Indicator control
• Event processing
• WTAI available in WML & WMLScript

WWAAEE -- WWTTAA
• Placing an outgoing call with WTAI
WTAI Call
Input Element
<WML>
<CARD>
<GO URL=“wtai:cc/mc;$(N)”/>
</DO>
Enter phone number:
<INPUT TYPE=“TEXT” KEY=“N”/>
</CARD>
</WML>

WWAAEE -- WWTTAA
• Placing an outgoing call with WTAI
WTAI Call
function checkNumber(N) {
if (Lang.isInt(N))
WTAI.makeCall(N);
else
Dialog.alert(“Bad phone number”);
}

WWAAEE -- CCoonntteenntt FFoorrmmaattss
• Common interchange formats
• Promoting interoperability
• Formats:
• Business cards: IMC vCard standard
• Calendar: IMC vCalendar standard
• Images: WBMP (Wireless BitMaP)
• Compiled WML, WMLScript
• Service Indication ( Proposed )
• Service Loading ( Proposed )
• Cache Operation ( Proposed )

WWAAEE -- CCoonntteenntt FFoorrmmaattss
• Binary format for size reduction
• Bytecodes/tokens for common values and operators
• Compressed headers
• Data compression (e.g. images)
• Example use of image
Image Element
<WML>
<CARD>
Hello World!<BR/>
<IMG SRC=“/world.wbmp”
ALT=“[Globe]” />
</CARD>
</WML>

WWAAEE -- PPuusshh
• Server initiated content push
• Provides end-to-end solution
• Easy for developers
• XML based Push Access Protocol layered on top of HTTP
• Helpful push specific content types
• Service Indication
• Service Loading
• Underlying wireless network complexity hidden
• Push Specifications are currently on Proposed status

WWAAEE -- PPuusshh FFrraammeewwoorrkk
CLIENT PUSH PROXY
GATEWAY
PUSH
INITIATOR
PUSH ACCESS
PROTOCOL
OVER-THE-AIR
PROTOCOL
PPG SERVICES
PUSH MESSAGE

WWAAEE -- UUsseerr AAggeenntt PPrrooffiillee (UUAAPPRROOFF)
• Assist in content personalization, based upon:
• Device characteristics, user preferences
• Other profile information
• Working with W3C on CC/PP
• RDF-based content format
• Describes “capability and profile” info
• Efficient transport over wireless links, caching, etc.
• UAProf specification is currently on Proposed status

QQuueessttiioonnss ??

TThhaannkk yyoouu!!
More information:
www.wapforum.org

Wireless Application Protocol WAP by Alvinen

More Related Content

What's hot

Viewers also liked

Similar to Wireless Application Protocol WAP by Alvinen

More from Senthil Kanth

Recently uploaded

Wireless Application Protocol WAP by Alvinen

Editor's Notes